英语长难句答案

1、1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-e nergy America n fashi on that makes it possible to comb ine few farmers with high yields. 结构分析：句子的主干是 This will be particularly true ,。 si nee引导原因状语从句。此从句中 又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the hi

2、gh-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmerswith high yields则是真正的宾语(不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields是状语)，possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energypinch译为"能源的匮乏”;in, fashion译为"用，方法、方式”。译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去

3、，而 这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。2. Now since the assessment of intelligenee is a comparative matter ， we must be sure that thescale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “ valid ” or “fair” comparison. 结 构分析:句子的主干是 we must be sure,。 since弓丨导原因状语从句the assessment ofintelligenee is a comparati

4、ve matter。主句中又有 that 弓丨导的宾语从句 that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid” or"fair” comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌 一个由介词 with+which 弓丨导的定语从句 with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。 译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而 言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“

5、有效的”或“公平的”比较。3. In general , the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be mostprecisely defi ned and least effectively whe n what is to be measured or predicted can be n ot well defined. 结构分析:句子的框架是 the tests work most effectively when , and least effectively when,。 and连接

6、两个并列分句，每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明 work most effectively 和 and (work) least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一 个主语从句 what, predicted。the tests是主句的主语， work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词，不译为“质量”，而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为”，而应 译为主动语态“界定”。译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。4. For example , they

7、 do not compe nsate for gross social in equality , and thus do not tell howable an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.结构分析:句子的框架是 they do not compensate , , and thus do not tellhow,。 and连接两个并列分句，第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he gr

8、own up , ( =If he had grown up ,)是省略了连词 if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they，在此代指上文提到的 tests; able在句中作 might have been 的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”，而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条 件差的”。译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset : it invites you to think tha

9、t animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans , or with no consideration at all. 结构分析：句子的框架是 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that ,。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句，从句中有either, or,引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语，修饰动词be treated，其

10、中第一个 with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句humans extend to other humans，修饰 the consideration。 it 代指上文的观点，即如果对人权 没有达成一致看法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”动词in vites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构exte nd con sideration to意为“给予 关怀或关心”，consideration不应译为“考虑”。 译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向 极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，

11、要么完全冷漠无情。6. But even more important ， it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were see ing were the patter ns and structures that existed 15 billio n years ago. 结构分析：句子的框架是it was the farthest that ,。但It was, that,在本句中不是 强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的 150亿年前形成的巨大云团(a s

12、trip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth );that 引导的应是一个定语从句，修饰先行词 thefarthest o for引导的是表示原因的分句，分句中还有that引导的定语从句， 修饰the patternsand structure。 译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远 的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing u

13、p required labor , tens ofthousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers , with their wives and children , were forced into the cities in search of work , and any work , under any condition , that would keep them alive.结构分析：句子的框架是it happened that ,。 it做形式主语，that引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由when引导的时

14、间状语从句，主句为tens ofthousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers , were forced ,，时间状语从句中从句 主语 the new factories 又带有一个定语从句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定语从句。spring up意为“发生，出现，建立”。译文：于是就出现了这样的情 况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市；他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条

15、件，只要不被饿死就行。8. As a result of two or three cen turies of scie ntific in vestigati on we have come to believe thatnature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments , she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure.

16、结构分析：句子的框架是，we have come to believe that ,。 that引导的从句做 believe的宾语从句 此从句中有一个that从句作the sense的同位语从句；同位语从句中又套嵌一个由when引导的时间状语从句；此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句that endure，修饰其先行词discoveriesc by way of 意为"经由，通过,方法” ；reward sb. with 意为“以,报答，酬劳” ；endure 此处应译为“持久，持续”，不要译为“忍受，容忍”。 译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科 学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察和

17、实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真 心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自然是 可以认识的。9. These new observati onal capabilities would result i n simply a mass of details were it not forthe fact that theoretical un dersta nding has reached the stage at which it is beco ming possible to indicate the kind of measurements requ

18、ired for reliable weather forecasting.结构分析 ：句子的框架是 These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details ,。后面 紧跟省略了 if 引导的虚拟条件句 were it not for the fact that ,，即 if it were not for the fact that, ;that从句作the fact的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先行词thestage; required for reliable weath

