初中英语语法全解——时态

1、初中英语语法全解时态一、一般现在时1.构成 be 动词be动词在一般现在时态中有am/is/are三种形式。其句式如下：be 动词肯定句I am.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.否定句I am not.He/She/It is not.We/You/They are not.一般疑问句Is he/she/it.?Are you/they.?一般疑问句的回答Yes,主语+am/is/are.No,主语+am not/isn t/aren t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+is/are.?特殊疑问词+is/are+主语.？行为动词行为动词在一般现在时态中由动词原形或第三

2、人称单数形式表示。2. 用法1）表示经常性或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态。常与often,usually,sometimes,every day/week,onSunday,in the morning/afternoon/evening等时间状语连用。（ 2）表示真理、客观事实。The sun rises in the east.（ 3）表示知觉、态度、情感等。I dont like salad.（ 4）表示主语具有的性格或具备的能力等。Gabriella can speak French fluently.（ 5）表示按计划、规定要发生的动作。School starts at eight.（

3、 6）以here,there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。Here comes the bus.二、一般过去时1. be 动词be动词在一般过去时态中有was,were两种变化形式。2.行为动词行为动词在一般过去时态中由动词的过去式表示。行为动词肯定句主语 +动词过去式+.否定句didn t=did not主语+didn t+动词原形+.一般疑问句Did+ 主语+动词原形.？一般疑问句的回答Yes,主语+did.No,主语+didn t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+动词过去式+.？特殊疑问词+did+主语 +动词原形+.？3. 用法（ 1）表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存

4、在的状态。常与yesterday,lastw eek,a moment ago,twohours ago,just now,at that time,in 1990等时间状语连用。Last week we asked our students about their free time activities.（ 2）表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作。He always helped me with my English in the past.三、一般将来时1. 构成 shall/will 结构在书面语中，主语是第一人称（I 或 we）时，常用shall；在口语中，所有人称都可以用willshal

5、l/will 结构肯定句主语 +shall/will+ 动词原形.否定句主语+shant/wont+动词原形+.一般疑问句shall/will+ 主语+动词原形+.？一般疑问句的答语Yes,主语+will/shall.No,主语+won t/shan t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+shall/will+ 动词原形+.?特殊疑问词+shall/主语+动词原形+.？be going to结构be going to结构肯定句I am going to+动词原形.He/She/It is going to+动词原形.We/You/They are going to+动词原形.否定句I am no

6、t going to+动词原形.He/She/It is not going to+动词原形.We/You/They are not going to+动词原形.一般疑问句Is he/she/it going to+动词原形.？Are we/you/they going to+动词原形.？一般疑问句的答语Yes,主语+am/is/are.No,主语+am not/isn t/aren t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+is/are going to+动词原形+.?特殊疑问词+is/are+主语+going to+动词原形+.？2. 用法（ 1）表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与t

7、omorrow,next week,in a month,in the future等时间状语连用。Will people use money in 100 years?（ 2）“be going to+动词原形”主要表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或有迹象表明要发生某事。I m going to write articles and send them to magazines and newspapers.（ 3）“be to+动词原形”表示安排、计划在近期将要发生的事。She is to arrive in Beijing today.（ 4）“be about to+动词原形”表示事情或动

8、作马上要发生，一般不用时间状语。Don t go out now. We are about to have lunch.四、现在进行时1. 构成现在进行时的构成肯定句I am+现在分词.He/She/It is+现在分词.We/You/They are+现在分词.否定句I am not+现在分词.He/She/It is not+现在分词.We/You/They are not+现在分词.一般疑问句Is he/she/it+现在分词.?Are you/they+现在分词.?一般疑问句的回答Yes,主语+am/is/are.No,主语+am not/isnt/arent.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（

9、作主语）+is/are+现在分词.?特殊疑问词+is/are+主语+现在分词.？2. 用法现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。常与now,at the moment等状语连用。There are many people here on vacation.Some are taking photos.Others are lying on the beach.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常与at present,these days,this wee等时间状 k语连用。Mr. White is writing a book at present.现在进行时与always连

10、用时，表示赞扬或厌恶的意思。They are always helping us.五、过去进行时1.构成过去进行时的构成肯定句He/She/It was+现在分词.We/You/They were+现在分词.否定句I/He/She/It was not+现在分词.We/You/They were not+现在分词.一般疑问句Was he/she/it+现在分词.?Were you/they+现在分词.?一般疑问句的回答Yes,主语+was/were.No,主语+wasnt/werent.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+was/were+现在分词.?特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+现在分词.

