2003年张剑黄皮书考研英语真题与解析

1、WORD格式2003年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachersneed tobe awareoftheemotional, intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.And they alsone

2、ed togiveserious1tohow theycan best2such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not justin ways that emphasize competition.4they are adjusting to their new bodiesanda wholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousand need the 5 thatcomes fromachievin

3、g successandknowing that their accomplishments are6by others. However, the typicalteenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be7to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,8， publishingnewsletterswithmany student-writtenbookreviews,9studentartwork,a

4、ndsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.A varietyofsmallclubscanprovide10opportunitiesforleadership,as wellas forpracticeinsuccessful11dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportantto teenagers,and many shy studentsneed the12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.Inth

5、ese activities,itis importantto remember thattheyoung teens have 14attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized15 participantscan remain activeas longas theywant and thengo on to 16elsewithoutfeelingguilty and without letting the other participants17. This does not mean thatadultsmus

6、t acceptirresponsibility.18 theycan helpstudentsacquirea senseof commitment by19 for roles that are within their 20and their attentionspans and by having clearly stated rules.1.A thoughtB ideaC opinionD advice2.A strengthenB accommodateC stimulateD enhance3.A careB nutritionC exerciseD leisure4.A If

7、B AlthoughC WhereasD Because5.A assistanceB guidanceC confidenceD tolerance6.A claimedB admiredC ignoredD surpassed7.A improperB riskyC fairD wise8.A in effectB as a resultC for exampleD in a sense9.AdisplayingBdescribingCcreatingDexchanging10. A durableB excessiveC surplusD multiple11.AgroupBindivi

8、dualCpersonnelDcorporation专业资料整理WORD格式:/club.topsage/forum.php"gid=27专业资料整理WORD格式12.A consentB insuranceC admissionD security13.A particularlyB barelyC definitely D rarely14.A similarB longC differentD short15.A if onlyB now thatC so thatD even if16.AeverythingBanythingCnothingDsomething17.A of

9、fB downC outD alone18.AOn the contrary BOn the averageCOn the wholeD On theother hand19.A makingB standingC planningD taking20.AcapabilityBresponsibilityCproficiencyDefficiencySection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choos

10、ing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster whobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorld War andlaterlaidtherootsfor the CIA wasfascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatevertoolsc

11、ame tohand in the“ greatgame ofespionage spyingasa “profession.These days theNet,whichhas alreadyre-made such everydaypastimesas buyingbooksand sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well.Thelatestrevolutionisn tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen s e-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspy

12、inghas been goingon fordecades.Inthepast threeor four years,theWorldWide Webhas givenbirthtoa whole industryof point-and-click spying.The spooks callit“opensource intelligence, and astheNet grows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In 1995 theCIA helda contesttosee who could compilethemost dataabout

13、Burundi.The winner,by a largemargin,was a tinyVirginiacompany calledOpen-SourceSolutions， whose clear advantagewasits mastery of the electronic world.Among thefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashin thenew worldisStraitford,Inc.,a privateintelligence-analysisfirmbased inAustin,Texas. Straitfordmakes moneybyse

14、llingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Many ofitspredictions are available online atStraitford.Straiford presidentGeorge Friedman says he sees the onlineworld as akind ofmutually reinforcing tool for both information colle

15、ction and distribution, a专业资料整理WORD格式:/club.topsage/forum.php"gid=27专业资料整理WORD格式spymaster s dream. Lastweek his firmwas busy vacuumingup databitsfromthefarcorners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine.“ As soon as that reportruns, wellsuddenly get500 new internetsign-upsfrom Ukraine,

16、says Friedman,a former political science professor.“ And well hear back from some of them.Open-sourcespyingdoes have itsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcan be difficulttotellgood information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff m

17、embershave military-intelligencebackgrounds.He sees the firm s outsiderstatusas thekey to its success. Straitford s briefs don t sound like the usual Washingtonback-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoiddramaticdeclarationson the chance theymight be wrong. Straitford,says Friedman, takesprideinitsindep

18、endent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has.A received support from fans like DonovanB remolded the intelligence servicesC restored many common pastimesD revived spying as a profession22. Donovan s story is mentioned in the text to.A introduce the topic of online spyingB show how he fought for the

19、 USC give an episode of the information warD honor his unique services to the CIA23. The phrase“ making the biggest splash(line 1,paragraph 3) most probablymeans.A causing the biggest troubleB exerting the greatest effortC achieving the greatest successD enjoying the widest popularity24.It can be le

20、arned from paragraph 4 that .A straitford s prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC straitford s business is characterized by unpredictabilityD straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25.Straitford is most proud of its.A o

21、fficial statusB nonconformist imageC efficient staffD military backgroundText 2To paraphrase18th -centurystatesmanEdmund Burke,“ allthatisneeded forthetriumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.One such cause now专业资料整理WORD格式:/club.topsage/forum.php"gid=27专业资料整理WORD格式seeks to en

22、d biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rightsruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animalrightsadvocates,whose arguments areconfusingthepublicand therebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeand care.Leadersof theanimalrightsmovement targetbi

23、omedicalresearchbecauseitdepends on publicfunding,and few peopleunderstandthe process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals inresearchsettings,many areperplexedthat anyone would deliberatelyharm an animal.For example,a grandmotherlywomanstaffingan animalrightsboothat a r

24、ecentstreetfairwas distributinga brochurethat encouragedreadersnottouse anythingthat comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked ifshe opposed immunizations,she wanted toknow ifvaccinescome fromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,she replied,“Then Iwould have to say yes.

