农业专业英语知识(052204)

1、Lesson 5 Agronomic Management PracticesAffecting Tobacco QualityNew Words & ExpressionsBuyout n. a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company by buying all of its shares 全部买下、买断Post-buyout 买断后MHmaleic hydrazide 顺丁烯二酸酰肼，马来酰肼Alkaloids n. any of numerous organic bases (as morph

2、ine) containing nitrogen and usually oxygen that occur especially in seed plants 生物碱 Top v. to remove or cut the top of给打顶Sucker n. a shoot from the lower part of the stem of a plant腋芽Stalk n. a long narrow part of a plant supporting one or more leaves,flowers or fruits柄、梗Nicotine n. a poisonous alk

3、aloid(C10H14N)2 that is the chief activematerial of tobacco and is used as an insecticide尼古丁Cure v. to preserve by drying it晒、烘烤Mature a. fully grown and developed 成熟的Hornwormn. a kind of insects 天蛾幼虫Mo(u)ld n . a superficial growth produced especially on damp or decayingorganic matter or on living

4、organisms霉菌Blue mo(u)ld 青霉病Lay-by n. the final operation in the growing of a field crop最后的田间作业Variegated v. marked in different colored spots,lines,areas etc杂色的、斑驳的Sidedress v. to apply nutrients on one side of the plant roots侧施肥Nondescript a. belonging to no particular class or kind无归类的 ; noteasily

5、 described 难以形容的Suckercide n. chemical product that prevents sucker from growing腋芽抑制剂Contacts n. chemicals that kill insects by contacting them directly 杀剂Systemics n. a pesticide that as used is harmless to the plant, absorbed into its sap makes the entire organism toxic to pestsVersus prep. Aga in

6、 st; in con trast to对、和相比Priming n. picking up 采收，采摘触but when内吸剂白Burley n. a thin-bodied air-cured tobacco grown mainly in Kentucky 肋烟TextIn 2005, tobacco will be produced and marketed without price support for the first time since 1939. Price schedules will reflect an emphasis on quality, with deep

7、 discounts for unripe and immature grades. In the post-buyout environment, profitability will be directly related to the marketing of quality tobacco produced at the lowest cost. A number of management practices affect tobacco quality. Some of the most important are as follows:在 2005年，烟草将自 1939年以来第一

8、次在没有价格支持下生产和销售。价格表将反映对烟 叶质量的重视，未熟等级将大幅降价。在后烟草配额买断的环境下，利润将直接与以最低本钱 生产的优质烟草的销售相关。很多农艺措施影响烟草的质量，最重要的一些措施有：? Nitrogen rate and time of application? Topping and sucker control with minimal MH residues? Harvest rate and ripeness? Leaf separation by stalk position 氮肥的施用量和施用时间 打顶和最少马来酰肼残留的腋芽控制 采收速率和成熟度叶片分部位

9、采收Nitrogen Rate and Time of ApplicationNitrogen is the most important nutrient affecting tobacco yield and quality. As nitrogen rate increases, the following occur:? Yield increases to a point then decreases.? Leaf size increases, but leaf thickness decreases.? Total alkaloids, including nicotine, i

10、ncrease and sugars decrease in the cured leaf.? Maturity and ripening are delayed.? Cured leaf darkens.? Sucker growth increases and sucker control decreases.? Leaf drop and leaf break increase.? Blue mold is more severe.? Hornworm and aphid populations increase.氮肥的施用量和施用时间 氮素是影响烟草产量和质量的最重要的营养元素。 随着

11、氮用量的增加， 将会出现以下情况： 产量增加到一定值，然后下降。 叶面积增大，但叶厚度减小。 在调制后叶片中，总生物碱、烟碱增加，糖减少。成熟延迟。调制后叶片变黑。 腋芽数增加，腋芽控制效果降低。残伤增加。霜霉病更加严重。 天蛾幼虫和蚜虫的虫口增加。Many growers spend considerable time choosing among sidedressers such as calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, 30 percent UAN liquid, and 24S UAN liquid. However, the data indicate

