中医英语翻译概论ppt课件

1、n1.1 仿造仿造n翻译翻译 SL 的無等值词汇時，用的無等值词汇時，用 TL 中的直接对中的直接对应词代換無等值词汇的組成部分应词代換無等值词汇的組成部分 词素词素 / 词词n借用英语中已有的相关單词來表达中医学特有借用英语中已有的相关單词來表达中医学特有的概念的概念n肝血肝血liver bloodn血虚血虚blood deficiencyn活血化瘀活血化瘀activating blood to resolve stagnationn1.1 仿造仿造n句子层次的翻译也能运用仿造法句子层次的翻译也能运用仿造法n從阴阳翻那么生，逆之翻那么死。從阴阳翻那么生，逆之翻那么死。nFollowing t

2、he law of yin and yang ensures life, while violating it leads to death.n阴虚翻那么热，阳虚翻那么寒。阴虚翻那么热，阳虚翻那么寒。nDeficiency of yin generates heat and deficiency of yang produces cold.n1.2 定义化定义化n中医术语高度凝煉，难以用同樣長短的英语表中医术语高度凝煉，难以用同樣長短的英语表达清楚达清楚n翻译往往以解釋、定义方式進行翻译往往以解釋、定义方式進行n辨证论治辨证论治ndiagnosis and treatment based on

3、 the overall analysis of symptoms and signsn虚脹虚脹nFlatulence due to yang-deficiency of the spleen and kidneyn1.2 定义化定义化n缺陷缺陷n简约变冗長，违背科技术语翻译、运用的原翻那么简约变冗長，违背科技术语翻译、运用的原翻那么n和语境难以配合和语境难以配合n有碍中医术语英译迈向规范有碍中医术语英译迈向规范n简化处置简化处置n辨证论治辨证论治ntreatment based on syndrome differentiation Linidentifying patterns and d

4、etermining treatment Wisemann虚胀虚胀ndeficiency-flatulencenvacuity distensionn1.3 词义分化词义分化n同一中医术语在不同语境下，可以有不同涵义同一中医术语在不同语境下，可以有不同涵义 一词多义一词多义 polysemyn同一概念也可用不同术语表达同一概念也可用不同术语表达 同义词同义词 synonymyn虚虚nasthenia, deficiency, insufficiency, weakness, debility, hypofunctionn1.3 词义分化词义分化n脾虚脾虚nasthenia of the spl

5、een Linspleen vacuity Wisemannspleen deficiency WHO draft*n脾虚水泛脾虚水泛nhypofunction of the spleen* Lin体虚体虚nweakness / debilityn1.3 词义分化词义分化n必須思索语境必須思索语境na 肾藏精，精舍志。肾藏精，精舍志。n精指精气精指精气nThe kidney stores essence and the essence maintains activities.nb 精精1伤翻那么骨痠痿厥，精伤翻那么骨痠痿厥，精2 時自下。時自下。n精精1 指肾精；指肾精； 精精2 指精液指精

6、液nThe damage of the kidney essence causes aching and flaccidity of the bones as well as cold sensation in the limbs, which will further leads to frequent seminal emission.n1.3 词义分化词义分化 續續n必須思索语境必須思索语境nc 脈理精微，其体难辨。脈理精微，其体难辨。n精精 指精深指精深nThe theory of pulse is very profound and the conditions of pulse a

7、re difficult to differentiate.n1.4 拼音化拼音化n當英语無法表达中医特有概念時，用拼音翻译當英语無法表达中医特有概念時，用拼音翻译n气气nVital energy *nQin动笔！动笔！ which terms should be phonetically transcribed?n四气五味四气五味nfour properties and five tastes Linfour natures and five flavors Wisemann滋阴降火滋阴降火nnourishing yin to reduce firenenriching yin and do

8、wnbearing firen2.1 词汇缺口词汇缺口 lexical gapn翻译人員各有不同思索、偏好翻译人員各有不同思索、偏好n五行五行nfive elements, five phases, wuxingn命門命門ngate of life, vital gate, vitaport, mingmenn三焦三焦nthree warmers, triple burners, three heaters, triple energizers, sanjiaon五脏五脏nfive solid organs, five bowels, five zang-organs, five zang-v