11、？2.用法表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或发生的事情。常与at that moment/time,yesterday等时间状语或when,while 等引导的时间状语从句连用。When you called, I was taking a shower.表示过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。What were you doing from eight to ten last night?六、现在完成时1 .构成现在完成肯定句He/She/It has+过去分词.时的构成I/We/You/They have+过去分词.否定句He/She/It hasnt+过去分词.I/We/You/They hav

12、ent+过去分词.一般疑问句Has he/she/it+过去分词.?Have you/they+过去分词.?一般疑问句的回答Yes,I/we/they have.Yes,he/she/it has.No,I/we/they haven t.No,he/she/it hasn t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+have/has+过去分词.?特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词.？2 .用法表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与副词already,ever,never,just,ye等连t用。Our guests have arrived.表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的

13、动作或状态，也许还要继续下去。常与for 或 since 引导的时间状语连用。这时谓语动词必须使用延续性动词，如be,live,teach,learn,work,study,know等。I havent been back for almost three years.疑难辨析since和 for 的区别：由 since和 for 引导的时间都是持续性的一段时间。since后可接过去的一个时间点，也可以接段时间+ago”，还可以接从句；而for 后只接时间段。My father has been an engineer since 2005.She has been a doctor sinc

14、e two years ago.I have been a policemen for 2 years. have/has been to表示“曾经到过某地”；而have/has gone to表示“已经去某地了”。They have been to India twice.George has gone to London.终止性动词表示一个短暂的动作，它可以用于现在完成时中，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：电影已经开始十分钟了这个句子不能译成“ The film has begun for 10 minutes.” 因为begin 是终止性动词，它不能与for 10minutes这个

15、表示一段时间的时间状语连用。若需要表达此意，有下列三种方法：（ 1） 把终止性动词改为同义的延续性动词。如上例可以把begun改为been on， 译成 “ The film has beenon for 10 minutes.”。（ 2） 用句型 “ It is/It has been+一段时间+since从句 （一般过去时）” 表示。 如上例可以改为“ It is/It hasbeen 10 minutes since the film begun”。 .（ 3）把since和 for 引导的时间状语改为表示过去的时间状语，并用一般过去时表示。如上例可以改为 The film began

16、10 minutes ago.七、过去完成时1.构成过去完成时的构成肯定句主语+had+过去分词.否定句主语+hadn t+过去分词+.一般疑问句Had+主语+过去分词+.？一般疑问句的回答Yes,主语+had.No,主语+hadn t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+had+过去分词+.?特殊疑问词+had+主语+过去分词+.？2.用法过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常用由by， before等引导的介词短语或时间状语从句表示，也可以表示过去的动作来表示。The phone was ringing but by the time

17、she got indoors, it had stopped.过去完成时也表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去灵异事件的动作或状态。常和由 for,since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。He had studied in the school for about two years before he moved here.八、过去将来时1.构成 should/would 结构should 只用于第一人称（I/we），would 可以用于任何人称。should/would 结构肯定句主语+should/would+动词原形.否定句主语+shouldn t/wouldn t+动词原形.一

18、般疑问句Should/Would+主语+动词原形.？一般疑问句的答语Yes,主语+should/would.No,主语+shouldn t/wouldn t.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+should/would+动词原形+.?特殊疑问词+should/would+主语+动词原形+.？2.用法过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。Arnold knew he would be tired the next day. be going to结构be going to结构肯定句I/He/She/It was going to+动词原形.We/Yo

19、u/They were going to+动词原形.否定句I/He/She/It was not going to+动词原形.We/You/They were not going to+动词原形.一般疑问句Was he/she/it going to+动词原形.？Were we/you/they going to+动词原形.？一般疑问句的答语Yes,主语+was/were.No,主语+wasnt/werent.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词（作主语）+was/were going to+动词原形+.?特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+going to+动词原形+.？表示曾经打算或安排要做的事。He s

20、aid they were going to visit the Great Wall next Friday.例题解析( )1. -Where were you when I called?-I on the bed.A. liedB. was lyingC. layD. was lieing解析： when I called 表示过去的某一时间，询问过去某一时刻发生什么动作，用过去进行时，故选B。( )2. Lei Feng for many years, but his spirit still encouraging us.A. diedB. has been dead C. has

21、diedD. has dead解析：强调某种状态从过去一直延续到现在，用现在完成时；for many years表示一段时间，不能与终止性动词die连用，故选B。( )3. -What would you like to have for supper, Jack?-Either noodles or rice OK. I don t mind.A. areB. wereC. isD. was解析：either.or连接两个并列主语时，谓语与邻近的主语保持人称与数的一致，rice不可数名词，排除 A 与 B ；说明常态爱好，用一般现在时，故选C。( )4. -I heard your fath

22、er had gone to Beijing on business.-Yes. And he in three weeks.A. will returnB. has returnedC. returnedD. returns解析： in three weeks三周后，表示将来的时间，由此可知本题用一般将来时，故选A。( )5. My husband always me flowers every week before we got married, but now he never A. sent; doesB. sends; doesC. was going to; doD. sent; do解析： before we get married表示过去的时间，第一空要一般过去时；后半句表示现在的常态作用，用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，谓语对应第三人称单数形式，故选A。( )6. -Have you returned the book to the library yet?-Not yet. Don t worry. I it soon