19、er forecasting 为过去 分词短 语修饰 the kind of measurements。simply译为"只不过，仅仅”，不应译为"简单地”。译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段，即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做 不到这一点，那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。10. The story of the discovery of what is now gen erally called the prin ciple of Archimedes，n amely that a solid body whe n immer

20、sed in a liquid loses a porti on of its weight of the liquid it displaces， has many different versions，of which the following is one.结构分析:句子的框架是 The story, has many differe nt vers ions,。 what is now gen erally called the prin ciple of Archimedes 为名词性从句做介词 of 的宾语。namely that a solid body,作 the princ

21、iple of Archimedes的同位语;when immersed in a liquid 是省略了主语的过去分词短语，句子补充完 整为 when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修饰其主句 a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid , ;it displaces是省略了关系代词 that的定语从句修饰the liquid， it代指前面提到的the solid body;同时，of which the following is one 又构成先行词 versions的定

22、语 从句。displace意为"排（水）” ；version不译为"版本”，此处指“根据个人观点的（对事件等的）说法，看法”；句尾的one代指a version。译文：当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失 去它所排出的液体的那部分重量，这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现的 故事说法众多，下面的故事就是其中之一。11. We assumed that there were forces of attract ion betwee n molecules which varied rapidlywith the distanee so that the attractio

23、n between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely. 结构分析：句子的框架是 We assumed that there were forces of attraction ,。 that引导宾语从句。此宾语从句中套嵌一个由which引导的定语从句修饰先行词 forces of attraction; so that t

24、he attraction between molecules,是 so that 结构弓丨导的结果状语从句；在此状语从句中，除主干结构the attraction , was very small but becameconsiderable,，又有 that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定语从句修饰先行词 molecules 禾口 when the molecules approached more closely 做状语从句，修饰， but became considerable。considerab

25、le译为"相当大（或多的）”。 译文：我们曾经假定， 分子之间存在着引力，这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化，因而，在间距 为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。12. This n eed is en shri ned in the con cept of susta in able developme nt, which means that wemust, for the ben efit of coming gen erati ons , leave eno ugh environmen tal space so tha

26、t these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations.结构分析 ：句子的框架是 This n eed is en shri ned in the con cept of susta in able developme nt,。其后紧跟着一个which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词 sustainable development。此定语从句的谓语动词means又套嵌一个 that弓丨导的宾语从句，即 we must, leave eno ugh environmen tal spac

27、e。此宾语 从句中又有so that结构做此从句的目的状语。be enshrined in意为"被深深地珍藏（或铭记）在，”，此处转译为主动语态“纳入到”。sustainable development译为"可持续发展”。译文：这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指：为了子孙后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space, which is thespecial property of

28、 sculpture and architecture ， since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time ，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time. 结构分析:句子的框架是 Painting lacks only the mea ns, ,si nee,。 si nee引导的原因状语从句修饰主

29、句；关系代词 which引导的定语从句修饰 the means to represent movement in time and space; property 在此处应译为 "性 质,特性”，不译为“财产，资产”。译文：绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法，而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。绘画时只要求在某一时刻，从空间的一点来欣赏，而雕塑和建 筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏，这样就表现出了空间，时间的变化。14. Once in timidated by argume nts that their childre n would feel more at home in bili

30、ngualclasses and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes ，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experie nee that uni ess they are flue nt in the Ianguage of their adopted country ，their children will never attend college or land any but the

31、most menial of jobs. 结构分析：句子的框架是 these women have , given voice, to what they know from experienee that ,。 that从句做 experienee 的同位语从句 ；此从句中又套嵌一 个unless引导的条件状语从句 ；Once intimidated by arguments是过去分词做状语修饰thesewomen，其施动者 arguments又有两个that引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。intimidated byarguments意为“被论点搞得惊慌害怕”;feel at home不能直译

32、为“感到在家”，而译为“感到自在” ;give voice to意为“表达，表露” ;land jobs译为“找到工作”。译文：有人说，孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮，最有说服力的意见。从她们自身的经验 中，他们深知：如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单的体力活儿 外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells， though now spec

33、ialized， still contain exact copies of the origi nal set of gen etic in struct ions n eeded to make an en tire in dividual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on.结构分析 ：句子的框架是 The presumption is that all these cells, contain genetic instructions , and can do so,。其中介词 on加which引导定语从句修饰主

