自考英语二阅读理解辅导_7

1、更多优质自考资料尽在百度贴吧自考乐园俱乐部()欢迎？加入 欢迎？交流 止不住的惊喜等着你 自考英语(二)阅读理解辅导(7)Jet Lag: Preven ti on and CureThe problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveller comes across at some time. But do you have to suffer? Un dersta nd what it is, and how a careful diet can mini mize its worst effects, and your fligh

2、ts will be less stressful.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due to cha nges in the bodys physiological regulatory mecha ni sms, specifically the ho

3、rm onal systems, in a differe nt environment.Con fused? So was Joh n Foster Dulles, the America n Secretary of State, whe n he flew to Egypt to con duct n egotiati ons on the Aswa n Dam.He later blamed his poor judgeme nt on Jet Lag.The effects can be used to adva ntage, too. Preside nt Joh nson onc

4、e con ducted an importa nt meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.Esse ntially, they had bee n in sta ntan eously tran sported to America.Now that we understand w

5、hat Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it. A great nu mber of the bodys events are scheduled to occur at a certa in time of day. Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which in teract.One timi ng system comes from the evide nce of our sen ses and stomach

6、s, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. The other belongs in our internal clocks (the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes, 25 - rhythm. Nor

7、mally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours differe nt, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are no rmally set t

8、ogether, but which have bee n reset a few hours apart. Whereas the two clocks would n ormally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times. Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time. O

9、ne easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.One reas on for this discrepa ncy is that differe nt bodily events are con trolled by d

10、iffere nt factors. The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is. But the growth horm one is released duri ng sleep, when ever in the day that sleep occurs. Normally these two horm ones are separated by seve n or eight hours, but if the b

11、ody arrives at a desti nati on in the early morning (local) and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two horm ones will be released simulta neously.What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days un til the body is used to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relie

12、s on two things - the power of the stomach to regulate the tim ing of other even ts, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic assumpti ons are:Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night. Coffee at mid-after noon is n eutral.Protein in meals stimulates wakefu In

13、ess, while carbohydrates promote sleep.Putt ing food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.时差综合症的预防和治疗高速飞行时因时差而引起的生理节奏的推敲是每一个跨国旅行者有时会遇到的问题。但你必须得忍受吗？如果你了解它是怎么回事，并且知道如何注意饮食才可以将其最坏影响减到最小程度，你的飞行 就不会那么紧张了。快速旅行对身体的影响实际上比我们所 意识到的更加令人不安。调整的习行因时差而引 起的生理节奏的 破坏不是必须重新调整去适合 不同时区的心理影响。它是由人体内的生理调

14、节结构，特别是荷尔蒙系统 在不同环境的变化引起的。感到困惑了吗？美国国务卿约翰 福 斯特杜勒斯 飞往埃及进 行关于阿斯旺大坝 的谈判时也是这样。后来，他把他的不理想的判 断归咎于时差反应的不良影响。时差的影响也可以加以利用。约翰逊总统曾经在关岛召开重要会议，其所有活动都按华 盛顿时间进行。白宫工作 人员个个精神焕发，而在这种情况下，当地人却受时差反应之苦。 实际上，好像他们刚刚被飞机送到美国一样。既然我们懂得了什么是高速飞行时差 综合症。很自然，这些活动不得不加以调节，人体 现人有两套相互影响的调节系统。一个定时系统表现在我们的感觉和胃以及居住在一个 特定时区时，我们所经历的周期。 另一个定时

15、系统在我们的人体时钟内，这些人体时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小 时，是的25小时的生理节奏。一 般情况下，这两种定时器是步调一致的。外部信号常常 调 节人体时钟命使之达 到更为便利的24小时周期。然而，如果你将整个身体转移到相差四个小时的时区，这两个小时钟就不协调了。就像 两个闹钟通常一起设置，但被重新设置时相差了好几个小时。虽然这两个时钟通常会一起闹 时，但现在它们在不同时刻响起。类似的，当太阳升起时身体可能被设定为 晚上。经过一段时间以后，生理系统将会重新调整过来。但这的确需要时间。一个容易监测 的 节律是手掌出汗的节律。血压也是有节律的，需要四天时间才能得到重新调整。形成这种差异

