欧洲合同法通则(中英文第3部分)

1、Section 4-Price Reduction第四节 减价Article 9.401 - Right to Reduce Price第9:401条：减价请求权(1) A party who accepts a tender of performance not conforming to the contract may reduce the price.This reduction shall be proportionate to the decrease in the value of the performance at the time thiswas tendered comp

2、ared to the value which a conforming tender would have had at that time.受领了与合同不符的履行提交的一方当事人可以减少其价格。 此种减价应当与履行提交时与 符合要求地提交的履行相比履行之价值的降低相称。(2) A party who is entitled to reduce the price under the preceding paragraph and who has already paida sum exceeding the reduced price may recover the excess from

3、 the other party.一方当事人如依前款规定有权请求减价， 并且它已支付了超过减后余价的价金， 则可以向对 方当事人要回超出的部分。(3) A party who reduces the price cannot also recover damages for reduction in the value of theperformance but remains entitled to damages for any further loss it has suffered so far as these arerecoverable under Section 5 of th

4、is Chapter.减过价的一方当事人不得再为履行价值的降低获取损害赔偿，但仍然有权对它遭受的其他损 失请求赔偿，只要它们依据本章第五节的规定是可以获取的。Section 5-Damages and Interest第五节 损害赔偿与利息Article 9.501 - Right to Damages第9:501条：损害赔偿请求权(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to damages for loss caused by the other partys non-performancewhich is not excused under Article

5、8:108.受害方当事人有权对因对方当事人的不履行而造成的损失请求赔偿， 只要该不履行没有依第8:108条而免责。(2) The loss for which damages are recoverable includes: (a) non-pecuniary loss; and (b) future losswhich is reasonably likely to occur.可获取赔偿的损失包括：1.非金钱损失；和2.合情合理地易于发生的未来的损失。Article 9.502 - General Measure of Damages第9:502条：损害赔偿的一般标准The genera

6、l measure of damages is such sum as will put the aggrieved party as nearly as possible intothe position in which it would have been if the contract had been duly performed. Such damages coverthe loss which the aggrieved party has suffered and the gain of which it has been deprived.损害赔偿的一般标准是指能够使受害方当

7、事人尽可能地处于如果合同被正常地履行时它所 会处的状态的金额。此种损害赔偿包括受害方当事人所受损失及其所失利益。Article 9.503 - Foreseeability第9:503条：可预见性The non-performing party is liable only for loss which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen atthe time of conclusion of the contract as a likely result of its non-performance, unless thenon-perf

8、ormance was intentional or grossly negligent.履行方当事人仅对其于合同成立时预见到的或可以合理地预见到的、 作为其不履行的可能结 果的损失负责，除非该不履行是故意的或重大过失的。Article 9.504 - Loss Attributable to Aggrieved Party第9:504条：可归责于受害方当事人的损失Thenon-performing party is not liable for loss suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that theaggrieved party

9、 contributed to the non-performance or its effects.只要受害方当事人助成了不履行或其结果， 不履行方当事人对于受害方当事人遭受的损失不 负责任。Article 9.505 - Reduction of loss第9:505条：损失的减轻(1) The non-performing party is not liable for loss suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that theaggrieved party could have reduced the loss by taki

10、ng reasonable steps.对于受害方当事人遭受的它本可以采取合理措施减轻的损失，不履行方当事人不负责任。(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting toreduce the loss.对于在力图减轻损失过程中合理地发生的费用，受害方当事人有权要求补偿。Article 9.506 - Substitute Transaction第9:506条：替代交易Where the aggrieved party has terminated the

11、contract and has made a substitute transaction within areasonable time and in a reasonable manner, it may recover the difference between the contract priceand the price of the substitute transaction as well as damages for any further loss so far as these arerecoverable under this Section.如果受害方当事人已解除

12、合同并已在一合理的时间内以合理的方式完成了一笔替代交易， 它 可以主张合同价格与替代交易的价格之间的差额以及依本节规定可以获取的其他损失的损 害赔偿。Article 9.507 - Current Price第9:507条：时价Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a substitute transaction butthere is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the differe

