历年考研英语完型填空常考固定搭配教材

1、熟词生义1. move mu:v n.运动,活动；动作；移动，搬家 v.搬；动摇；感动2. state steitn.状态;国家，政府；州 vt.陈述，说明3. work w.:kv.有效,有效；.工作n.工作；职业pl.著作4. suggest s.'d.est vt.表明，提出；建议，暗.示，使想起，要求5. Succession s.k.se.nn.接替，继任；连续；.一连串，.一系列6. legal penalty法律惩罚（legal不表.示“合法白T ;表.示“法律的”）7. appointment .m.nt n.任命，委派；委任的职位；约会，约定8. curio

2、us .kju.ri.sa.奇特的，稀奇的；好奇的，好求知的9. share .e. v. 共有，共同认为；分享，分担 n.份额pl.股份10. value 'v.lju: v.重视，估价，评彳n n.重视，重要性；价值，价格，（pl）价值观11. intelligence in.telid.ns n.情报，消息；智.力，智慧，理解.力;12. information .inf.mei.nn.信息，消息，情报；通知，告知13. argue .ctgju:vi.主张，认为；争论（吵，辩）14. argument . agju:m.nt.n. 观点，论点；争论（吵），辩论；理由；论证15.

3、 employ im.pl.ivt.使.用，利.用；雇佣，招募n.受雇，雇佣16. Note n.ut vt.指出；注意；记录n.便条；笔记；.音符；钞票17. nature .neit. n.本质,天性；.大.自然18. Review ri.vju:n./ vt.审查，审阅；评论；回顾；复习20. question .kwest.(.)n vt.质疑，怀疑n.问题；疑问；难题21. challenge .t.lind. vt.对质疑；反对；向挑战 n.质问；挑战22. introduce .intr.dju:s vt.引进，传.入；介绍；提出（议案等）供讨23. apply .plai vt

4、.使.用；敷vi.申请，请求；适.用24. reasoning .ri:z.ni. n.推理，评理a.推理的25. Perform p.f.:mv.做，履.行，执.行；.工作，运转；演出，表演26. reflect ri.flekt v. (on)深思，反省；反映；反射，映现27. context .k.ntekstn.背景，环境；上下.文，语境节选自点词成精一一金凌虹考研英语真题词汇真经28. address .'dres v.应对处理，着.手解决；称呼；发表演说 n.住址，称呼,讲话29. respect ri.spekt pl.方.面；敬意vt./ n.尊敬；尊重，重视30. m

5、odest 'm.dist adj.适度的；谦虚的；端庄的，有节制的31. preserve pri.z.:vn.专属领域，禁区vt.保护，维持；保存，保藏；腌制32. process .pr.uses vt.处理n.过程，进程；.工序；（法律）程序33. discipline .disiplinn.学科；训练；纪律；惩罚 vt.训练；惩罚34. simply .simpliad.完全，简直；只不过；简单地；朴素地35. approach .pr.ut. n.途径;.方式,.方法；接近，临近v.靠近，解决，着.手应付36. account .kauntn.37. secure si.k

6、ju. vt.38. appreciate .pri:.ieitvt.描述，说明，解释；记述；帐 （户）；vi.（for） 说明；占得到；保卫；缚牢 a.安全的；牢固的领会，领悟；赏识；为表 .示感激；vi.增值39. panel .p.nl n. 专.门.小组；.面，板；控制板，仪表盘40. justice 'd.stis n.法官,公平，公正，正义，司法，法律制裁41. drive draivvt. 驱使；驾驶，开动，打.入；vi.驾驶n.驾驶42. master .mast. v.掌握，精通 n.（男）主.人；.大师M-硕.± vt.精通a.精通的43. game ge

7、im n.游戏；.比赛；局，盘，场；猎物pl. 运动会44. novel .n.v.l a. 新颖的，新奇的 n.（.长篇）.小说45. precisely pri.saisliad.恰恰，正好；精确地46. Compromise .k.mpr.maiz vt. 危及，放弃（原则等）n.妥协，折中vi.妥协47. celebrate .selibreit vt.颂扬，赞美；庆祝 vi.庆祝，过节48. credit .kreditn.赞扬；信贷；学分；信任 vt.信任49. persistent p.sist.nta.持续的；坚持不懈的，执意的50. race reisn.种族，.人种；赛跑；

