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1、PsychoanalyticCriticism1DefinitionPsychoanalyticliterarycriticismreferstoliterarycriticismwhich,inmethod,concept,theory,orform,isinfluencedbythetraditionofpsychoanalysisbegunbySigmundFreud.Psychoanalyticreadinghasbeenpracticedsincetheearlydevelopmentofpsychoanalysisitself,andhasdevelopedintoarichand
2、heterogeneousinterpretivetradition.Itisaliteraryapproachwherecriticsseethetextasifitwereakindofdream.Thismeansthatthetextrepressitsreal(orlatent)contentbehindobviouscontent.Theprocessofchangingfromlatenttomanifestcontentisknownasthedreamwork,andinvolvesoperationsofconcentrationanddisplacement.Thecri
3、ticanalyzesthelanguageandsymbolismofatexttoreversetheprocessofthedreamworkandarriveattheunderlyinglatentthoughts.2HistoricalDevelopment1.1 Freudiancriticism:Theviewofartastheimaginedfulf川mentofwishesthatrealitydenies.AccordingtoFreud,artistssublimatetheirdesiresandtranslatetheirimaginedwishesintoart
4、.We,asanaudience,respondtothesublimatedwishesthatwesharewiththeartist.Workingfromthisview,anartistsbiographybecomesausefultoolininterpretinghisorherwork.FreudiancriticismisalsousedasatermtodescribetheanalysisofFreudianimageswithinaworkofart.1.2 Jungiancriticism:AschoolofcriticismthatdrawsonCarlJung&
5、#39;stheoryofthecollectiveunconscious,areservoirofcommonthoughtsandexperiencesthatallculturesshare.Jungholdsthatliteratureisanexpressionofthemainthemesofthecollectiveunconscious,andcriticsofteninvokehisworkindiscussionsofliteraryarchetypes.1.3 Lacaniancriticism:CriticismbasedonJacquesLacan'sview
6、thattheunconscious,andourperceptionofourselves,isshapedinthesymbolicorderoflanguageratherthanintheimaginaryorderofprelinguisticthought.InLacan'sthought,literaturehastheparticularabilitytocapturejouissance,thatis,tocallupabriefmomentofjoyorterrorordesirethatsomehowarisesfromdeepwithinourunconscio
7、uspsycheandremindsusofatimeofperfectwholenesswhenwewereincapableofdifferentiatingamongimagesfromtheRealOrder.3 KeyPoints3.1 ThestructureofmindConscious(small):thisisthepartofthemindthatholdswhatyoureawareof.Youcanverbalizeaboutyourconsciousexperienceandyoucanthinkaboutitinalogicalfashion.Preconsciou
8、s(small-medium):thisisordinarymemory.Soalthoughthingsstoredherearentintheconscious,theycanbereadilybroughtintoconscious.Unconscious(enormous):Freudfeltthatthispartofthemindwasnotdirectlyaccessibletoawareness.Inpart,hesawitasadumpboxforurges,feelingandideasthataretiedtoanxiety,conflictandpain.Thesefe
9、elingsandthoughtshavenotdisappearedandaccordingtoFreud,theyarethree,exertinginfluenceonouractionsandourconsciousawareness.ThisiswheremostoftheworkoftheId,Ego,andSuperegotakeplace.3.2 TheStructuralModeofPersonalityAccordingtoFreud'spsychoanalytictheoryofpersonality,itiscomposedofthreeelements.The
10、sethreeelementsofpersonalrtyknownastheid,theego,andthesuperegoworktogethertocreatecomplexhumanbehaviors.3.2.1 Theidistheonlycomponentofpersonalitythatispresentfrombirth.Thisaspectofpersonalityisentirelyunconsciousandincludesoftheinstinctiveandprimitivebehaviors.AccordingtoFreud,theidisthesourceofall
11、psychicEnergy,makingittheprimarycomponentofpersonalty.3.2.2 Theegoisthecomponentofpersonaltythatisresponsiblefordealingwithreality.AccordingtoFreud,theegodevelopsfromtheidandensuresthattheimpulsesoftheidcanbeexpressedinamanneracceptableintherealworld.Theegofunctionsinboththeconscious,preconsciousand