13、nce between thecontract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for anyfurther loss so far as these are recoverable under this Section.如果受害方当事人已解除合同且没有从事替代交易， 但对于约定的履行存有时价， 它可以主 张合同解除时合同价格与时价之间的差额以及依本节规定可以获取的其他损失的损害赔偿。Article 9.508 - Delay in Payment of

14、Money第9:508条：支付金钱的迟延(1) If payment of a sum of money is delayed, the aggrieved party is entitled to interest on that sum fromthe time when payment is due to the time of payment at the average commercial bank short-termlending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the contractual currency of payment

15、 at the place wherepayment is due.如果一笔金钱的支付迟延， 受害方当事人有权获取该笔金钱从应予支付之日起至实际支付之 日止按应予支付地向优秀借款人发放该约定支付金额短期商业银行贷款平均利率计算的利 息。(2) The aggrieved party may in addition recover damages for any further loss so far as these are recoverable under thisSection.受害方当事人另外可以主张依本节规定可以获取的对其他损失的损害赔偿。Article 9.509 - Agreed

16、 Payment for Non-performance第9:509条：对不履行约定的违约金(1) Where the contract provides that a party who fails to perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for suchnon-performance, the aggrieved party shall be awarded that sum irrespective of its actual loss.如果合同规定没有履行的一方当事人应为其不履行向受害方当事人支付一笔特定数

17、额的金 钱，则受害方当事人应得到该笔金钱而不管其实际损失。(2) However, despite any agreement to the contrary the specified sum may be reduced to a reasonable amount where it isgrossly excessive in relation to the loss resulting from the non-performance and the other circumstances.然不论有任何相反约定， 如果该笔特定数额的金钱与因不履行而造成的损失以及其他情事相 比非常地过分

18、，则可以减轻至一合理的数额。Article 9.510 - Currency by which Damages to be Measured第9:510条：用以计算损害赔偿的货 币Damages are to be measured by the currency which most appropriately reflects the aggrieved partys loss.损害赔偿应以最能反映受害方的损失的货币加以计算。CHAPTER 10 Plurality of parties第十章 多数当事人Section 1: Plurality of debtors第一节 多数债务人Art

19、icle 10:101: Solidary, Separate and Communal Obligations第10：101条 连带之债、按份之债和共同之债(1)Obligations are solidary when all the debtors are bound to render one and the same performance and the creditor mayrequire it from any one of them until full performance has been received.数个债务人均负一个相同履行的债， 且债权人在债务全部被履行之

20、前可以请求任何一个债务 人予以履行的债为连带之债。(2)Obligations are separate when each debtor is bound to render only part of the performance and the creditor mayrequire from each debtor only that debtors part.每个债务人只负担部分债务， 且债权人只能请求债务人履行其承担部分的债务的债为单独之 债。(3) An obligation is communal when all the debtors are bound to render

21、 the performance together and the creditor mayrequire it only from all of them.所有的债务人共同为履行行为，且债权人只能向所有人请求履行的债为共同之债。Article 10:102: When Solidary Obligations Arise第10：102条 连带之债的产生(1)If several debtors are bound to render one and the same performance to a creditor under the same contract, they aresoli

22、darily liable, unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.如果数个债务人在同一个合同中对债权人为一个相同的履行，他们之间负连带之债， 除非合 同或者法律另有规定。(2)Solidary obligations also arise where several persons are liable for the same damage.当数人对同一损害负责时也产生连带之债。(3)The fact that the debtors are not liable on the same terms does not preve

23、nt their obligations from being solidary.所有债务人并非以相同的条件承担责任不妨碍他们的债务成为连带之债。Article 10:103: Liability under Separate Obligations第10：103条 单独之债的责任Debtors bound by separate obligations are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.单独之债的债务人承担相同份额的责任，除非合同和法律另有规定。Article 10:104

24、: Communal Obligations: Special Rule when Money claimed for Non-performance第10：104条 共同之债：因不履行而主张金钱赔偿的特殊规则Notwithstanding Article 10:101(3), when money is claimed for non-performance of a communal obligation, the debtors aresolidarily liable for payment to the creditor.尽管第10：101条第三款有规定， 但是在共同之债不履行时债权