12、 that in the southeastern United States the rate and time of application are more important than the sidedresser. Unless leaching occurs, nitrogen should not be applied after lay-by. Late season application delays ripening and results in30%的UAN尿素硝variegated-unripe grades.许多种植者花费了相当多的时间选择侧施肥料，比方硝酸钙、硝

13、酸钠、 铵液体肥料和24S的UAf液体肥料。然而，数据说明：在美国东南部，氮肥的施用量和施用时间比侧施肥料更重要。 除非发生淋洗，氮肥不应在烟草侧施肥后施用。后期施用延迟烟叶成熟, 导致杂色-未熟等级的产生。Til bl? S-l rofKntr qii C'm e<l I.eaf C'oloc( nrcd Lent Color(!_) ;mdTJiu Ipe (KZL.OiJingr ViUKF. KALipl>in ngen Kntf<F)Kipe (K)KV )(N)LowRecumnieiide d2726Peiven r2571614的Tnble S

14、 2. Effect of Nitrogen Raon the VSD* Qunlity Fncrot foi Cuiefl Lt?in esNlciagen RateQualil Factor345Perc entLow30700Reconunciided25732Excess196417Topp ing and Sucker Con trolTopp ing tobacco in the butt on stage (so on after the flower begi ns to appear) rather tha n later in creases yield and body

15、if suckers are con trolled.Whe n tobacco pla nts are not topped for three weeks after reach ing the butt on stage, yields are reduced by 20 to 25 pounds per acre per day, or about 1 perce nt per acre per day whe n no rmal yields are in the 2,000- to 2,500-po un ds-per-acre ran ge.打顶和腋芽控制如果控制腋芽，烟草在现蕾

16、期打顶比现蕾期之后打顶能够提高产量、增加身份。如果烟株 在现蕾期后三周不打顶，那么每天每英亩减少产量2025磅，或者在正常产量在每英亩20002500磅的范围内时每天减少I %的产量。Higher yields reduce per-po und product ion costs for acreage-related in puts such as chemicals, fertilizers, and some labor expe nses. Topp ing early also improves chemical and physical qualities of the leaf

17、 by stimulat ing root developme nt and alkaloid product ion and by reduc ing buildup of in sects.高产减少了与面积相关的生产本钱，如农药、肥料和一些劳动力支出。早打顶还通过刺激 根系的发育、生物碱的生成以及减少害虫的危害而提高烟叶的化学和物理品质。Control of sucker growth is critical to maximizing yield because it allows the pla nt to concen trate resources on the product i

18、on of leaves in stead of suckers. Suckers can also in terfere with mecha ni cal harvesti ng and become a significant source of foreign matter in cured leaves. The key to successful sucker control is proper timing of suckercide application and use of proper rates of contacts and systemics.抑制腋芽生长对最大限度

19、地增产是很关键的，因为它使植株把资源集中到叶片而非腋芽的 生产。腋芽也会阻碍机械采收并成为调制后烟叶中杂质的一个重要来源。成功控制腋芽生长的 关键是适时施用腋芽抑制剂以及适量施用接触性和内吸性抑制剂。Harvest Rate and RipenessWhen it comes to quality, there is no substitute for harvesting ripe tobacco. The ripening rate is determined by nitrogen uptake, rainfall, temperature, root health, and varie

20、ty. Thus, ripening is greatly affected by weather conditions and varies considerably from one season to another. The 2002 versus 2003 and 2004 growing seasons were at opposite extremes. The 2002 season was one of the driest seasons on record, with 2003 and 2004 among the wettest.采收速率和成熟度 从烟叶品质方面考虑，没

21、有比采收成熟烟叶更重要的了。成熟速率是由氮吸收、降雨量、 温度、根系健康状况和品种所决定的。因此，成熟受气候条件影响很大，季节之间差异很大。 2002生长季节与 2003和 2004生长季节是两个相反的极端。 2002季节是历史上最干旱的季节之 一， 2003和 2004那么是降雨量最大的两个季节。In 2002, tobacco matured quickly in our tests and held for 10 to 20 days before quality declined due to excessive heat. In 2003 and 2004, tobacco ripe

