专题12 定语从句-2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（讲）（含答案解析）.docx

1、2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测第12讲定语从句复习一讲【核心素养分析】语言知识：要求考生掌握并能运用英语语法基础知识。一、命题要求定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引 导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词 /数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6关系词之间的异同现象及选 用。二、命题规律一、主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。二、高考对定语从句的考查仍将不会单纯考查其语法结构，而是将其融

2、入一定的语境中来考查考生的实际 综合运用能力。三、命题形式定语从句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空、短文改错中，写作范文中也常有定语从句出现，尤 其是非限制性定语从句。【基础知识精讲】知识点一 关系代词引导的定语从句1. who, whom, whose引导的定语从句Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很有成就的人， 在其他领域常常一无所成。 The man (who/whom) you met just now is called Jim .你刚才遇见的那个人

3、叫吉姆。Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含 脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。【典例】2021 八省 1 月 联考That day, along with the barber there was an assistant,had recently joined the shop.【答案】who【解析】考查定语从句。那天，除了理发师还有一个助手，最近刚加入这个商店。此处是非限制性定语从 句，先行词是an assistant在定语从句中作主语。故填w

4、ho。1. 2019上海卷For more information about our program, please visit our website, or contact our UndergraduatethatThe wayi whichhe explained to us was quite simple.、不填他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。Its not the first time （that） youve found yourself in this situation.你陷入这种状况已经不是第一次了。There was a time when/during which e

5、ach teacher spent an hour, one day a week, testing pupils in every subject.曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。考点总结.在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略；但是当 它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。1 .先行词time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词time作“一段时间， 时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+whi

6、ch”引导定语从句。【考点精析】考点1:定语从句与语法填空定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词以及介词的选用是语法填空题中的考查点。首先判断是否是定语从 句是做题的关键，其次判断关系词充当何种成分，确定答案。有些特殊的定语从句，如分割式定语从句和 插入式定语从句，一定要先确定先行词，然后再判断作何成分，最后确定用何关系词。【典例】在空白处填入适当的连接词（2020天津高三期末）I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,my classmatesrecommended to me.【答案】which【解析】考查非限制性定语

7、从句。上周我从书店买了本书福尔摩斯，这是我同学向我推荐的。空格处引 导定语从句，修饰先行词the book Sherlock Holmes,指物，在定语从句中指代先行词作为定语从句中的动词 recommend的宾语，用关系代词which。故填whicho（2020天津静海一中高三期末）Professor Smith, for work matters most, is devoted to his researchwork.【答案】whom【解析】考查定语从句关系词。史密斯教授致力于他的研究工作，工作对他最重要。本句为“介词+关系代 词”结构定语从句修饰先行词Professor Smith,且

8、做介词for的宾语，指人，故填whom。【变式】1. Christmas was near. I walked away from my school and followed the worn path through the trees onto the streetColes grocery store stood.【答案】where【解析】考查定语从句。我从学校离开，沿着两旁有树的老路来到Cole的杂货店所在的那条街。这里是定 语从句，修饰先行词street,先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，故填where。212019江苏卷 We have entered into an age dre

9、ams have the best chance of coming true.【答案】when【解析】考查定语从句。我们已经进入了一个最有机会实现梦想的年代。分析该句结构可知,空处引导定语 从句，修饰先行词age,先行词在从句中充当时间状语，故用when引导该定语从句。应对策略1一旦判断是定语从句，就根据定语从句的先行词和代表先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分来确定关系词。若在从句中作主语和宾语，就用关系代词；若作状语，就用关系副词。考点2定语从句与短文改错短文改错中对于定语从句的考查主要涉及限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词或关系副词 的错用。典例.【2018全国 I They al

10、so had a small pond which they raised fish.A which7【答案】They also had a small pond 叵 where| they raised fish.【解析】6.which改成in which或where考查定语从句的关系词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，其在后面的定语从句中作地点状语,故用in which或where。2.12018全国 II The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very

11、useful later in my life.【答案】where改为when【解析】考查时间状语从句。根据后面的“.I was achild.可知，这是一个时间状语从句，故将where改为 wheno【变式】1.2。17 全国卷回In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.【答案】that改为which【解析】考查定语从句。该处前有逗号，后句为非限制性定语从句，故用which。2J2017 全国卷回A