9、isceras, wuzangn2.2 了解偏向了解偏向n历時、文化要素，使得术语了解困难历時、文化要素，使得术语了解困难n失笑散失笑散nPowder for Lost Smiles*nSudden Smile Powdern黃帝內经黃帝內经nYellow Emperors Internal Medicine *nHuangdis Canon of MedicinenHuangdis Classics on MedicinenHuangdis Internal ClassicnHuangdi Neijingn重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅素問Plain Questions, Elementa

10、ry Questions灵樞Miraculous Pivot, Pivotal Axis, Magic Pivot类经Systematic Compilation of the Internal Classic,Classified Canon难经Difficult Classic*, Classic on Medical Problems*Classic of Difficult Issues伤寒杂病论Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous DiseasesOn Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases金匱要略Synop

11、sis of Golden ChamberImportant Strategies from the Golden ChestEssential Prescription of the Golden Coffern重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅神農本草经Shen Nongs Herbal, The HerbalThe Canon on Medicinal HerbsDivine Husbandmans Herbal Foundation Canon本草綱目Compendium of Materia MedicaComprehensive Herbal Foundation本草備要Essent

12、ials of Materia MedicaEssential Herbal Foundation瀕湖脈学The Pulse Studies of Bin-huBin-hu Sphygmologyn重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅 續續太平惠民和劑局方Formularies of the Bureau of Peoples Welfare PharmaciesStandard Formularies of the Pharmacy for Peoples Welfare in Taiping Reign-PeriodFormulas of the Tai Ping Imperial Grace

13、 Pharmacy湯頭歌訣Recipes in Rhymes溫病條辨Detailed Analysis of Epidemic Febrile DiseasesAn Analysis on Warm DiseasesSystematized Identification of Warms Diseasesn重要经典译名舉隅重要经典译名舉隅 續續時病论On Seasonal Diseases傅青主女科Fu Qing-zhus Obstetrics and Gynecology洗冤集錄Instruction to CoronersRecords of Redressing Wronged Case

14、s外台祕要Medical Secrets of an Official *Secret Prescriptions Collected when Off-Duty *Essential Secrets from Outside the Metropolis *Essential Secrets from the Imperial Libraryn3.1 借用西醫术语借用西醫术语n动笔！动笔！n心悸心悸n便秘便秘n便溏便溏n遺尿遺尿n黃疸黃疸n納呆納呆npalpitationnconstipationnloose / sloppy stoolnenuresis / incontinence*nj

15、aundicenanorexia*, poor appetite / torpid intaken3.2 直译直译n动笔！动笔！n阳化气阳化气n阴中之阴阴中之阴n木生火木生火n抑木扶土抑木扶土n补母瀉子补母瀉子 *n心开窍於舌心开窍於舌n脾主运化脾主运化 *n肺主气司呼吸肺主气司呼吸nyang transforming into qinyin within yinnwood generates/generating fireninhibiting wood to strengthen earthnsupplementing mother-organ and draining child org

16、annheart opens into the tonguenthe spleen governs transportation / movement and transformationnthe lung governs qi and manages respirationn3.2 直译直译n动笔！动笔！n阴阳失調阴阳失調n脾失健运脾失健运n肝不藏血肝不藏血n胃失和降胃失和降n肾阳缺乏肾阳缺乏nyin-yang disharmony / imbalance between yin and yangnspleen failing to move and transform / dysfunct

17、ion of spleen; failure of spleen in transportationnliver failing to store blood / inability of the liver to store bloodnimpaired harmonious downbearing of the stomach / failure of gastric qi to descendninsufficiency of kidney yang / insufficiency of renal yangn3.3 意译意译n天行赤眼天行赤眼nacute contagious conj

18、unctivitis vs.nheaven-current red eyen纏腰火丹纏腰火丹nherpes zoster around the waist vs.ngirdling fire cinnabarn子盜母气子盜母气nchild-organ disorder involving its mother organ vs.nchild steals the mothers qin3.4 音意結合音意結合n元气元气nprimordial qi, original qi, congenital qin正气正气nhealthy qi, right qi, genuine qi, vital q

19、in宗气宗气npectoral qi, thoracic qi, ancestral qin中气中气ngastrosplenic qi*, middle qi, center qin營气營气nnutrient qi, construction qin肾气肾气nkidney-qi, renal qi*n三焦，是中医学脏腑学說中一個特有的名词。nThe term, triple warmer, is peculiar to TCM.n三焦是上焦、中焦、下焦的合稱，為六腑之一。nIt is a collective name of the upper, middle and lower warmer