25、 Asked whatwill happen when epidemics return, she said,“ Don t worry, scientists will findsome way of using computers.Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way in human terms, not in the language of mol

26、ecular biology. Weneed tomake cleartheconnectionbetween animalresearchand a grandmother s hipreplacement,a father s bypassoperation,a baby s vaccinations,and even a pet sshots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce thesetreatments,as wellas new treatmentsand vaccines,an

27、imalresearchseems wastefulat best and cruel at worst.Much can be done.Scientistscould“adoptmiddleschoolclassesand presenttheir own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lestanimalrightsmisinformationgo unchallengedand acquirea deceptiveappearance oftruth. Research insti

28、tutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratoryanimals receive humane care. Finally,because theultimatestakeholdersare patients,the healthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenot onlywell-known personalitiessuch as StephenCooper,who has made courageousstatementsabout the value o

29、f animal research,but all whoreceive medicaltreatment. If goodpeople do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry willextinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke s words to.A call on scientists to take some actionsB c

30、riticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC warn of the doom of biomedical researchD show the triumph of the animal rights movement27.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .A cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but viciousD pointless and wasteful28.Th

31、e example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s.A discontent with animal research专业资料整理WORD格式:/club.topsage/forum.php"gid=27专业资料整理WORD格式B ignorance about medical scienceC indifference to epidemicsD anxiety about animal rights29. The authorbelievesthat,in face of the challengef

32、rom animalrightsadvocates,scientists should.A communicate more with the publicB employ hi-tech means in researchC feel no shame for their causeD strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is.A a well-known humanistB a medical practitionerC an enthusiast in animal right

33、sD a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging intosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.As recentlyas 1995, thetop four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved byrails.Nextyear, aftera series

34、 of mergers iscompleted, just four railroads willcontrol well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow forsubstantialcostreductionsand bettercoordinatedservice.Any threatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremoved by fi

35、ercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmany shipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchas coal,chemicals,and grain,truckingistoocostlyand the railroadsthereforehave them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers areserved by onlyone railc

36、ompany. Railroadstypicallychargesuch“ captive shippers20 to30 percentmore than they do when anotherrailroadiscompeting forthebusiness.Shipperswho feeltheyarebeingoverchargedhave the rightto appeal to the federalgovernment's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process isexpensiv

37、e, time consuming, andwill work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the groundsthatin thelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadscharged allcustomersthesame averagerate,theyargue,shipperswho have theoptionofswitchingto trucksorother for

38、ms oftransportationwoulddo so,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthe cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining whichcompanies willflourishand whichwillfail.“ Do we reallywant railroadsto be

39、 thearbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace"asks Martin Bercovici, aWashington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoon be hitwitha roundofhuge rateincreases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning专业资料整理WORD格式:

40、/club.topsage/forum.php"gid=27专业资料整理WORD格式fortunes,stilldoes notearn enough tocoverthecostofthecapitalit must investto keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions toacquireone another,withWallStreetcheering them on.Considerthe$10.2billionbidby NorfolkSouthern and

41、 CSX toacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincome in1996 was just$427 million,lessthanhalfofthe carrying costsof the transaction.Who's goingtopay fortherestofthebill"Many captiveshippersfearthattheywill,as NorfolkSouthernand CSX increasetheirgripon themarket.31.Accordingt

42、othosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause .A cost reduction is based on competition.B services call for cross-trade coordination.C outside competitors will continue to exist.D shippers will have the railway by the throat.32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the cons

43、olidation in the rail industry"A Indifferent.B Supportive.C Indignant.D Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for

44、rate relief.D a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word“ arbiters(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those.A who work as coordinators.B who function as judges.C who supervise transactions.D who determine the price.35. According to the text, the cost increase in th

45、e rail industry is mainly caused by .A the continuing acquisition.B the growing traffic.C the cheering Wall Street.D the shrinking market.Text 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and inCalifornia optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubledover

46、 the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years专业资料整理WORD格式:/club.topsage/forum.php"gid=27专业资料整

47、理WORD格式ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure toconfront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Deathisnormal;we are geneticallyprogrammed todisintegrateand perish,evenunderideal conditions.We all understandthatatsome level,yet asmedicalconsumers we tr

48、eat death as a problemto besolved. Shielded by third-party payersfrom the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even ifit s useless.The most obviousexample is late-stagecancercare.Physiciansfrustratedby theirinabilitytocurethediseaseand fearing lossofhope inthepatient too often offer aggressi