34、语the presumption; that 从句为表语从句；此表语从句中 contain和can do并列做all these cells的谓语;表语从句中又插入一个though引导的省略了主语 all these cells的让步状语从句，补充完整为though these cells are nowspecialized; n eeded to make an en tire in dividual 为过去分词短语做 gen etic in struct ions 的后置 定语;并列谓语can do so又有if条件句修饰。rest on意为“依赖”。为避免重复do so代替 前文提到的

35、make an en tire in dividual 。 译文：人类克隆赖以存在的假定是：虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化，但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传指令；如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。16. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a n atural law tha n an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed un

36、der more gen eral laws or theories.结构分析：句子的框架是 a regularity , will be more readily called a natural lawthan an empirical regularity ,。 介词 for 力口关系代词 which 弓丨导定语从句修饰 a regularity。an empirical regularity 后又有定语从句 that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰。grounds意为“根据，理由” ;subsume意为“

37、把，归入，纳入”。 译文： 因此，与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比，一条具有普遍理 论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。17. It is because of the close association in most people ' s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool, but it is important to realize that th

38、is ability , on its own , does not necessarily indicate any special intelligenee in the creature concerned. 结构分析：句子的框架是 It is because of, that, , but it is important to realize that ,。 but连接两个并列句，but前的并列分句为 It is, that,强调结构，强调because of引导的状语。but后的并列分句又有 that引导的宾语从句做realize的宾语。the close association i

39、n most people 's minds of tools with man 中注意 in most people ' s minds把the close association of tools with man （工具与人类的密切联系）分隔开来。两个 并列句中分别有 able to use an object as a tool和concerned分别做其前面名词animal和thecreature的后置定语。man根据上下文在此处指"人类”，而不是"男人”;not necessarily译为"不一定、未必” ；on its own意为&q

40、uot;独立地，凭自己力量”，在此转译为"就其自身而 言”。 译文：正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表 明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evoluti onary sig ni fica nee is surelywhen an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of

41、 purposes ， and whe n it can use an object spontan eously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove in soluble. 结构分析：句子的框架是 The point, is, whe n, and whe n,。 两个 when 引导的从句为并列的表语从句。at which tool using and tool making acquireevoluti on ary sig nificance为定语从句修饰主语 the poi n

42、t;第二个 whe n引导的表语从句中也有 that 弓丨导的定语从句修饰 a brand-new problem 。ability to manipulate objects 译为 "操纵物体 的能力” ;,a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove in soluble 中 without和in soluble为双重否定可译成肯定句。译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的 崭新问题时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的

43、阶段。19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wxdye of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th cen tury whe n the huma nist moveme nt brought new impetus to lear ning throughout Europe.结构分析:句子的框架是 It was the desire, that brought about a wxdye,。 it is, that,是强调句型，强调主语 the desire to be

44、scholarly。关系代词 which 引 导定语从句，修饰Latin terms;关系副词 when引导定语从句，修饰century。句中scholarly做"博学多才”讲;humanist movement译为"人文主义运动” ;impetus意为"动力促进”。 译 文：在16世纪的时候，人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动，人们都想显示自己的博 学多才，从而出现了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。20. So don' t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that sti

45、ll appear inschool textbooks; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you hxdyen' t heardbefore, you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn' t know it either.结构分析:句子的框架是，don ' t be surprised if you , ;and nexttime, ,you can comfort y

46、ourself that,。分号连接两个并列分句。在前面句子中，if引导状语从句；关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰expressions。在后面句子中，you hear,是省略了关系副词 when的定语从句，修饰 next time; you hxdyen ' t heard before又是省略 了关系代词 which 的定语从句，修饰 strange word;主句是 you can comfort yourself that , 这里的that引导宾语从句，而关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰native speaker。may和well连用表示有充分的理由，译为“（完全）能，（

47、很）可能”。译文：因此，如果在 某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的，你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个 你以前从未听到过的新词，你可以这样安慰自己说，很可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本 地人也不认识这个字呢！21. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him ， a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick eno ugh ， take protective acti on in time.结构分析：句子的框架是 a person ca