20、 and is one of the six bowels.n关於三焦的型態与实質，中医界眾說紛紜，至今尚無定论。nIn the field of TCM, no unanimous conclusion has been drawn about the form and crux of the triple warmer.n普通認為，三焦是包羅人体一切內脏的一個大脏，nIt is generally recognized that “triple warmer is a large bowel containing all the internal organs.n如明 張介賓說：三焦者，確

21、有一腑，蓋脏腑之外，軀殼之內，包羅諸脏，一腔之大腑也。nFor instance, Zhang Jiebin, a medical man in the Ming dynasty, said, “Triple warmer is, in fact, a bowel. It is outside all the viscera and bowels but within the body, contains all the other organs and is the largest bowel within the body cavity.n在中医实际中，三焦也是劃分軀体部位的一個概念。nI

22、n the theory of TCM the term “triple warmer is also used to locate the body parts.n即膈以上的部位為上焦，包括心、肺；膈以下、臍以上的部位為中焦，包括脾、胃；臍以下為下焦，包括肝、肾、大小肠、膀胱、女子胞等。nThe upper warmer is the portion of the body cavity above the diaphragm which houses the heart and the lung. The middle warmer is the portion between the d

23、iaphragm and umbilicus navel which houses the spleen and the stomach. The lower warmer is the portion below the umbilicus which houses the liver, the kidney, the urinary bladder, the intestines and the uterus.n其中肝脏，按其部位來說，应归划中焦。nAccording to the livers location, it can be clearly seen that the liver

24、 is an organ within the middle warmer.n但中医認為，肝肾同源，关係亲密，故將肝肾同劃歸下焦。nBut it is said that the liver is an organ within the lower warmer. Why? Because TCM believes that the liver and the kidney have the same source a common source and a close relationship, thus puts the liver into the lower warmer togeth

25、er with the kidney.n三焦的生理功能，总的來說，是总司人体气化。nGenerally speaking, the physiological functions of triple warmer control the activities of the qi of the human body.n分开來說，上焦主呼吸、主宣发 实指心、肺的功能，即把積於胸中的气宣布、布达全身，假设霧露之溉，故稱上焦如霧；nThe upper warmer controls respiration, and activates the flow of vital energy, blood a

26、nd body fluid referring to, in fact, the functions of the heart and lung, i.e., it disperses pectoral qi accumulated in the chest to all parts of the body just as fog and dew moisten the earth. This is why TCM says that “The upper warmer is like a sprinkler for distributing nutrients and qi.n动笔！n中焦主

27、运 实指脾、胃的功能，即腐熟水谷，运化精微，以化气血，故喻之為中焦如漚；nThe middle warmer functions in transportation and transformation referring to in fact, the functions of the spleen and stomach, i.e. it ferments water and food and transports and transforms food essence in order to produce vital energy and blood. Therefore, it is

28、 likened to a fermentation tun, where food is digested.n动笔！n下焦主分別清濁、排泄尿液与大便 实指肾、小肠、大肠、膀胱的功能，以上生理功能均具有向下、向外排泄的特点故稱下焦如瀆。nThe lower warmer separates clear fluid from turbid fluid and discharges urine and stool, referring to, in fact, the functions of the kidney, the small intestine, the large intestine

29、 and the urinary bladder. These two physiological functions mentioned above are characterized by excreting wastes downwards and outwards. It is said that the lower warmer works like gutters, to filter and drain off waste and superfluous water.n三焦的這些生理功能，实際上是体內各脏腑功能的总合。nIn fact, all these physiologic

30、al functions of the triple warmer are the sum total of the activities of all the viscera and bowels in the body.n在病理上，上、中、下三焦异常所出現的病证，实際上也是各部位脏腑功能的异常表現。nPathologically, diseases disease patterns due to an abnormality of upper, or middle, or lower warmer are manifestations of dysfunctions of the visc

31、era or bowels within it.nPhysiologically, two aspects are involved in the relationship between the lung and the spleen.nThe lung and the spleen are physiologically related in two ways.nOne is the production of the pectoral qi.nThe lung is responsible for inhaling fresh air and the spleen for absorbi

32、ng food nutrients through transportation and transformation.nThe accumulation of the fresh air and food nutrients in the chest eventually transforms into the pectoral qi.nThus the normal function of the lung and the spleen are prerequisite to sufficient production of the pectoral qi.nNormal functioning of the lung and the spleen are thus essential for sufficient production of the pectoral qi.nSufficient production of the pectoral qi depen