阅读理解基础精讲讲义

1、211 翻译英语-(MTI)阅读基础篇主讲：薛冰欢迎使用()嗨，如对课程和讲义内容有任何疑问，请及时在知识堂反馈哦在 24小时内解决。Let us learn together and laugh together and work togetherand pray together, confident that in the end we will triumphtogether in the right direction.Correspondence: xuebing2004邮箱:：/ncexb博客:.cn/u/2205522701MTI (Master of Translation

2、and Interpreting)设立于 2007年 1 月。首批经所，包括学位委员会批准的 MTI 试点教学共计 15北京外国语大学复旦大学外语外贸大学外国语学院、湖南师范大学、南京大学、上海交通大学、南开大学、上海外国语大学、同济大学、厦门大学、西南大学、中南大学、中山大学。目前开设 MTI 的院校约有 150 所学校，每年约有 2-3 万的稳定报考人数。(含英语、法语、日语、俄语、韩语、德语等语种)；基础课:X 语翻译基础(含英汉、法汉、日汉、俄汉、韩汉、德汉等语对)；专业基础课翻译分。:汉语写作与百科知识X 语重点考生的外语水平，总分 100X 语翻译基础重点和潜质，总分 150 分。

3、考生的外汉互译专业技能汉语写作和百科知识重点考生的现代汉语写作水平和百科知识，总分 150 分。翻译英语分为三个部分，词汇语法 30 分，阅读理解 40 分，英语写作 30 分。讲解内容:1) MTI 阅读文章的特点v2)3)4)阅读四步法阅读题型及技巧篇章分析通过分析各大院校翻译英语可知，阅读理解的出题形式主要为四至五篇文章，其中一至两篇为简答题，其他文章为多项选择题，一般多项选择题每题 2 分，简答题每题 2 至 4分。由于翻译英语由各招生命题，阅读部分的文章长度差别比较大，阅读量大的能达到 4000 多词(如大学)，小的只有 1500 词左右(如对外经贸大学)，大多数院校阅读量控制在 2

4、500 词至 3000 词左右。翻译英语阅读文章的两大特点 :v 在内容上，分为三大类别： 科学即自然科学：出题不多，主要涉及医学、生物学， 科学史等;科学：强调时效性 人文科学：主要涉及文学评论、杂文、散文等;综合各校，出题以科学和人文科学类为主，特别强调时效性 。 在题材上，主要有四类文章：议文、应用文；、说明文、记叙综合各校，出题以议和说明文为主。v 大纲对于阅读理解的基本要求翻译英语大纲要求“能读懂常见外刊上的文章，既能理解其主旨和大意，又能分辨出其中的事实与细节，并能理解其中的观点和隐含意义。能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度”；阅读速度：60 分钟完成大约 3000 词的阅读量考

5、查角度： 理解文章主旨要义理解文章具体信息能进行相关的判断、推理和引申理解作者的意图、观点和态度能根据上下文推测生词的词义能够区分论点和论据定义猜词法该方法就是通过对某一名词(通常是专有名词或术语名词)进行解释，说明其内容或特点。标记词有：be, be concerned with, be regarded as, be defined as, be termed, be called, refer to,mean, 等。例:1) Folkways are informal customs regarding the correct way to behave.2) The animals w

6、hose temperature is regulated by internal metabolic process are called endotherms.复述猜词法复述就是用不同的词语重新表达同一内容。标记词有：and, or, in other words, that is, 冒号, 分号, 等。例：1) In warm countries, hours of work are often arranged soThat workers can take a break, or even a siesta.2) The importation of cheap goods has

7、often contributed tothe destruction of local skills and indigenous markets.3) It is ludicrous that David Frost should be willingly writinghis autobiography already: he would have written just the first 30 years worth might be thought strange.举例猜词法在阅读过程中，文中常出现for example, for instance, suchas, such a

8、s 等表举例说明的短语, 这是能够迅速生词的关键。例：Orthopterans, such as crickets, grasshoppers and cockroaches, thrive in damp conditions.对比猜词法就是寻找具有对比、比较意义的词汇，其前后的内容必定相反，这样就可通过已知信息推出生词的大致含义。表对比、对照的词或短语有：but, however, unlike,although, rather than, instead of, on the other hand, 等。1) There are numerous reports that natural

9、 vitamins are superior to synthetic ones.2) Waning prosperity and increasing unrest denied theruling families the possibility to preserve their superiority.因果猜词法例：1) Mary piqued Smith by refusing his invitation.2) Smith is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without see

10、king the opinions of others。词根词缀法例：1) As a nation we may be overfunding the quest for unlikelycures.2) state (陈述fasten (系紧v 熟词生义：重申);松开)例：1) There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer.But this does not make you tooare in good company.fortable because you2) He thought that directly inte

11、rnal confidence in thegovernment declined, its finance would be in danger.1. While even the modestly educated sought an elevatedtone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the h

12、ighly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English,talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.The word “talking” denotes.A modestyB personalityC livelinessD informality2. In spite of “endless talk of difference,” Am