12、unconsciousmind.3.2.3 Thelastcomponentofpersonaltytodevelopisthesuperego.Thesuperegoisaspectofpersonalitythatholdsallofourinternalizedmoralstandardsandidealsthatweacquirefrombothparentsandsociety一oursenseofrightandwrong.Thesuperegoprovidesguidelinesformakingjudgments.AccordingtoFreud,thesuperegobegi
13、nstoemergeataroundagefive.3.3 LibidoSigmundFreuddefinedlibidoastheenergy,regardedasaquantitativemagnitude.Ofthoseinstinctswhichhavetodowithallthatmaybecomprisedunderthewordlove.Itistheinstinctenergyorforce,containedinwhatFreudcalledtheid,thestrictlyunconsciousstructureofthepsyche.Freuddevelopedtheid
14、eaofaseriesofdevelopmentalphasesinwhichthelibidofixatesondifferenterogenouszones:firstintheoralstage(exemplifiedbyaninfant'spleasureinnursing),thenintheanalstage(exemplifiedbytoddlerspleasureincontrollinghisorherbowels),theninthephallicstage,throughalatencystageinwhichthelibidoisdormant,toitsree
15、mergenceatpubertyinthegenitalstage.3.4 TheOedipusComplexOedipuscomplex,accordingtoFreud,isachildsunconsciousdesirefortheexclusiveloveoftheparentoftheoppositesex.Thisdesireincludesjealousytowardtheparentofthesamesexandtheunconsciouswishforthatparenfsdeath.Theideabecamethecornerstoneofhistheoriesofpsy
16、choanalysisandheconsideredittobeanimportantpartofallhumanrelationships.3.5 TheInterpretationofDreamsFreudbelievedthatthefunctionofdreamsistopreservesleepbyrepresentingasfulfilledwishesthatwouldotherwiseawakenthedreamer.InFreud'stheorydreamsareinstigatedbythedailyoccurrencesandthoughtsofeverydayl
17、ife.Hisclaimthattheyfunctionaswishfulf川mentisbasedonanaccountofthedreamwork“intermsofatransformationofsecondaryprocessthought,governedbytherulesoflanguageandtherealityprinciple,intotheprimaryprocessofunconsciousthoughtgovernedbythepleasureprinciple,wishgratificationandtherepressedsexualscenariosofch
18、ildhood.3.6 ArtistsandPsychosisAllartists,includingauthors,areneurotic.Unlikemostotherneurotics,however,theartistsescapemanyoftheoutwardmanifestationsandresultsofneurosissuchasmadnessorself-destructionbyfindingapathwaybacktosanenessandwholenessintheactofcreatinghisorherart.3.7 Methodologies3.7.1 Psy
19、chobiography:usingamassingbiographicalitydataofanauthorandtheauthorscanon,thecriticscouldtheoreticallyconstructtheauthor'spersonalwithallitsidiosyncrasies,internalandexternalconflicts,andmostimportantly,neuroses.Inturn,thedevisedtheorycouldilluminateanauthor'sindividualworks,givingrisetothel
20、atentcontentinthetexts.3.7.2 Characteranalysis:Studyingthevariousaspectsofcharactersmindsfoundinanauthor'scanonundertheFreudianpointofview.Theauthorhadinmindaparticularpersonalityforhischaracterandreadersdeveloptheirownconceptionofeachcharacterspersonalitybasedontheirpastexperiencesandknowledge.
21、3.7.3 Symbolism:ApplyingFreud'sassumptionthatallhumanbehaviorissexuallydrivendirectlytoatext.Everythinginatextbecomesasexualimage.Everyconcaveimage,suchasflower,cup,caveorvase,isafemalesymbol,andanyimagewhoselengthexceedsitsdiameter,suchasatower,ward,knifeorpen,becomeamalesymbol.4 SignificanceWemayhaveoversimplificationofouranalysisandexaggerateinterpretationofsymbolism.Afterlearningp
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