22、ned slowly, followed by a rapid decline in quality due to excessive rainfall. As a result, there was only a 10 day window to harvest tobacco at the optimum value per acre.2002年，在我们的试验中，烟叶成熟很快，但由于过多的热量烟叶在质量下降之前保持了 1020天。在20032004年，烟叶成熟很慢，但由于过多的降雨，烟叶 质量很快下降。结果为了获得最正确亩产值只有 1 0天的时间采收烟叶。The variety data

23、collected in the 2002 through 2004 holding ability tests are shown in Figures 8-1, 8-2, and 8-3. The study was designed to measure the ripening rate and holding ability by completing the final harvest at various stages of ripeness. The first and second primings were completed at normal times. Howeve

24、r, the third (final) priming was made at the following times:在2002-2004 年耐熟能力试验中收集的品种数据见图 8-l 、8-2 和83。这项研究是设计通过 在不同成熟时期完成最后采收来测定成熟速率和耐熟能力。第一次和第二次采摘是在正常时间 完成。然而第三次采摘是按照在以下时间完成进行处理：treatment 1, 7 days earlier than ideal ripeness; treatment 2, 10 days later than treatment 1 (ripe tobacco); treatment 3

25、, 20 days later than treatment 1; treatment 4, 30 days later than treatment 1; and treatment 5, 40 days later than treatment 1. Thus, tobacco was harvested from slightly unripe (treatment 1) to 30 days past the earliest stage of ripeness (treatment 5).处理1，比理想的成熟早 7天；处理 2，比处理 1( 成熟烟叶 )晚10天；处理 3，比处理 1

26、晚20天； 处理 4，比处理 1晚30天；处理 5，比处理 1晚40天。这样，烟叶在轻微未熟 ( 处理1)到比成熟的 最早时期晚 30天的时间内进行采收 (处理 5)。Treatment 5 is probably unrealistic since there would seldom be a need to delay harvest by 30 days after the tobacco is ripe. But it is a good indicator of how well varieties will hold in the field. All varieties tes

27、ted lost yield and value in treatment 5. However, there were significant differences among varieties in the magnitude of the loss.处理 5可能是不切实际的，因为很少需要在烟叶成熟后推迟30天采收。但是它能很好地说明各个品种在大田里耐熟的程度。处理5所有参试品种的产量和产值均有损失。然而，品种间在损失的量上差异显著。From a quality perspective it is important to note that the price per pound a

28、lmost always increased as harvest was delayed from 7 days early (unripe) to 10 or 20 days later. For the five varieties that were in the 2002 and 2003 tests, the range of increase was from $0.10 to $0.25 per pound in 2002; and from $0.09 to $0.33 in 2003. Even though weather conditions in 2002 and 2

29、003 were quite different, the trends in quality were the same. Therefore, when it comes to quality, there is no substitute for harvesting ripe tobacco.从质量上看，有一点值得重视，即：随着采摘从提前7天(未熟 ) 推迟到成熟后 10或20天，每磅的价格几乎总是上涨。2002和2003年试验中的5个品种，每磅的增值范围在2002年是0. 10 0. 25美元、在2003年是0. 090. 33美元。虽然2002年和2003年的天气情况差异很大，但是

30、 质量的变化趋势是一样的。所以，从烟叶品质方面考虑，没有比采收成熟烟叶更重要的了。Leaf Separation by Stalk PositionThe American blend cigarette is composed of several types of tobacco including flue-cured, burley, and Oriental tobacco. Cigarettes are not only a blend of different types of tobacco, but are also a blend of stalk positions wi

31、thin the different types of tobacco. Each stalk position contributes different characteristics to the cigarette, and proper blending of tobacco types and stalk positions within types is key to producing quality cigarettes and ensuring uniformity of the final product.叶片分部位采收 美国的混合型卷烟是由几种类型的烟草组成的，包括烤烟

32、、白肋烟和香料烟。卷烟不仅仅 是几种类型烟草的混合，而且是几种类型烟草的不同部位烟叶的混合。每一个部位的烟草对卷 烟特征的奉献是不同的，正确地混合不同类型烟草及其不同部位烟叶是生产优质卷烟和确保最 终产品一致性的关键。Therefore, separation of tobacco into distinct stalk positions during harvest is extremely important to producing a quality, high-demand product regardless of the buying company (See Figure 1