8、竞争 v.参赛；（使）疾.走（跑）51. mass m.sn. pl. 群众；堆；.大量a.大规模的v.集中52. more than 不仅仅是53. ground graundn pl. 理由，根据.地（.面），.土地54. on the grounds that 根据，以为理由55. cause k.:zn. 事业56. subject to 使服从，使从属于，受到57. deny di.naivt.拒绝给予，拒绝要求；否认，不承认58. deny sb. sth. 阻.止某.人获得某物59. coverage .k.v.rid. n.新闻报道；覆盖范围60. commercial k.m

9、.:.ln. 商业.广告a.商业（务）的;商品化（性）的61. allegation .li'gei.n n.（.无证据的）指控，断.言，主弓,辩解节选自点词成精一一金凌虹考研英语真题词汇真经62. compensation .k.mpen.sei.nn.薪资,补偿,赔偿.金63. air . n神态，装腔作势.空.气，天空，空中，感觉，曲调，v.晾干，使通.风64. program .pr.ugr.m vt. 编程，编写，编曲，编排 n.计（规）划；节.目（单）；程序65. cloud klaud vt. 使蒙上阴影；使阴暗；笼罩 n.云；.一群；阴影66. turnover .t.

10、:n.uv. n.营业额，成交量；.人员调整（更替率）67. sitting /'s.t./a.现任的，在职的68. feed fi:dvt. 向提供；喂（养）vi.（on） 吃 n.饲料69. pronounced pr.'naunst adj. 显著的，明确的；断然的a) 2007Text1: a pronounced phenomenon70. field fi:ld vt.接触（进.入领域）n.田地，领域,71. trade treid vi.(for)贸易.用.一物交换另.一物；vt.交换n.贸易，商业；.行业72. wholesale .h.ulseila.大规模的

11、73. dim dim adj.笨的；暗淡的，模糊的，v.使暗淡,使失去光泽n.车头近光灯，停.车灯a) 2007Text4: the dimmest executive74. contribute k.n.tribju:t vi.导致；捐款，贡献;（to）有助于；投稿vt.捐献75. Sphere sfi.n.球（体）；范围，领域76. category .k.tig.rin.范畴；种类，类，类别77. observe .b.z.:v vt.评论；注意到，观察；遵守,.行78. weather .wee.n.平安渡过（危难）；经历（危难）.而存活；天.气，.气象谢绝；下降vi.下降；衰退；谢

12、绝颁布，发布79. decline di.klainn. vt.80. issue .i.u:, .isju: v.81. Signal .sign.l v.,表明n.信号；标志a.显著的82. Collection k.lek.nn.一群；收藏品；收取，收集;.文集83. means mi:nzn. 方法,.手段；.工具；.金钱，财产84. Cover .k.v. vt.占,填补；（掩）盖；包括；报道n.盖.子，封.面85. Condition k.n.di.n vt.决定；n.状况，条件pl.环境86. part p at v.(使）分开ad.部分地n.部分；零件；作.用87. will

13、wil n.88. apply .plai vt.敷，涂抹89. railroad .reilr.ud V.引导n.铁路90. model .m.dl vt.模仿n.模型；模特.儿a.模范的vi.展.示遗嘱；意志，意愿 aux. v.将；愿意vt.用意志驱使91. follow .f.l.uvt.92. a train of .一系列93. Charge t. ad. n. 指控，责任，电荷，费.用，照顾节选自点词成精一一金凌虹考研英语真题词汇真经94. Submit s.b.mitvt.主张，认为；呈送，提交；vi.（to） 屈服，听从95. domestic d.mestika.国内的；家

14、（庭）的，家.用的；驯养的96. Determine di.t.:minvt.确定；决定；使下决.心vi. 下决.心97. pursuit p.sju:t pl.职业；嗜好，消遣n.追求；追逐98. Parallel .p.r.lel a.类似的，相似的；平.行的n.相似处；平.行线；纬线99. term t.:mn. 措词，术语100. interpret in.t.:prit vt.解释，说明，诠释 vi.口译，翻译101. dismiss dis.mis vt.不再考虑；解雇；解散；驳回;视为.而不予理会或忽略102. matter .meit. vi.要紧，有关系；n.事情，情况；物质