12、round me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time:【答案】theythat/whieh【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子可知，前面的倒装句Around me in the picture are the things 是一个单句，而后面的”.they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.”也是个单 句，在这种情况下，要么在两个单句之间用并列连词连

13、接，要么把后面这个单句变为从句。从句意上看，这里变为定语从句更为合理，故把they改为that/whicho应对策略2确定定语从句中关系词的步骤：1 .找出先行词；2 .看先行词被代入从句后在句子中的成分（作主语、宾语还是状语）；3 .选择合适的关系词。考点3书面表达中定语从句易错点聚焦（一）定语从句意识缺失1.关系代词被普通代词取代（误）1 have many collections of stamps, somg 9fJham are my favorite.（正）1 have many collections of stamps， somc_f_which are my favorite

14、.2.关系代词遗漏（误）The last one leaves the classroom please close the windows.（正）The last one who_leaves the classroom please close the windows.第一句从汉语意思角度是对的，但是汉语的干扰破坏了英语句式结构。（二）假冒伪劣的定语从句1 .有从无主式（误）My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates.（lE）My friend Jane is very friendly to us classmates.（l

15、E）My friend Jane, who is very friendly to us classmates，ariety_f_hobbies.笫一句虎头蛇尾，属于有从无主式的句子，即有从句但没有主句。2 .从句成分残缺式（误）Those who_against it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.（正）Those whQ_are_aqainst it think that it is unnecessary to move the zoos out of the city.第一句定语从句的谓语不完

16、整。介词against不能单独作谓语。3 .画蛇添足式（误）As can be seen from the picture, that a sad boy stands between his angry parents.（误）As can be seen from the picture, a man who is talking happily.4 误）1 have many collections of stamps， and some of which are my favorite.第一句中关系代词as代替逗号后面的整个主句，因此主句是不需要连接词来引导的。所以，应去掉that。第二

17、句中同样as代替逗号后面的整个主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要满足定语从句的话，显然并列连词and是多余的。Chair,information is listed above.【答案】whose【解析】考查定语从句。为了进一步了解我们项目的消息，请访问我们的网站或联系我们的Undergraduate Chair,它的信息在上面被列出。此处先行词是Undergraduate Chair,其和后面的information是所属关系， 故填whoseo3. 2021 四川省南充高中高三第二次月 考In the past foui years, local education depart

18、ments have trained about40,000 football teachers, 8,000 of have obtained coaching certificates.【答案】whom【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。在过去的四年里，当地教育部门培训了大约四万足球老师，其中八千老 师已经获得辅导证书。逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是teachers,指人，非限制性定语从句中介词。f 后要用关系代词whom,故填whom。【变式】【2019新课标 III 卷语法填空】They were well trained by their masters 64 had great ex

19、perience withcaring for these animals.【答案】who【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters （主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。2. 【2019北京卷语法填空】The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged（参与）in academic life.【答案】who/that【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。are totaUy eng

20、aged（参与）in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those,空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或 thato【方法指南】who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可 省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用of which代替，指人时可用of whom代替。3. that, which引导的定语从句China Today attracts a worldwide readership, which shows that more and more people all

21、 over the world want to learn about China.今日中国吸引了世界各地的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I decided to apply for the one that reflected my interest.当到了最后决定课程的时候，我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。AH the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人都工作更努力。The fi

22、rst place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。This is the book which you are looking for.这正是你在找的那本书。He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。【典例】1.2021 浙江 1 月Theyre the only thing looks like human language in

23、 that respect.【答案】that【解析】考查定语从句。在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西。此处先行词是thing被the only 修饰，且在定语从句中作主语，故填that。1.2021 八省 1 月联考Im grateful that the assistant responded in a way made me rethink the power ofmy words.【答案】that/which【解析】考查定语从句。我很感激那位店员的回应让我重新考虑我说话的威力。此处先行词是away,在定 语从句中作主语，故填that/whicho2019.上海卷The baby

24、tuilles emerge from the eggs after 450 days, then the babies grow without their mother,is a rare phenomenon in nature.【答案】which【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。此处which代替前面整个句子的内容，无固定的先行词。故填which。4. 2020海南卷The humidity （湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of rainclouds maytravel to other countries in