25、人请求金钱赔偿， 债务人对 债权人承担连带责任。Article 10:105: Apportionment between Solidary Debtors第10：105条 连带债务人之间的债务分配(1) As between themselves, solidary debtors are liable in equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.在连带债务人内部各债务人承担相同份额的责任，除非合同或者法律另有规定。(2) If two or more debtors are liable for the

26、 same damage under Article 10:102(2), their share of liability as betweenthemselves is determined according to the law governing the event which gave rise to the liability.如果根据第10：102条第二款的规定， 两个或者多个债务人对同一个损害承担责任， 其承担 的份额由确定他们责任的法律予以规定。Article 10:106: Recourse between solidary Debtors第10：106条 连带债务人之间

27、的追索权(1) A solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtors share may claim the excessfrom any of the other debtors to the extent of each debtors unperformed share, together with a share of any costsreasonably incurred.支付了超出自己应付份额的连带债务人得向其他债务人请求该债务人未付之份额， 以及任何合理花费的相应部分。(2) A solidary debtor t

28、o whom paragraph (1) applies may also, subject to any prior right and interest of the creditor, exercisethe rights and actions of the creditor, including accessory securities, to recover the excess from any of the other debtors tothe extent of each debtors unperformed share.适用前款的连带债务人还可以依照债权人的优先权和优先

29、利益， 行使债权人的请求权和诉权， 包括附属有价证券，来获取其为其他债务人未履行之份额所致的多余支出。(3) If a solidary debtor who has performed more than that debtors share is unable, despite allreasonable efforts, to recover contribution from another solidary debtor, the share of the others, including the one who hasperformed, is increased proport

30、ionally.如果在采取了各种合理措施之后， 多履行了义务的连带债务人还是不能从其他连带债务人处 获得其分摊的份额的，其他债务人包括已经履行了的债务人承担的份额都要适当地增加。Article 10:107: Performance, Set-off and Merger in Solidary Obligations第10：107条 连带之债的履行、抵销和混同(1) Performance or set-off by a solidary debtor or set-off by the creditor against one solidary debtor discharges the

31、otherdebtors in relation to the creditor to the extent of the performance or set-off.一个连带债务人的履行或抵销， 或债权人对某一个连带债务人的抵销， 就履行或者抵销部分 解除与该债权人相关的其他债务人的责任。(2) Merger of debts between a solidary debtor and the creditor discharges the other debtors only for the share of the debtorconcerned.一个连带债务人和债权人债务的混同，只就

32、该债务人份额解除其他债务人的责任。Article 10:108: Release or Settlement in Solidary Obligations第10：108条 连带之债的免除和清偿(1) When the creditor releases, or reaches a settlement with, one solidary debtor, the other debtors are discharged ofliability for the share of that debtor.当债权人对连带债务中的一个债务人免除债务或获得清偿，其他债务人就该债务人的份额解 除责任。(

33、2) The debtors are totally discharged by the release or settlement if it so provides.如果有规定，所有的债务人因该免除或者清偿而被免除所有责任。(3)As between solidary debtors, the debtor who is discharged from that debtorsshare is discharged only to the extent ofthe share at the time of the discharge and not from any supplementa

34、ry share for which that debtor may subsequentlybecome liable under Article 10:106(3).在连带债务人内部，被免除责任的债务人只免除当时被免除的份额，而不包括第10：106条第三款可能承担的补充部分。Article 10:109: Effect of Judgment in Solidary Obligations第10：109条 连带之债判决的效力A decision by a court as to the liability to the creditor of one solidary debtor doe

35、s not affect:法庭关于某个连带债务人对债权人责任的判决不影响：(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or其他连带债务人对该债权人的责任，或者(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.第10：106条规定的连带债务人之间的追索权。Article 10:110: Prescription in Solidary Obligations第10：110条 连带之债的时效Prescripti

36、on of the creditors right to performance (claim) against one solidary debtor does notaffect:债权人对一个连带债务人请求履行的权利之时效不影响：(a) the liability to the creditor of the other solidary debtors; or其他连带债务人对债权人的责任；或者(b) the rights of recourse between the solidary debtors under Article 10:106.第10：106条规定的连带债务人之间的追索权