15、，物品从事，进.行；接着；遵照；听懂；注视 vi.（紧）接；懂103. Bother .b.e.vt.（为做某事物）费.工夫；打扰某.人；给某.人添.麻烦vi.尽.力；担.心104. hawk h.:k vt.叫卖，兜售n.鹰，隼；“鹰派”.人物认为，视为；认出；确认，认可；赏识，表彰105. recognize .rek.gnaizvt.106. patrol p.tr.ulv.检查；巡查，巡逻 n.巡逻，巡查；巡逻队107. moderate .m.d.rita.般的；温和的，适度的 v.（使）和缓n.温和派发展，演变；进化，108. evolution .i:v.'lu:.nn.

16、109. radical .r.dik.l a.110. Suspect .s.spekt, s.spekt vt.推测；怀疑n.嫌疑犯a.可疑的彻底的，完全的；根（基）本的；激进（派）的n.激进分.子111. condition k.n.di.nn.112. discipline .disiplinn.113. post .p.ust n.职位;邮政（件）；（.支）柱vt.邮寄；贴出114. commission k.mi.nn.委员会；佣.金；授权vt.委任，委托115. be widely shared被.广泛认同状况，条件pl. 环境vt.适应；调整状况；决定准则，原则；纪律；训练；惩

17、罚；学科 vt.训练；惩罚116. traffic .tr.fik n.读者；听众，观众,流量；交通（量）；（.非法）交易vi.（.非法）交易117. audience .:di.ns n.118. atmosphere .tm.sfi. n.119. quality .kw.liti n.性质，特质；质（量）；品质；a.优良（质）的120. propose pr.p.uzv.提出；提议；提名，推荐；打算，计划；求婚121. express iks'pres adj.明确的，直接的，急速的n.快.车，快递，专使122. tuition tju:.i.n, tu:-n.(某.一学科的）教

18、学，讲授，指导；学费123. attend .tend vi.(to)关注，注意；专.心于vt.出席，参观；照料124. stretch stret. n.段时间（路程）；伸展vi.伸展vt.拉.长125. hedge hed. vi.防.止，避免；避免直接回答 n.树篱；障碍物vt.用篱笆围126. immune i.mju:na.不受影响的；免除的；有免疫 （.力）的;127. embrace im.breisvt.欣然接受；拥抱；包括；包围，环绕 n.拥抱，怀抱节选自点词成精一一金凌虹考研英语真题词汇真经128. margin .m ad.in n.129. invent in.vent

19、vt.130. presence .prez.nsn.131. absence .bs.nsn.利润；.页边空.白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘捏造，虚构；发明，创造存在；出席，到场，仪表，仪态缺乏，不存在；缺席，不在；缺席时间132. confrontation .k.nfr.n'tei.n n.对抗，冲突133. competing k.m'pi:ti. adj.抵触的，相互.矛盾的；竞争的，134. fetch fet. vt.售得，卖得（某价钱；（去）拿来，请来，叫来135. lobby .l.bi n. v. 进.行游说.大厅，休息室；院外活动集团136. fold f

20、.uld v.屈服；折叠，交叠 n.褶痕，褶缝，折叠的部分137. bargain .bagin n.特价商品；协议，交易 vi.讨价还价138. special interest 特殊利益团体139. invite in.vaitvt.吸引，招致（.麻烦等）；邀请；征（请）求140. dampen .d.mp.n v. 使沮丧，泼凉.水；（使）潮湿，141. practically .pr.ktik.li ad.142. collective k.lektiva.143. enterprise .ent.praizn.(144. desperate 'desp.rit adj.145

21、. dimension di.men.n n.146. universe .ju:niv.:sn.147. translate tr.ns'leit v.几乎，简直；实际上集体的，共同的n.团体，集体艰巨的）事业；进取.心；企业（或事业）单位不顾.一切的，极其想要的，孤注.一掷的，绝望的，范围，.方.面，特点；尺.寸pl. 面积，规模，程度领域，范围；宇宙，万物，世界；翻译，解释，转移，调动；转变为148. designate 'dezigneit vt.149. case keisn. 病例把 定名为，指定，标明，选派adj.指定的150. bull buln. 上涨.行情；

22、公.牛；买进证券投机图利者，看涨的 .人152. rule ru:l v.裁决；统治n.规则；惯例；统治151. art 叫n.技巧，技术153. coach k.ut. vt. 训练，指导n.教练；.长途公共汽.车154. sentiment .sentim.ntn.感情，情绪意.见，观点155. disorder dis.:d.n.疾病；混乱，凌乱；骚乱，动乱；失调，156. pocket .p.kit a. 袖珍的n.衣袋，.小袋；钱 vt.装.入袋内157. production pr.d.k.nn.产品，作品；.生产，产量；出.示，提供158. aggressive .gresiva

23、. 积极的，上进的；侵犯（略）的，挑衅的；159. elect i.lektvt.选择；选举，推举 vi.进.行选举，作出选择160. cook kukvt. 捏造；烹调，煮，烧 n.厨师，炊事员161. manufacture .m.nju:.f.kt.vt./ n.捏造；（.大量）制造，制造业pl. 产品节选自点词成精一一金凌虹考研英语真题词汇真经162. doctor .d.kt. vt. 篡改，对做.手脚n.医.生；博.士163. buy baivt. 相信买，买得；向.行贿，收买vi.购买东.西164. fashion .f.（.）nvt.形成，塑造n.方式；流.行款式，时新式样，时

24、装165. exercise .eks.saiz n./ v运.用；运动；练习pl. 体操，演习166. literally 'lit.r.li adv.不夸弓地，正确地，简直；逐字地，按照字.面上地，167. command k.m andn.掌握；命令；指挥 vt.命令；拥有；应得168. spell spel vt. 导致；拼写；意味着 n.咒语，魅.力；.一段时间169. extensive ik.stensiva.广泛的，.大量的；.广.大的，.广阔的170. identify ai.dentifaivi.（with ）.支持，认同 vt.认出，鉴定；把等同于172. hon

25、or .n. vt. 赞美，赞扬；给以荣誉；尊敬 n.光荣；敬意；荣幸173. personality .p.:s.n.litin.人物，名.人；.人格，个性174. subscribe s.b.skraib vi.（to）同意；订阅，订购 vt.捐助，赞助175. acquisition .kwi.zi.nn.收购；取得，获彳导,习得；获得物176. chair t.n. 卞.子；（会议）主席vt.担任主席词汇练习-选词填空1 .The water from the tap and damaged all the books in my study.A. sprayed B.puzzled

26、C.inclined D.exported2.1 n the United States, Congress makes the laws and the President them.A. orders B.conquers C.executes D.hedges3.She is too to answer questions in the class.A. eagle B.cough C.eager D.couch4.We enjoy seeing the glorious of the rising sun.A. beams B.beans C.beef D.beer5.1 n the

27、English reading course, the students have to read a lot.A. extensive B.mechanical C.mercury D.opera6.He gave up his study in college in.A. bundle B.butcher C.ash D.despair7.Several people the car accident.A. witnessed B.proved C.swallowed D.drugged8.They will the project with the necessary funds.A.

28、refer B.relate C.furnace D.furnish9.1 took it for that you wouldn ' t come here again.A. grand B.tame C.granted D.thumb10.He was sent to London on a special.A. missing B.missile C.mission D.mistress参考答案：1 .A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C1 .This factory is planning to build a new line this

29、 year.A.resemble B.assembly C.productive D.assess2 .Meat much more easily than vegetables.A. loses B.numerous C.weaves D.decays3 .Dr. Smith is in his research and does not know anything about politics.A.shut B.typed C.defeated D.absorbed4 . He said he would me to Mr. Li but he didn ' t .A.commen

30、t B.suggest C.command D.recommend5 .A magnificent monument has been in Tian An Men Square in honor of the people ' s heroes.A.envied B.erected C.created D.curved6.1 n this kind of hotel, there are no rooms.A. luxury B.marvelous C.occasional D.sulphur7 .Nothing can me to leave my own country.A.ve

31、rse B.hay C.tempt D.attempt8 .Nobody in the class can him of his mistake.A.believe B.admit C.thirst D.convince9 .This tree is for its beautiful flowers.A.hooked B.stemmed C.cultivated D.parceled10 .He his success to the good education he has received.A.distributes B.contributes C.attributes D.owns11

32、 B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.C1.Ten years later, that man was from prison.A.shut B. released C. penetrated D. elected2.I you' ve decided against taking my advice.A.express B. declare C. assume D. exclude3.I wrote to my aunt last night. I couldn ' t it any longer.A.delay B. reply C.

33、rely D. opposite4.I imagine I' ll some friends instead of going to the movies.A.envy B. interest C. entertain D. courage5.A thing happened to me last night.A. sake B. peculiar C. baggage D. average6.It was a terrible and I won ' t forget it.A. shock B.vessel C.royal D.evidence7 .Mary is alwa

34、ys when she doesn ' t get any mail.A.affected B.dissed C.plain D.daisturbed8 .Each member has a chance to his argument in the conference.A.present B.recall C.stock D.council9 .I wish you would give me a more detailed of you trip.A.account B.advance C.accuse D.count10 .What time is the mail on Sa

35、turday?A.objected B.outlet C.delivered D.starved11 B 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.C1 .What' s the price of that of potatoes?A.beg B.pig C.pint D.sack2 .You don ' t have to pay any on personal belongings.3 .Mary is too weak to the piano across the room.A.apply B.appeal C.attract D.drag4

36、 .I was crossing the street and was almost by car.A.attacked B.dicked C.hit D.held5 .Do you have anything to for customs?A.show B.declare C.exam D.check6 .He worked hard this week, but very little.A.presented B.obeyed C.composed D.accomplished7 .Will you accept my?A.sympathy B.synthetic C.satellite

37、D.saddle8.In general, my reaction is that we should carefully.A.proceed B.pace C.pale D.pan9.Along the northern coast there are many deep.A.divers B.harbors C.bats D.bars10.Nobody knows who will be the of this city.A.mayor B.inhabitant C.dash D.bow参考答案：1.D 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.A1 .This

38、 factory is planning to build a new line this year.A.resemble B.assembly C.productive D.assess2 .Meat much more easily than vegetables.A. loses B.numerous C.weaves D.decays3 .Dr. Smith is in his research and does not know anything about politics.A.shut B.typed C.defeated D.absorbed4 . He said he wou

39、ld me to Mr. Li but he didn ' t .A.comment B.suggest C.command D.recommend5 .A magnificent monument has been in Tian An Men Square in honor of the people ' s heroes.A.envied B.erected C.created D.curved1.1 n this kind of hotel, there are no rooms.A. luxury B.marvelous C.occasional D.sulphur7

40、 .Nothing can me to leave my own country.A.verse B.hay C.tempt D.attempt8 .Nobody in the class can him of his mistake.A.believe B.admit C.thirst D.convince9 .This tree is for its beautiful flowers.A.hooked B.stemmed C.cultivated D.parceled10 .He his success to the good education he has received.A.di

41、stributes B.contributes C.attributes D.owns11 C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.A10.B1 .Professor Smith seldom the class on time.A.dismisses B.nervous C.misleads D.regrets2 .Mr. Wang his wife and children when he went to the United States.A.prescribed B.delayed C.decreased D.deserted3 .He a lot of tim

42、e in trying to develop the education system in this area.A. involved B.investigated C.invested D.interfered4 .They spent many years for oil in this small island.A.exploring B.exploding C.exposing D.exploiting5 .We can ' t the fact that we are still a developing country.A. ignore B.neglect C.imag

43、ine D.impress6 .Can you the man who robbed you of your watch?A. illustrate B.exhibit C.damage D.identify7 .Many children in developing countries can not go to school,because ofA.property B.sword C.trace D.poverty8 .What is your to his coming?A.altitude B.attitude C.attribute D.aspect9 .He into the w