33、). Cigarette manufacturers and leaf dealers have different preferences for the styles of tobacco they desire to meet customer needs. For example, some cigarette manufacturers would like to see greater production of tip grades for use in blending while others would like to buy less lower-stalk tobacc

34、o.因此，在收获期间将烟叶按不同部位进行划分对生产高质量、高需求的产品是极其重要的。 卷烟制造商和烟叶经销商在希望满足顾客需要的烟草风格上有不同的偏好。例如，一些卷烟制造商可能喜欢在卷烟中用较多的顶部烟叶，而另一些那么可能喜欢买少量的下部叶。 A tip grade describes certain styles of tobacco from the uppermost stalk positions (see Figure 1). Tip grades have specific characteristics that set them apart from the leaf and

35、smoking leaf stalk grades. In recent years, many growers have combined smoking leaf, leaf, and tips into one harvest, which decreases the chance of that tobacco receiving a tip grade and also decreases the blending capabilities of the company.顶叶等级有烟株最上部烟叶的风格，具有能使之与上二棚叶和上部过熟叶的等级区分开的 特别特征。近几年，许多种植者把上部

36、过熟叶、上二棚叶和顶叶混在一起一次采收，这样就减 少了产生顶叶等级的时机，也降低了烟草公司在烟叶配方方面能力的发挥。Therefore, the production of tip grades likely begins with better separation of upper-stalk tobacco, i.e., separation of the top four to six leaves into one grade. However, separation of the uppermost leaves during harvest may not be enough t

37、o produce cured tobacco with the desired chemical and physical characteristics attributed to a tip grade.因此，生产顶叶等级可能是从上部叶的较好的分次采收开始的，即把最上部的 4-6 片叶分在 一个等级。但是仅靠将最上部叶片分开采收，还缺乏以生产出具有顶叶等级的理想的化学和物 理特性的烟叶。Research was conducted from 2002 through 2004 to evaluate the effects of variety, nitrogen rate, toppi

38、ng height, and separation of the upper-stalk tobacco at harvest on production of tip grades. The study included K 326, NC 71, and Speight 168 varieties and compared recommended nitrogen rates to the recommended rate plus 20 pounds of N and high-topping to normal-topping heights.为了评估品种、氮用量、打顶高度和上部叶分次

39、采收对生产顶叶等级的影响，从 2002-2004 年进行了研究。研究包括K326、NC71和speight 168品种，对推荐氮用量和在推荐氮用量根底上加20磅N以及高打顶和正常高度打顶进行了比拟。In addition, the uppermost 10 to 12 leaves were harvested together or divided equally into two harvests. Based on tobacco company evaluations of upper-stalk tobacco from these trials, ripeness and sepa

40、ration of the uppermost leaves had the greatest effect on tip grade production.此外，还对最上部 10-12片叶一起采收和均分进行两次采收进行了比拟。根据烟草公司对来 自从这些试验的上部烟叶的评估，成熟度和最上部叶的分次采收对顶叶等级的牛产影响最大。When the top five to six leaves were kept separate from the rest of the plant and when they were ripe to overripe, they consistently rec

41、eived a tip grade. The nitrogen rate reduced tip grade production only when the high nitrogen rate resulted in greenish or green color grades. Variety had no influence on tip production at any location.当最上部 5-6 片口十与烟株上的其它叶片分开采收而且到达成熟或过熟时，它们总是进入顶 叶等级。只有在高氮用量导致带青烟或青烟等级时，氮用量才减少顶叶等级的生产。品种在每 个试验地点都对顶叶等级的

42、生产没有影响。Additional research was conducted to evaluate removing either the bottom four or eight leaves as a way to reduce production of priming grades (Table 8-3). Preliminary data from this study indicates that removal of the bottom four leaves eliminates priming grades and the removal of the bottom

43、eight leaves eliminates priming and lug grades.为了评估除去底部4或8片叶以减少脚叶等级的方法，进行了另外的研究表8-3。该研究的初步数据说明，去除底部4片叶消除脚叶等级，去除底部8片叶消除脚叶和下部叶等级。Removal of four leaves resulted in a 6 perce nt average reduct ion in yield and gross value per acre. Removi ng eight leaves resulted in a 20 perce nt average reducti on in yield and gross value