48、n, feel the bolt and, take protective action,。and 连接 两个并列的谓语动词。句首despite是介词引导介词短语作状语，此短语中that引导的名词性从句做saying的同位语，此同位语从句中，if lightning ,是一个名词性从句，作know的宾语，if在句中相当于 whether。主句中if quick enough补充完整为if he is quick enough，是 条件状语从句，为take action的前提条件。句中 bolt译为"闪电”。译文:尽管人们常说一个人从来不知道是否遭到闪电的袭击，但是一个人有时能感觉到闪

49、电的到来，如果动 作快，就能及时采取保护措施。22. The “ shareholder ” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workme n employed by the compa ny in which he held shares, and his in flue nee on the relati onsof capital and labor was not good. 结构分析：句子的框架是 The “shareholder” as such had no kno wledge ,

50、, and his in flue nee, was not good.。 and 连接两个并列的分句。as such 做 The“shareholder ”的定语，employed by thecompany in which he held shares 是过去分词短语作 定语，修饰 workmen，分词短语中含有 in which he held shares 定语从句，修饰 company。 译 文：这样的股东，对他拥有股份的公司里所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知， 而且他们对劳资双方的关系，也不会产生积极的影响。23. The paid man ager acti ng fo

51、r the compa ny was in more direct relatio n with the men and their dema nds, but even he had seldom that familiar pers onal kno wledge of the workme n which the employer had ofte n had un der the more patriarchal system of the old family bus in ess now passing away. 结构分析 ：句子的框架是 The paid manager was

52、 in more direct relation with the men and their dema nds, but even he had seldom that familiar pers onal kno wledge of the workmen , 。 acting for the company 做 the paid manager 的定语，which the employer had often had un der the more patriarchal system of the old family bus in ess now pass ing away 做 th

53、at familiar personal kno wledge 的定语， now pass ing away 做 the old family bus in ess 的定语。 译文:受聘于公司并代表公司的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是，就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长 式制度下的雇主们，却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。24. When a jour nalist recen tly accused the compa ny of lack ing in tegrity in its testi ng of beauty p

54、roducts， the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand ， which was firmly associated in people' s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights. 结构分析：句子的框架是 When,， the company overtly appealed to the public ,。 when 弓丨导 时间状语从句。主句中关系代词 which引导定语从句修饰 corpor

55、ate brand，此定语从句中in people ' s minds 把 associated with 分隔开来。 beauty products 译为 "美容产品” 。 译文： 有一名记者近日指责该公司在美容产品的测试上缺乏整体性，该公司公开利用其公司品牌求助于公众。在公众的心目中，该品牌同关系到动物权利的道德标准息息相关。25. However, the crim in als quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is inthe chip which is remarkably p

56、ortable and unidentifiable , so even when caught the police hxdye trouble proving the theft. 结构分析：句子的框架是 the fraternity , came to realize that, so, the police hxdye trouble ,。这是一个并列复合句，两个句子由so连接。在前面句子里that引导宾语从句，做 realize的宾语；此从句中又有 which引导的定语从句修饰the chip; so后面句子里 when caught 是过去分词做状语，when caught 即 w

57、hen the thief was caught;proving是现在分词，修饰trouble。译文：但偷盗者认识到，电脑中真正值钱的东西是芯片（或叫集成电路片），这是可以随身携带和无法识别的。即使当场被抓住，警察也难以 证明那是偷来的。26. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and in tellige nt patter ns ，so vast is the nu mber of pla nets that i nt

58、ellige nt life is bound to be a n atural part of the uni verse.结构分析：句子的框架是 Although ,， so vast is thenumber of planets that ,。主句为 so, that,结构引导的结果状语从句，因强调 vast,so vast 放在句首进行倒装，正常语序为the number of planets is so vast that ,。 although引导让步状 语从句。此从句中套嵌一个关系代词that引导的定语从句修饰life。 be bound to意为"一定,必定”。 译

59、文：虽然在某处已经开始的生命中，可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、 有智慧的形式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致于有智慧的生命，一定是宇宙的一个天然组成 部分。27. Such large, impers onal man ipulati on of capital and in dustry greatly in creased the nu mbers and importa nee of shareholders as a class, an eleme nt in n ati onal life represe nting irresp on sible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the Ian dow ners; and almost equally detached from the respon sible man a