16、的百不同的身体活动由不同因素的支配。不管身在何处，控制盐和水分排 泄的皮质醇激素是早上产生的。但不论何时睡眠，生长激素是在睡眠中释放 的。通常这两种 激素相隔七、八个小时释放，但如果人体在一大早到达目的地，并且尽快入睡，这两种激素 将同时释放。关于这点我们能做些什么呢？等待几天直到身体适应新 的时区是不可取的。幸好，有一 条捷径。它依靠两点一一胃调节其他活动定时的能力和咖啡的药物作用。基本的道理是：咖啡在早上可以延迟人体时钟，在晚间可以提早人体时钟。咖啡在下午三点左右 是中性 的。食物中的蛋白质使人不眠，而碳水化合物却使人易于入睡。空腹吃食物帮助人体时钟准 时。Con trolli ng Yo

17、ur Concen trati onCONCENTRATION IS CENTERING YOUR ATTENTIONPsychologically defi ned, concen tratio n is the process of cen teri ng on es atte nti on over aperiod of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the defi niti on may imply. For th

18、is reas on, it is helpful to keep the follow ing points in mind.Your atte nti on spa n variesEve n with the greatest effort, our spa n of atte nti on fluctuates.You can dem on strate for yourself this fluctuatio n of atte nti on. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.L

19、iste n carefully and no tice how the tick ing in creases in appare nt inten sity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and the n in creases aga in. This phe nomenon reveals how our spa n of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.You pay attention to one thi

20、ng at a timeEvidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of sho

21、rt duration and relatively infrequent.An illustration of periods of high, moderate, and low attention High attention has long periods of atte nding and short distract ion periods. In low atte nti on the periods of atte nding are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is

22、a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly un likely that the stude nt who has most of his atte nti on cen tered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.Lack of concen trati on is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty.When a stude nt

23、says I cant concen trate, what he is really say ing is, I cant atte nd to the task at hand because my distractors are too stron g.DISTRACTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICALA distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situati on distr

24、actors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in n ature. Both types of distractors must be un derstood before the stude nt can attempt to remedy his lack of concen trati on.Emoti ons are the most powerful distractors .The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it

25、 difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the students life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the frien dli ness of a frien ds b

26、ehaviour and the pressures of limited finances - these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.Emoti onal react ion varies greatly from pers on to pers on. Some pers ons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart unde

27、r pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure.Physical distractors are always prese nt and rarely un derstood.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on men tal tasks. One resea

28、rch report has show n that comprehe nsion and rete ntio n of readi ng were decreased whe n stude nts liste ned to lively music. However, rate of readi ng was not affected, so that many stude nts were not aware that they were affected by the backgro und distractor. Ano ther study found that the abili

29、ty to recall accurately was affected by distract ing con diti ons. Most of the evide nee in dicates that no ise affects adversely higher men tal task output. Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by stude nts.ROUTING AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BYDISTRACT0RSTy

30、pically whe n stude nts are faced with the evide nee on distractors the argume nt is give n that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in Grand Central Station. And he makes all As too! There is evidenee, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distract

31、ors and that there are con siderable differe nces in in dividual spa ns of atte nti on. Either of these factors could acco unt for some in dividuals being able to do well using in efficie nt methods. The fact that some excepti onal people do well un der adverse con diti ons scarcely justifies your a

32、ssuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hin der the typeical stude nt.控制你的注意力聚精会神就是集中你的注意力按心理学定义，专心是一段时间内集中注意力的过程。然而，在实际应用中，成功地对 待专心这个问题并不 像定义中所说的那么简单。正因为这样，把以下几点记在心里是有帮助 的。你的注意力范围是变化的即使付出最大努力，我们注意力的范围还是波动的。你可以自 己证明这种注意力的变化。在一个 安静的房间里，把一块表放在刚刚能听到它声音的地方， 仔细听，注意到嘀嗒声是如何明显地提高强度，继而，衰弱到听不到，然后又提高了。这种 现象揭示了我们注意力范围是如何波动的，因为嘀哒声的强度实际上并无变化。你在同一时刻注意一件事情至今为止的资料表明，在同一时刻你只能注意到一个 念头。 你的注意 力可能转移得很快，似乎能立刻注意到几个概念。但显然这只是一个错觉。在注意 力集中时，注意力的焦点转移是在很短时间内，而且比较而言是很少发生的。高度、适度