13、erican societyis an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is“the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture.The word “homogenizing” most probably means.A identifyingB associatingC assimilatingD monopolizing

14、3. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, themost powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this,they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.The word “bummer” most

15、probably means something .A religiousB unpleasantC entertainingD commercial4. Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramaticabout-face, because it was the federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so- called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a

16、wayof pooling mutual-fund assets.The word "about-face" most probably means.A loss of good willB increase of hostilityC change of attitudeD enhancement of dignity5. A deal is a dealexcept, apparently, when Entergy isinvolved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked jus

17、tified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.The phrase “reneging on” is closest in meaning to .A condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.6. As a result, the modern world is increasingly popula

18、tedby intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.The word “gizmos” most probably means.A. programsB. expertsC. devicesD. creatures7. Condensation refers to the combining of elements; byitself, a knife may suggest a hostile weapon, bu

19、t dreamed of in combination with other eating utensils it appearsinnocuous.The underlined word “innocuous” most probably means .A. harmlessB. innocentC. meaninglessD. offensive8. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we mightnow suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of heat

20、, which was essential to a science ofrefrigeration, was rudimentary.The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaning toA. basicB. sufficientC. necessaryD. undeveloped9. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance,MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to seethe Internet pass this

21、daring test of its networking power.The word “techies” probably refers to those who areB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD.petent in technology10. With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, menand women are realizing they need to be financially savvy,regardless of whether th

22、ey are in a relationship.The word “savvy” probably means A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple11. This episode crystallizes the irony that althoughAmerican men tend to talk more than women in publicsituations they often talk less at home. And this pattern iswreaking havoc with marriage.Judging fr

23、om the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”most probably means.A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure12. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours ofphysical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.The word “moola” most probabl

24、y means.A. energyB. skillsC. earningsD. nutrition13. But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once thoseruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there tostay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain intoourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass thoseold road

25、s.“ruts” has closest meaning to.A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections14. Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurgeof women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry.The word "portend"

26、; is closest in meaning to "" .A. defyB. signalC. suffer fromD. result from15. In some developing countries, the authorities have had,at best, an ambivalent attitude towards the booming manufacture of fake goods. After all, it creates jobs for local people and, at first sight, appears only

27、 to hurt foreign firms.The underlined “ambivalent” most probably means.A. criticalB. contradictoryC. positiveD. negative16.InanefforttoalleviateAmericasincreasingdependenceon foreign oil and mitigate some of the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens. Frank Breaux recently introducedthe Nat

28、ional Security Energy Act of 2011.The underlined word “mitigate” most probably means .A. augmentB. migrateC. modifyD. lessenv 阅读技巧：重点句式在英语文章中，作者经常要用各种来突出自己的主题和观点。与文章主题、观点及关键信息相关的语句称为重点句式。而作者用来突出解释和分析主题观点的一些手法如举例、列数字、下定义等均为补充说明性的次要句子。为了能提高阅读速度和抓住文章的要点与主旨，首先分清主次信息，将次要的、解释分析性、意义补充说明性的词句先略过去不读，重点掌握句子内容。

29、带转折词的句子在英语文章中，带转折词的句子通常用来表达与上下文内容不同或相反的含义，作者往往喜欢用这种句子来突出自己的观点或主题。因此，在阅读文章时，我们应该重点掌握这种句子。表达转折关系的词汇和短语常见有：but, yet,however,nonetheless,although, while, 等。nevertheless,rather,though,带总结归纳词的句子英语文章中的总结归纳句子常用在段落和文章的结尾部分。用以下结论、做总结、对全文的中心思想和基本大意进行总结概括。因此，这种带总结归纳词的句子通常与文章的主题要点有直接的联系。在阅读文章时，要关注这种词句，这样做，对正确把握文

30、章的观点和主旨有很大的帮助。表达总结归纳的单词和短语有：thus, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as a result, in a word,in summary, in brief 等。带表达观点、总结概括性动词的句子带有表达观点、做总结概括性的动词的句子往往是与文章的主题、作者支持或的观点等重要内容有关的。因此，在阅读英语文章时应留心这些句子的理解和把握。表示提观点、下结论、做总结的动词有：believe, think, deem, argue,assume, in ones opinion, as far as sb be conc

31、erned,suggest,imply,indicate,show,conclude,drawthethat, find that, discover that 等。段落的首尾句文章中的每个段落的第一句和最后一句这种在特殊位置的句子通常也很重要，他们所表达的内容不是与文章全文的主题中心有关，就是与文章每个段落的段落大意有关。因此，重点阅读这些语句也会帮助大家迅速了解要点信息，抓住文章的主要内容。例 1：Whether such a sense of fairness stems from the commonancestor that the species had 35 millions y

32、ears ago is as yet, an unanswered question.：Whether such a sense of fairness stems from the common ancestor (that the species had 35 millions years ago) is (as yet), an unanswered question.Question: What can we infer from the sentence?Answer: Human indignation evolved from an uncertainsource.例 2：Whe

