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1、O原文期刊:基督教科学箴言报O 原文标题:Are you a critical thinker?本文主要分析了不重视培养批判性思维的现状,属于观点论证型文章,按照“提出观点(第 一段)一一论证观点(第二至六段)”的脉络展开论述。原文PART1I How can we hope to thoughtfullyaddresstheecono micissues,con flicts,world poverty,and many other press ingconcernsthat trouble ourplanet, if we don't takethe way we think se
2、riously?We can't. To effectivelydeal with these issues,we must cultivatespirit of critical thi nkingthroughout huma n societies.nRight nowwe are not:eve nteachi ngthe skillsanddispositi onsof thecriticalmind inour schools.Weare notcultivati ngthein tellect. Every onethi nks;but wedon't alway
3、sthi nkwell. Infact, muchofourthi nki ng,left toitself,is rough,distorted,partial,unin formed,or prejudiced.Yet thequalityof ourlife andall of the decisionswe make dependpreciselyon thequalityof our thought. At prese nt, the act of thi nking isvirtuallyignored.IV Somepeoplebecamethegreatestthi nkers
4、by notaccept ingin formati onatface value, butbythinkingdeeply forthemselves,askingquesti ons,andrefiningtheirthi nkingovertime. It was n'teasy. Ofhis ownthi nking,CharlesDarwin said:“Ihaveas much difficultyasever in川 Criticalthinkingis self-guided,self-discipli nedthi nkingthat aimstotake there
5、as oningweall don aturallyto a higher level.It is the artofan alyz ingand evaluatingwiththe goalof improvingthought.Whe n makingadecisi on,it is the differe neebetwee nweighi ngin formatio nto come to alogicalcon clusi onandmaki ngsnapjudgme ntswithoutun dersta ndingthein formati on.express ing very
6、 greatmyself clearly and con ciselyloss of time, but it has had theand this difficulty has caused me a compensatingadvantage of forcingme to think long and intentlyabout every sentence, and thus I have been ledto see errors in reas oning and in my own observati ons or those of others.”essayist may h
7、ave putof thought, if usual init is a way of takingV William Graham Sumner, the Yale academic and it bestwhen,in 1906, he said:“ The critical habitsociety, will permeate all its conventions, becauseW His warning echoestoday. Thoughthere isnoquick andeasy fix,wecan all start by beginningto thinkabout
8、how we think.We canquesti onourpurposes,our assumptions,our ideas, and our inferences.Wecanquesti onwhether wearecon sideri ngthe views of otherstoun dersta ndthem, orto dismissthem. We canopen ourminds to thelargerworldwithall of itscomplexities.If we areto reversethe dow nwardspiral weareprese ntl
9、yexperie ncing,we mustbegi n toactivelyanddeliberatelyfosterfair-min dedcriticalthinkingin our schools, our homes,our socialin stituti ons,inup the problemsof life.Men educatedin it cannotbe rushedby stumporatorsTheycan waitfor evide neeandweighevide nee,unin flue needbytheemphasisorcon fide neewith
10、 whichasserti onsare made on one side ortheother.Theycan resistappealstotheirdearestprejudicesand allkin dsofcomplime nts.Educati onin the criticalfacultyis the onlyeducati onofwhich it can be truly said that it makes good citize er nment, and in deed, in every part of huma n life.PART2词汇短语I.a
11、ddress ?dres v.解决,处理2.press ing ?pres ? a.迫切的3.c oncern k? n ?s?:n n.重要的事情或问题4.cultivate ?k?lt ?ve ?t v.培养5.dispositi on ?d?sp ?z?n n.素质,性情6.in tellect ?nt ? lekt n.抽象或深刻思维的能力;知识分子,有才智的人7.partial ?p a: a.片面的8.virtually ?v?:t ? ?li ad.几乎9.weigh we? v.认真考虑,权衡10.s nap s n? p a.仓促的;匆忙的Il.refine r?fa ?n
12、v. 改进,完善12.concisely k?n'sa ?sl ? ad.简练地13.permeate ?p ?:mie ?t v.渗透14.c onven ti on k? n ?ven ?n n.风俗习惯15.take up着手处理16.rush r? v.(使)仓促行事17.appeal ?pi:l n.打动,启发18.dear d?(r) a.深切的19.faculty ?f?klti n.能力,才能20.echo ?ek ? v.产生回响,引起共鸣21.i nfere nee ?nf ?r?ns n.推断22.dismiss d ?s?m ?s v.摒弃23.spiral ?
13、spa ?r ? l n.螺旋型;螺旋式24.foster ?f ? st ? (r) v.培养25.fair- min ded a.公正的26.*stump orator 树桩演说家(指从事竞选等政治活动时站在树墩上或其他临时搭 的台子上作公开演说者)PART3(标*的为超纲词)翻译点评I How can we hope to thoughtfully address theeconomicissues,Tocon flicts, world poverty, and many otherpress ing concerns that troubleour planet, if we don
14、't take the way we think seriously? We can't.effectively deal with these issues, we must cultivate the spirit of critical thinking throughout huma n societies.翻译:如果我们不重视思考的方式,又怎能冀望自身审慎地处理经济问题、冲突、 世界贫困以及许多其他困扰着这个星球的紧迫问题呢?我们不能。想要有效地解决这些 问题,我们必须在整个人类社会中培养批判性思维的精神。点评:本段提出观点:对批判性思维的培养是解决当前种种社会难题的
15、关键。其中关键 词有: deal with these issues (解决难题); cultivate the spirit of criticalthi nking(培养批判性思维精神)。衔接手段段首两句一问一答,引出第三句中作者在全文要论证的观点:要解决当前的种种社会难题,我们必须培养批判性思 维。段中围绕“解决” “问题”“批判性思维”几个关键点分别使用的词汇有:address , deal with;issues,concerns;thoughtfullythe way wethi nk ,the spirit of critical thi nking0n Rightnowwear
16、enoteve nteachi ngtheskillsanddispositi onsof thecriticalmindinourschools.Weare notcultivat ingthein tellect. Every onethinks;butwedon'talwaysthi nkwell. In fact,muchof ourthi nking,lefttoitself,isrough,distorted,partial ,unin formed,orprejudiced.Yetthe qualityof ourlifeandallofthedecisi onswema
17、kedependprecisely>virtuallyigno red.翻译:目前,我们甚至在学校里都不教授批判性思维的技巧和素质。我们不是在培养思考能力。每个人都在思考,但我们并非总是善于思考。事实上,我们大多数的想法,就其本身来说,是粗糙的、扭曲的、片面的、愚昧的、或偏颇的。然而,我们的生 活质量和做出的所有决定却恰恰取决于我们思考的品质。现在,思考行为却几乎被忽略 了。点评:本段介绍现状“我们在忽视对批判性思维的培养”并说明其造成的后果。其中关键词有:ign ored (被忽视)。衔接手段段首right now 对比上文“必须培养批判性思维”的观点,指出现状:甚至学校都不教授批判性
18、思维的技巧和素质,第二句得出结论:我们根本就没在培养(批判性思维)这种才智。not teachi ng , n ot cultivating对 比上文 must cultivate ; the intellect 是 criticalthinking, theskills and dispositions of the critical mind 的上 义词; 第 三至五 句利用 in fact. yet的让步一一转折的逻辑链条,说明“忽视对批判性思维的培养”的后果:人们不善于思考,其想法质量低下,而思维的品质决定我们生活的品质以及我们所作决定的品质,暗示了培养批判性思维的重要性;末句at p
19、resent 呼应段首right now , 总结全段明确现状:思考行为被忽略。川 Critical thinking is self-guided,self-disciplinedthinkingthataims to take the reasoning we all do naturally to a higher level. It is the art of analyzingand evaluating with the goal of improvingthought.Whe nmakingadecisi on,it is thediffere neebetwee nweighi
20、 ngin formati onto come to a logicalcon clusi onandmaking snap judgme nts without un dersta nding the in formati on.翻译:批判性思维是自我引导、自我约束的一种思考方式,其目的是将我们自然而 然进行的推理提升到一个更高的水平。这是一种以改善思维为目的的分析和评估艺术。 当人们做出某项决定时,它就是“权衡信息以得出逻辑推论”和“对信息不了解而做出 仓促决定"的不同之处。点评:本段作者详细界定批判性思维,并说明其巨大作用。其中关键词有:self- guided, self-d
21、iscipli ned thi nking(自我引导、自我约束的思考方式)。衔接手段段首两句 同义表达 : self-guided, self-discipli nedthi nking 及 the art ofan alyzi ng and evaluati ng暗示批判性思维形成的途径:进行独立思考、对信息进行分析和评价;aims to , with the goal of说明批判性思维的目标:形成高品质的思 维(take thereasoning.to a higher level , improvingthought ),与第二段中“质量低下的想法”相对;第三句中it代指critica
22、lthinking,利用come toa logical conclusion与 making snap judgments,以及 weighing information与withoutun dersta ndi ngthe in formation的鲜明对比,凸 显批判 性思维 的巨大作用,呼应第二段五句对批判性思维重要性的暗示。IV Somepeoplebecamethe greatestthin kersbynotaccept ingin formati onatface value,butbythi nki ngdeeplyforthemselves,ask ingquesti on
23、s,andrefiningtheirthi nki ngovertime.Itwas n'teasy. Ofhis ownthi nking,CharlesDarwinsaid:_aI haveasmuchdifficultyasever inexpress ingmyselfclearlyandcon cisely;andthisdifficultyhascausedme avery greatlossoftime,butit hashadthecompe nsat ingadva ntageofforcingime tothi nklongandin te ntlyabouteve
24、rysenten ce,andthus I havebee nled toseeerrorsin reasoningand in myown observati ons or those of others.翻译:有些人之所以能够成为最伟大的思想家,就是因为他们不相信信息的表象,而是独立深入地进行思考、提出问题并日臻完善自身想法。这并不容易。谈及自己的思考方法时,查尔斯达尔文曾说:“在清晰简练地表达自我方面,我一直都面临着很大 的困难;这种困难耗费了我大量的时间,却也具有补偿性的优势,即它(这种困难)迫使我对每一句话都专心地思考很长时间,进而使我发现了自己和他人在推想以及观察中的错误。”点评:
25、本段从个人的角度说明批判性思维的重要作用,以及如何培养批判性思维。其 中关键 词有:thinkingdeeply for themselves (独 立深入地进行思考); ask ingquestio ns(提出问题); refining their thinking (完善自 身想法)。衔接手段 首句 中 notacceptinginformationat face value 与上文 weighingin formati on同义复现,实现段间衔接;not. but.并列连词连接的内容揭示出"最伟大的思考家的思考方式”;第二句it代指伟大思想家的思考方式,即批判性思维,指出其并不
26、容易,为过渡句;第三句引用达尔文的原话, 关键:专心地、长时间地进行思考 人的推理的错误(thi nk long and inten tly)but之后点明批判性思维的,并从中发现自己和他(see errors in.)V WilliamGraham Sumner,the Yale academichave put it best if usual in society, willwhe n,in 1906,he said:“ The criticaland essayist habitmay of thought, it is a wayof tak inguptheproblemsof l
27、ife.Meneducatedin itcannotbe rushedbystumporators. Theycanwaitfor evide neeandweighevide nee,unin flue needbythe emphasisorcon fide neewithwhichasserti onsaremade>appealsto theirdearestprejudicesand allkindsall its conven ti ons,becausepermeateof complime nts. Education in the criticalfaculty is
28、the>翻译:耶鲁学者兼作家威廉格雷厄姆索姆奈在 1906 年 判性思维:“思考的批判性习惯,如果在社会上司空见惯,就会渗透到所有的风俗习惯 中,因为它是着手处理生活问题的一种方式。受到这种熏陶的人不会受树桩演说家的鼓 动而仓促行事他们会静候证据并权衡证据,不会被双方中任何一方做出断言时的强 调或信心所干扰。他们能够抵抗内心最深切偏见的扰动和形形色色的恭维。对于批判能 力的教育是唯一能够真正称得上造就好公民的教育。”点评:本段从社会的角度指出批判性思维的作用。其中关键词有:permeateall its con ve ntio ns (渗透到各风俗习 惯中); tak ingup the
29、 problems oflife (着手处理生活问题)。衔接手段引语外的句子主干中的it仍指代critical thi nking :本段主体为引用的学者威廉 格雷厄姆 索姆奈的话语。引语第一句中 critical habit of thought是critical thinking的同义表达,指出若批判性思考方式被社会中普遍采用,则它会渗透到各种风俗习惯中。第二句中it指代critical thinking ,三、四句中的they 指代 第二句 的men educated in it ,这 三句详 细列举 批判 性 思维 的社会作用。末句educationin the critical fa
30、culty 是上文cultivatethe spirit of criticalthi nking, teachi ngthe skillsanddispositi onsof thecritical mind的同义复现,概括指出:培养人们的批判能力是“'造就好公民”的唯一(.the>W Hiswarni ngechoestoday. Thoughthere isnoquickand (easyfix, we canall startby beginningto thinkabouthowwethi nk.Wecanquesti onour purposes,our assumpti ons,our ideas, andour inferen ces We can questionwhetherwe are con sideri ngtheviews ofotherstoun dersta ndthem,or to dism
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