37、。Article 10:111: Opposability of other Defences in Solidary Obligations第10：111条 连带之债中其他抗辩的对抗(1) A solidary debtor may invoke against the creditor any defence which another solidary debtor can invoke, other than adefence personal to that other debtor. Invoking the defence has no effect with regard to

38、 the other solidary debtors.除可行使自己对债权人享有的抗辩外， 连带债务人同样可以对债权人行使其他连带债务人的 所有抗辩。抗辩的行使对其他连带债务人不发生效力。(2) A debtor from whom contribution is claimed may invoke against the claimant any personal defence that that debtor couldhave invoked against the creditor.被请求分摊连带债务的债务人可以向请求的一方行使任何其针对于债权人的抗辩Section 2 : Plu

39、rality of creditors第二节 多数债权人Article 10:201: Solidary, Separate and Communal Claims第10：201条连带、单独和共同债权(1)Claims are solidary when any of the creditors may require full performance from the debtor and when the debtor mayrender performance to any of the creditors.数个债权人均可请求债务人完全履行债务， 且债务人可以向任何一个债权人为履行的债权

40、为连带债权。(2)Claims are separate when the debtor owes each creditor only that creditor shasre of the claim and each creditor mayrequire performance only of that creditors share.债务人对每个债权人只付其相应的份额， 且每个债权人只能请求债务人为其相应份额之履行 的债权为单独债权。(3)A claim is communal when the debtor must perform to all the creditors and

41、 any creditor may require performance onlyfor the benefit of all.债务人必须向所有的债权人履行， 且任何债权人只能为所有债权人之利益而请求履行的债权 为共同债权。Article 10:202: Apportionment of Separate Claims第10：202条 单独债权的分配Separate creditors are entitled to equalshares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.每个单独债权人享有相同的份额，除非合同或者法律另有规

42、定。Article 10:203: Difficulties of executing a Communal Claim第10：203条 执行共同债权的困难If one of the creditors in a communal claim refuses, or is unable to receive, the performance, the debtor may discharge theobligation to perform by depositing the property or money with a third party according to Articles

43、7:110 or 7:111 of thePrinciples.如果共同债权人中的一人拒绝或者不能接受履行，债务人可以根据本通则第7：110条或者第7：111条通过第三方提存财产或者金钱免除责任。Article 10:204: Apportionment of Solidary Claims第10：204条 连带债权的分配(1) Solidary creditors are entitled to equal shares unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.连带债权人享有相同的份额，除非合同或者法律另有规定。(2) A cred

44、itor who has received more than that creditors share must transfer the excess to theother creditors to the extent of their respective shares.接受了超出自己份额的债权人必须将超出部分转移给其他的债权人。Article 10:205: Regime of solidary Claims第10：205条连带债权的范围(1) A release granted to the debtor by one of the solidary creditors has

45、no effect on the other solidary creditors一个连带债权人对债务人债务的免除对其他连带债权人没有效力。(2) The rules of Articles 10:107, 10:109, 10:110 and 10:111(1) apply, with appropriate adaptations, to solidary claims.本通则第138条、第140条、第141条和第142条经过适当的修改适用于连带债权。CHAPTER 11 Assig nment of Claims第十一章 债权转让Section 1: General Principles

46、第一节 一般原则Article 11:101: Scope of Chapter第11：101条 本章适用范围(1) This Chapter applies to the assignment by agreement of a right to performance (claim) under an existing or futurecontract.本章适用于现在或者将来的合同中关于债权的转让协议。(2) Except where otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, this Chapter also applies

47、 to the assignment byagreement of other transferable claims.除另有规定或者上下文另有要求，本章也适用于其他可转让债权的转让协议。(3) This Chapter does not apply:本章不适用于：(a)to the transfer of a financial instrument or investment security where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfermust be by entry in a register maintained b

48、y or for the issuer; or金融文据或者投资证券的转让， 在其他的法律规定下， 该转让必须由发行人或者为发行人保 存的登记；或者(b) to the transfer of a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument or of a negotiable security or a document of title togoods where, under the law otherwise applicable, such transfer must be by delivery (with any necessar