33、n it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either.By “Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet” , the authormeans.A Spero can hardly maintain her businessB Spero is

34、too much engaged in her workC Spero has grown out of her bad habitD Spero is not in a desperate situation例 3：On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.：On the other hand, he did not acce

35、pt the charge (made by some of his critics) (that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning) as well founded.参考译文：另一方面，有人批评他尽管擅长观察但不推理，对于这样的指责，他认为没有多少根据。例 4：Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment, Cline believes last

36、ing change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping moresustainably when they cant afford not to.Which of the following can be inferred from the lastpa

37、ragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.例 5:The newly described languages were often so strikinglydifferent from the well stu

38、died languages of Europe andSoutheast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.：The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabrica

39、ting their data.主语: The newly described languages谓语(系动词): were表语: so different from结果状语从句: that some scholars even accused Boas andSapir of fabricating their data.重点: sothat句型;accuse sb of sth参考译文:最近被描述的这些语言与欧洲和东南亚那些得到深入研究的语言迥然不同，于是有些学者就指责博阿斯和萨丕尔编造了自己的资料。例 6：Another factor contributing to the tenden

40、cy to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which themost inhuman acts are committed.：Another factor (contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature) was that the concept has so often been abused as a

41、 shield (behind which themost inhuman acts are committed).参考译文：另一种观点否认了“人性恒定”的这种假说；该观点认为这种假说经常被当作从事惨无人道的恶行的幌子。例 7：Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talentedengineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revol

42、ution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissanceand Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.：Silicon Valley is a magnet (to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a

43、 technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissanceand Industrial Revolution of the bygone age).参考译文：硅谷就像一块磁石，众多才华横溢的工程师、科学家 和企业家从海外汇聚于此，他们渴望出人头地、迅速致富，并且参与一场技术，这场对人类的影响势必昔日具有划意义的欧洲文艺复兴和工业。 列举处常考列举处是指用 first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally;

44、not onlybut also; in addition; furthermore; moreover; above all;on one handon the other hand 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出的事实。要求考生从列举出的内容中，选出符合题干要求的该考点常出题型是“细节事实题”。项。 例证处常考为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常用由 as, such as, for example, for instance, takeas an example 等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例子或比喻就成为命题者提问的焦点。例子本身并不重要，考题子前后

45、总结性的话里。在例 转折对比处常考一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过 however, but, yet, in fact 等词语来引导。强对比常由 like，unlike，until，not so much.as等词语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。比较处常考应用广泛，不仅可用于，也可用于排除选项。因为无端的比较、相反的比较，偷换对象的比较经常出现在干扰选项中。多加关注到原文中的比较才能够较为顺利地排除干扰选项。因果句常考命题者常以文中因果句出一些考查两个内在因果关系的试题，或出些概括文意、段意的试题。一般以推理题和主旨大意题型出

46、现，兼顾少量事实细节题等。表示因果关系的词有：because of, since, for, as, therefore, consequently, result in/from,originate from, as a result, lead to, thus 等。引言处常考作者为了正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常名人的论断或重要发现等，命题者常在此做文章。复杂句常考复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、定语从句、倒装句等，命题者要考查考生对句子之间指代关系，文章段落之间关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量词汇等题型。避免数字，概括总结四个选项中，如果出现有具体数字的选项，

47、如百分比等，则该选项一般应排除。因为具体数字一般会出现在文中，让考生进行推理、概括或总结。语气和缓，避免绝对正确能带有过于议。选项表述上不能太绝对，要留有余地，四平八稳，不感彩和倾向, 这是为了尽可能避免产生争经验意识,常识判断有些选项可以自己的生活经验和常识进行判断对错，而无需完全依靠原文内容，这样就可以提高做题效率，节省宝贵时间。例 1：例证处The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.A) the impact of technological advancesB) the alleviation of job pressureC) the

48、 shrinkage of textile millsD) the decline of middle-classes原文：In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, ”a man and a dog. The ma

49、n is there to feed the dog, and the dog isthere to keep the man away from the machines.”例 2：转折对比处It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for

50、 rate reliefD a government board ensures fair play in railwaybusiness原文：Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the Federal gove

51、rnments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming,and will work only in truly extreme cases.例 3：复杂句To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?A Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B Black English

52、can be more expressive than standard English.C Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D Of all the varieties, standard English can best conveycomplex ideas.原文：He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.例 4：数字出处It is im

53、plied in the passage that.A. Americas health system has its strengths and weaknessesB. the US government pays medical bills for the poor and the elderlyC. some 46 million Americans do not have medical insuranceD. Europeans benefit a lot from Americas medical research例 5：数字出处All of the following are

54、true EXCEPT.A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communicationbetween couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse例 6：绝对化The trend to keep a secret bank accoun

55、t is growing because .A. escape fund helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financials often occur例 7：绝对化The author mentions Colleens example to show.A. any couple can avoid marriagesB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily