自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国现代主义一天全掌握

1、The Modern Period现代主义 时间：1914-194 背景background： 1) Natural and social sciences advanced greatly, capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the poor and the rich was deepened; 2) The First World War and The Second World War happened, which influenced people greatly; 3) All kinds of phi

2、losophical ideas were produced. 特点characters： 1) Modernism rose out of scepticism and disillusionment of capitalism; 2) The French symbolism heralded modernism; 3) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base; 4) The major theme of Modernism are

3、 the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and society, man and nature, man and man, man and himself; 5) The Modernists concern about the private, subjective, inner individual and the tone is disillusioned. 影响这一时期的哲学思想philosophical ideas influenced Modernism： 1) Karl Marxs scientific

4、 socialism; 2) Darwins theory evolution -the social Darwinism survival of the fittest; 3) Einsteins theory of relativity; 4) Freuds analytical psychology; 5) The irrational philosophy. Why Modernism is different from Realism? 现代主义与现实主义的区别 In many aspects, Modernism acts against Realism; 1) Modernism

5、 rejects rationalism, while Realism stresses it; 2) Modernism includes internal, subjective, psychological world, while Realism stresses external, objective, and material world; 3) Modernism advocates new forms and new techniques, and it casts away all the traditional elements such as: story, charac

6、ter, etc. while Realism stresses it. 4) Modernism works are called anti-novel, anti-poetry, anti-drama etc.萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw a brilliant dramatist杰出的戏剧家Shaw wroted more than 50 plays 鳏夫的房产、康帝坦、华伦夫人的职业、 凯撒和克里奥特拉、圣女贞德、人与超人、 皮克马利瓮、回到麦修色拉、苹果车 主要作品介绍： His criticism was witty, biting, and often brill

7、iant. Widowers House 鳏夫的房产is a grotesquely荒诞地 realistic exposure of slum贫民窟 landlordism地主所有制; Mrs Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaws earl

8、y plays.The Apple Cart苹果车 (1929) is about politics; John Bulls Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿(1904) is about racial problems;Too True to Be Good难以置信 (1932) is a better play of the later period, with the authors almost nihilistic betterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the ai

9、mlessness and disillusion of the young.主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of Life Force, the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society. 萧伯纳还创作了一系列

10、话题，探索了生命的力量-一种能够与上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。 他的艺术观点： Shaw was strongly against the credo 信条of art for arts sake held by those decadent 颓废的aesthetic 审美感的 artists. he strongly condemned the well made but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English theater of the late 19th century to meet the low taste

11、of the middle class. Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.艺术应为社会服务，应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point o

12、f view.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，经济，道德，宗教中的罪恶，表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。 写作特色： One feature of Shaws characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. 人物塑造方面的特点是他不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。 Another feature is that Shaws characters are the representatives of ideas,

13、 points of view , that shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines教条. The forward motion consists not in unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse. 动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中，也体现在对白的内涵中。（情节丰富，但不以情节取胜，生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩） Much of Shavian drama is const

14、ructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。 选读作品：Mrs Warrens Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. John Galsworthy约翰高尔斯沃瑞 骑虎难下、财主、出租、现代喜剧、篇章末尾 The Man of Properly

15、 (1906), established him as a prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind. 作家特色： 1.Galsworthy was a conventional 传统的writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism 2.focusing on plot development and character portryal. 3.impartial presen

16、tation of the social life in a documentary记录片 precision精确. 4.He was also successful in his attempt to present satire and humor in his writing. 5.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straigtforward language. An Expert from Chapter 13 of The Man of Property 故事梗概： tell the ups a

17、nd downs of the Forsyte family from 1886 to 1926. This novel centers itself on the Soames-Irene-Bosinney triangle. Soames Forsyte, a typical Forsyte, represents the essence of the principle that the accumulation of wealth is the sole aim of life, for he considers everything in terms of ones property

18、. Irene, his young and beautiful wife, on the contrary, loves art and cherishes noble ideals of life. But Soames never pays any attention to her thoughts and feelings; he takes her merely as part of his own property. Thus, Irene is not happy about her marriage. In order to please his wife, Soames as

19、ks Bosinney, a young architect, to build a country house for them. Like Irene, Bosinney is also interested in art and not in practical things in life. During the desighing and building of the house, the two come to enjoy a great deal of each others company and finally fall in love with each other. R

20、umors arise and Soames wants his revenge. He sues Bosinney at the court for spending more money than stipulated. The conflict of the triangle ends tragically with Bosinneys death in a car accident and Irenes leaving Soames for good. 主题： The theme of this novel is that of the preominant possessive in

21、stinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships of the family with the underlying assuption that human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely an extension of property relationshiips. 展示了菲尔赛特家族盛行的占有欲与惟利是图，这种占有欲深刻影响到了家族内的人际关系。William Bulter Yeats W.B.Yeats

22、(1865- 1939) was born into an Anglo-Irish Protestant family in Dulin. In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.获得诺贝尔文学奖His plays are enjoyed more for the beauty of their language than for dramatic situations. As a matter of fact, his dramas are far less dramatic in force and in tension tha

23、n his poetic works. Yeats is , first of all, remembered as a great poet. DOWN BY THE SALLEY GARDENS在阔叶柳花园旁边 by William Butler Yeats Down by the salley gardens my love and I did meet;在柳园边我和我的爱人相见 She passed the salley gardens with little snow-white feet.她那雪白娇小的脚走过柳园 She bid me take love easy, as the

24、leaves grow on the tree;她让我对爱情随缘，像树叶自然生长 But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.但是我年轻幼稚不同意她的意见 In a field by the river my love and I did stand,在河边的田野里我和我爱的人并排站 And on my leaning shoulder she laid her snow-white hand.她将一只雪白的手放在我的肩头 She bid me take life easy, as the grass grows on th

25、e weirs;她让我对生活要随意像河堤上的青草 But I was young and foolish, and now am full of tears.但是我年轻幼稚如今我热泪长流。 主题：Originally entitled An Old Song Resung, with Yeats footnote: This is an attempt to reconstruct重建 an old song from three lines imperfectly remembered by an old peasant woman in the village of Ballysodare

26、, Sligo, who often sings them to herself.就是一位老村妇哼唱的老歌，他给改写了一下。 The Lake Isle of Innisfree菌尼斯弗利岛 by William Butler Yeats I will arise go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honeybee, And live alone in the

27、bee-loud glade. And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnights all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnets wings. I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear

28、lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray, I hear it in the deep hearts core. 主题： Tired of the life of his day, Yeats sought（seek寻找）to escape into an ideal fairyland where he could live calmly平静地 as a hermit隐居者 and enjoy the beauty of nat

29、ure. 韵律：The poem consists of three quartrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab. 艾略特T.S.Eliot Eliots most famous poem, The Waste Land荒原 . 灰星期三Ash Wednesday 四个四重奏Four Quartets 衰老一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法，而且艾略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。空洞的人The hollow man在主题上十分近似荒原，是艾略特最黑暗的诗。 在著名散文传统与个人天才中，他强调传统对创作与评

30、论两方面的重要作用。 The Waste Land荒原他的代表作 不仅全面展现了现代西方社会在物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败，而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。荒原一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃，人生已经失去了意义。 The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose. The poem has developed a w

31、hole set of historical ,cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century peoples disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society. 这首诗的影响：The Waste Land, Eliots most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a m

32、odel of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to Wordswoths Lyrical Ballads. 作家特色： (1)presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society 展现了现代西方社会的心理错乱和精神上的颓废。 (2)reflects disillusion醒悟 and despair of a whole post war generation anguish痛苦,menace威吓,sterility思想贫乏 ha

33、d been afficting all sensitive members of the postwar generation (3)concern with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning (4)reflects the 20th century peoples disillusion and frustration迷惑 in a meaningless and boring wording As a young man with bitter d

34、isillusionment and with boldness in the handing of language,Eliot had explorr in his early poetry various aspects of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年，凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气，艾略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代西方文明在各个方面的衰败，传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。 艾略特认为现代社会的弊病是没个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总和，只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。 选读作品：The Love Songs of J.Alfred Pruf

35、rock The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is Eliots most striking显著的 early achievement. His first important poem, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, appeared in 1915. 他的第一首情歌JA.布鲁富克劳的情歌于1915年问世。 It presents the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage. The poem is in

36、 a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speakers incapability of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class world.全诗的形式是戏剧独白dramatic monologue，暗示了虚假的情歌与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊的上流社会之间的讽刺性对照。劳伦斯D.H.Lawrence David Herbert

37、Lawrence 主要作品：虹the rainbow 恋爱中的女人women in love儿子与情人 The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920), are generally regarded as his masterpieces.被认为是代表作。 his autobiographical自传体 novel, Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人 In Lawrences opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of

38、human fulfillment in marital relationship shadows of the disintegration and destructiveness of the whole civilized world which loom behind the emotional conflicts and psychological tensions of the characters劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展，爱情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。 expressed a strong reaction against the mechanical civ

39、ilization. one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individuals psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse. Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life For

40、ce. makes a deliberate use of those four-letter words in his novels, declared that any repression of the sexual impulse based on social, religious, or moral values of the civilized world would cause severe damageds to the harmony of human relationships and the psychic health of the individuals perso

41、nality. 写作特色：重点中的重点 1) Lawrences interest lay in the psychological development of his character; 2) He criticized the dehumanizing effect of the capitalism industrialization on human which turned man into inhuman machines and unhealthy animal; 3) He believes the life impulse -the sexual impulse was

42、mans most important instinct, any conscious repression would cause distortion of the mans personality; 4) He explored the relationship of man and woman in psychology; 5) He believed the alienation and the perversion were caused by the desire for power and money. irony,humour and wit are the characte

43、ristic featuress of many of the stories.讽刺，幽默，机智都是他短篇小说的特点。 选读作品：Sons and Lovers儿子与情人 故事大意：Mrs Morel, daughter of a middle-class family, is a strong-willed , intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class

44、. After an initial stage of happiness in their marriage, the class difference between them starts to estrange them from each other. The disillusion in her husband makes her lavish all the affection upon her sons. She determines that her sons should never become miners; they will be educated to reali

45、ze her ideals of success, hapiness and social esteem. Thus, the sons gradually come under the strong influence of the mother in affections, aspirations and mental habits, and see their father with their mothers eyes, despising their father whose personality degenerates step by step as he feels his e

46、xclusion.詹姆斯.喬伊斯James Joyce Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements. The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the heros bitter experiences and final artistic and spiritu

47、al liberation.1916年，乔伊斯第一部长篇小说艺术家年轻时代的肖像出版。小说的题目暗示着角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的，描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。 写作特点： 1. scene: the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, the same subject: the Irish people and their life 2. stream of conscienceness: presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of t

48、he characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues a literary form presenting psychological aspects of characters 3. style: straightforwardlucidlogicalleisurelyconcentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters This literary approach to the pr

49、esentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters.这种表达角色心理状态的文学手法便是“意识流”。而乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。 Anothe

50、r remarkable feature of Joyces writings is his style. His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely; subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fr

51、agmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters mind.乔伊斯小说的另一个特点是他的文体风格，他本身的文风直白，清晰，富于逻辑而游刃有余；细微，简洁，精确也是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入“意识流”，他的文风便陡转急变：处处可见不完整，短促，支离破碎的语句和措辞，这些都如实反映出角色的思想意识的怪异多变，闪烁不定及杂乱无章。 Ulysses尤利西斯代表作 Ulysses, J

52、oyces masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism in literature. The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.乔伊斯真正的代表作是尤利西斯，这部小说是现代主义文学的首要典范。只有三个主要角色：爱尔兰的犹太人利奥普尔德.

53、布鲁姆，他的妻子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德达拉斯，也就是艺术家年轻时代的画像中的主人公。 主题：an account of mans life during one day . The events seem to be trivial ,insignificant, but below the surface of them, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters inner world are richly presented in an fr

54、ank and penetrating way.在尤利西斯小说中，这一天内发生的事情极为琐碎，毫无意义，甚至非常陈腐。但在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意识流，反映了角色内心的思想活动及心情与冲动的变化转移，表达空前直白，极富穿透力。 选读作品： Dubliners（Araby） 都柏林人（阿拉伯节） a tale of the frustrated quest for beauty theme: the child lives not with his parents but with an uncle and aunt, a symbol of that isolation and lack

55、of proper relation between parents and children “Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident sugge

56、sts some particular aspect of the theme.都柏林人：这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境包围下对美的追求的挫败，故事既富于现实主义又富于象征主义，现实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都柏林的景观与生活，象征主义在于每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题的某个方面。Chapter 5 The Modern Period I. Choose the right answer: 1. The three trilogies of_Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century

57、. A. D. H. Lawrences B. John Galsworthys C. James Joyces D. Thomas Hardys Answer: B (P337) 2. _is the most outstanding stream-consciousness novelist. A. T.S. Eliot B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan C. James Joyce D. Oscar Wilder Answer: D (P317) 3. In his famous poem_, Yeats explores the problems of death, love, old age and art. A. Leda and the Swan B. No Second Troy C. September 1913 D. Sailing to Byzantium Answer: D (P354) 4. _is a poem concerned with