49、y indorsement).汇票或者其他流通票据或者流通的有价证券或者货物所有权凭证的转让， 在其他法律的规定 下，该转让必须带有任何必要的背书。(4)In this Chapter assignment includes an assignment by way of security.本章中的“转让”包括作为担保的转让。(5)This Chapter also applies, with appropriate adaptations, to the granting by agreement of a right in security over a claimotherwise th

50、an by assignment.经过适当的修改，本章还适用于通过债权担保而不是通过转让的权利的协议。Article 11:102: Contractual Claims Generally Assignabl第11：102条 合同债权一般可以转让(1) Subject to Articles 11:301 and 11:302, a party to a contract may assign a claim under it.根据第11：301条和11：302条，合同一方当事人可以转让债权。(2) A future claim arising under an existing or fu

51、ture contract may be assigned if at the time when it comes into existence, orat such other time as the parties agree, it can be identified as the claim to which the assignment relates.现在或者将来合同中产生的将来债权可以转让， 如果在其出现或者当事人同意的其他这样的 时候，该债权可以被认定为转让涉及的债权。Article 11:103: Partial Assignment第11：103条 部分转让A claim

52、 which is divisible may be assigned in part, but the assignor is liable to the debtor for any increased costs which thedebtor thereby incurs.可分之债权可以部分转让，但是转让人对于债务人可能由此而增加的任何费用负责。Article 11:104: Form of Assignment第11：104条 转让的形式An assignment need not be in writing and is not subject to any other requi

53、rement as to form. It may be proved by any means,including witnesses.转让不必用书面形式或者遵守其他关于形式的要求。 转让可以用任何手段来举证， 包括证人 证言。Section 2: Effects of Assignment As Between Assignor and Assignee第二节 转让人和受让人之间的转让效力Article 11:201: Rights Transferred to Assignee第11：201条 转让给受让人的权利(1) The assignment of a claim transfer

54、s to the assignee:转让给受让人的权力：(a) all the assignors rights to performance in respect of the claim assigned; and被转让债权中转让所有人所有的履行请求权：和(b) all accessory rights securing such performance.保证该履行的所有附加权利。(2)Where the assignment of a claim under a contract is associated with the substitution of the assignee as

55、 debtor inrespect of any obligation owed by the assignor under the same contract, this Article takes effect subject to Article 12:201.如果根据合同对债权的转让与受让人根据同一合同代替转让人成为债务人并承担转让人所 有债务相联系，那么本条根据第12：201条生效。Article 11:202: When Assignment Takes Effect第11：202条 转让生效的时间(1) An assignment of an existing claim tak

56、es effect at the time of the agreement to assign or such later time as the assignorand assignee agree.现存债权的转让于转让协议达成或者转让人和受让人后来同意的时候开始生效。(2)An assignment of a future claim is dependent upon the assigned claim coming into existence but thereupon takes effectfrom the time of the agreement to assign or

57、 such later time as the assignor and assignee agree.将来债权的转让取决于转让债权的产生， 但是从同意转让的时间或者转让人和受让人后来同 意的时候开始生效。Article 11:203: Preservation of Assignees Rights Against Assignor第11：203条 受让人对转让人权利的保留An assignment is effective as between the assignor and assignee, and entitles the assignee to whatever the assi

58、gnorreceives from the debtor, even if it is ineffective against the debtor underArticle 11:301 or 11:302.即使根据第11：301条和第11：302条转让对于债务人无效，转让人和受让人之间的转让 仍然有效，且受让人可以取得转让人自债务人处所接受的全部。Article 11:204: Undertakings by Assignor第11：204条 转让人的保证By assigning or purporting to assign a claim the assignor undertakes

59、 to the assignee that:通过转让或者声称转让债权，转让人对受让人保证：(a) at the time when the assignment is to take effect the following conditions will be satisfied except as otherwise disclosedto the assignee:除了向受让人另有说明，转让生效时必须满足以下情形，(i) the assignor has the right to assign the claim;转让人有权转让债权；(ii) the claim exists and t

60、he assignees rights are not affected by any defences or rights (including any right of set-off)which the debtor might have against the assignor; and债权存在， 并且受让人的权利不会被债务人可能对转让人行使的任何抗辩或者请求权 (任何 抵销权)影响；以及(iii) the claim is not subject to any prior assignment or right in security in favour of any other p