44、ater and rescued the little girl.A. inserted B.sloped C.heaped D.dived10 .You may of the extra books in our department library.A.deposit B.enclose C.fade D.dispose参考答案：11 A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.D、1. This rock has to be in order to build a road.A. blasted B.explored C.hired D.maintained

45、2 . He did not go to the party last night, which her feelings deeply.A. wounded B.injured C.hurt D.injury3 .When they returned to the river, they found that the boat had away.A.framed B.frosted C.frowned D.floated4 .If you need further information, please our office.A.constant B.construct C.contact

46、D.contain5 .During the war, many soldiers were killed not by, but by disease.6 .We watched the ship until it became only a in the distance.A. point B.jar C.stove D.dot7 .The English proverb 'the rod and spoil the child ' means that if you deep from punishing the child, you will spoil its cha

47、racter.A. rule B.rug C.clap D.spare8 .The was only sentenced to pay a fine of $10,000.A. worm B.trial C.tube D.criminal9 .Higher education in China is free but the for entrance is strong.A. comparison B.consequence C.competition D.crawl10 .The light is too for me to read. I can not stand any more.A.

48、 rid B.ripe C.soup D.dim参考答案：1 .A 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.D非谓语动词的语法结构考研英语中的非谓语的用法，很多都是固定的搭配，提议广大考生在复习的时候，把它们背诵下来，滚瓜烂熟，脱口而出，对于考研肯定有很大的帮助。本文主要从以下几个方面来对它进行介绍：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语是考研英语中的常考点，娴熟地掌握它的用法对于我们来说有着重要的意义。一、有的固定动词后面既可以接

49、动词不定式或动名词，充当宾语的成分，但其表达的意思不同。mean to do 想要（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）mean doing意味（做某事）propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do 忘记（要做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）forget doing 忘记（已做的事）remember doing记得（已做过的事）go on to do 继而（做另一件事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on doing 继续（做原来的事）stop doing停止正在做的事比如：I remember to deal with this

50、 urgent issue tomorrow.I remember sending you a postcard last Christmas.二、非谓语动词常考的其他结构（1）疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where, 和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作 主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。（主语）（2）不带to的不定式A.在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：feel觉得observe注意到，看到overhear听到watch

51、注视 notice 注意listen to 听 see 看见 hear 听 perceive 察觉，感知 100k at 看B.另一类是某些使役动词，如 make, let, have 等。如：I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。注：上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式一般需带to,如：He was seen to come.别人看到他来了。在动词find与help之后，不定式可带 to亦可不带to ,如：He was surprised to find the sheep（to） break fence at this

52、season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。C.在 do nothing/anything/everything but （except）结构中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是"do nothing,anything,everything "，那么but (except)所跟的不定式则仍须带 "to"。 例如：The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟，其他什么都没有

53、说。(3)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构A.不定式的逻辑主语为：for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他一个人干这活是不可能的。B.动名词的逻辑主语为：人称代词的所有格+动名词；名词 s+动名词。例如：Tom insisted on my going with them.汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。C.某些形容词，如： careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, nice, silly, stupid

54、 等不定式后可以加 of来引导出其逻辑主语。It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。以上谓语动词搭配在考研写作中有时真的是画龙点睛，给人眼前一亮的感觉。考研考生们一定要不断操作，不 断实践！stand, cope, approve, retain"stand”表示"忍受”,相当于"withstand ”（抵抗）或者"bear"（忍受）。“cope”表示“处理，应付”。“approve” 表示 “同意，赞成” 。"retain”表示"保留，保持"，相当于"hold

55、within "或者"keep"。raise, add, take, keep“raise”表示"提高增力口”的时候，相当于" toincreaseinsize,quantity,orworth ”。"add”（增力口、添力口 ）它的意思是“joinorcombineorunitewithotherstoincreasethequality,quantity,sizeorscope ”,也 就是说，是和别的东西加在一起。比如： "addfueltotheflame ”（火上加油），“addinsulttoinjury ”（凌辱交加）等等。"take"拿走“keep ”保持cover, change, range, differ“cover”表示穿过一段距离，或者覆盖一片面积。“changefromAtoB "的意思是“从 A变化到