25、need of rain.【答案】that/which【解析】考查定语从句。巨大雨林的湿气导致雨云的形成，雨云可能会飘到需要雨的其他国家。此处rainclouds 是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语。故填that/which.【变式】.【2019.新课标 III 卷短文改错】In thecafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment whatis created for them.【答案】whatIn the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the histor

26、ical environment is created for them.that / which【解析】本句考查定语从句。先行词environment在从句中做主语，指物，关系代词用that/which。故 把what 改为 that/whicho.【2019浙江卷语法填空On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth58 gives off light in the dark.【答案】that/which【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth,指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用 that 或 which 引导

27、。故填 that/whicho【方法指南】1. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可省略。2. which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外，which 可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。3. 下列情况只用that不用which：先行词是 all, something, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few 等不定代词；先行词被 all, any, every, no, little, much, some 等词修饰；先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行

28、词本身是序数词；先行词被the only, the very（正是，恰是），the last修饰；先行词中既有人也有物；在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。知识点2.关系副词引导的定语从句Opposite is St.Pauls Church, where you can hear some lovely music.对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到一些优美的音乐。 We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把去公园野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能更

29、好。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。【典例】2021 浙江 1 月Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication they deliberatelysent a message to another group member.【答

30、案】where【解析】考查定语从句。她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们故意向其他成员发送信息。此处a system of communication是先行词，其在定语从句中作地点状语（in the system）o故填where。1. 2019上海卷Interestingly, it is on the same beach they were born that the females lay their eggs.【答案】where【解析】考查定语从句。有趣的是，雌性产卵在它们出生的同一个海滩上。此处the same beach是先行词, 其在后面的定语从句they were bo

31、rn中作地点状语。故填where。【变式】1.【2019新课标 II 卷语法填空】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,62 she opened with her late husband Les.【答案】where【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop,在非限制性定语从句中作opened 一词的宾语，故用whicho.【2019北京卷语法填空】What students do at college seems to matter m

32、uch more than 8 they go.【答案】where【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所 大学，表示地点，作状语。故用where。2 .【2019新课标 I 卷短文改错】One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the schoolplayground.where【答案 J One afternoon I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.when【解析】

33、考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。故 将 where 改为 when。3 .【2019江苏卷单项填空】21. We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance of coming true.A. whichB. whatC. whenD. that【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行 词为an age （一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。故选C。4 .【2019天津卷单项填空】

34、ll.Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not fullsentences.A. whyB. whereC. whichD. what【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中shecansayindividual words but not full sentences是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage,关系词在定语从句中作地点状语， 用关系副词where,故选B。【方法指南】1 .先行词是表示时间、地点或原因（一般为reason）的名词，从句中

35、缺少状语时用关系副词when, where, whyo有时可用“介词+ which”结构替换。2 .当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。3 .当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, situation, case, stage等，如果引导词在从句中作 状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which。知识点3.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.

36、皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which（ = whose price） was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。His head soon appeared out of

37、the window, from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。（from where相当于from out of the w indow, 而不是 from the w indow）【典例3】.【2021天津 3 月 高考】 William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes we canlearn without repeating them.A. from which B. in whichC. with who

38、m D. for whom【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。句意：威廉哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避 免重复犯错。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，we can learn without repeating them.为定语从句， 从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from从 中学习“，可知应用from which 引导定语从句。故选A。2. （2021 天津红桥区高三模）Learning another language is like stepping out of a door,I can look ba

39、ck and see more clearly my own language.A. By whichB. through which C. whichD. on which【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句和介词辨析。句意：学习另外一种语言就好像跨出了一扇房门，通过它，我可以回 顾并且更加清楚地明白自己的语言。分析可知，空格处引导定语从句，根据句意可知，通过这扇门，先行 词door做through“通过”的宾语，指物，用冠词代词which, by表示方式，on“在上面”不符合句意，故选Bo【变式】（2021 天津滨海新区高三三模）The Zhuang is an ethnic group the

40、 population is the largest of allethnic groups in China.A. of whomB. of whichC. of whoD. of that【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：壮族是中国所有少数民族中人口最多的一个民族。分析可知，设空处为“介 词+关系代词”引导定语从句，先行词为“an ethnic group”，作of的宾语，应用关系代词which。故选B。1. （2021 天津）可匕区.高三二模）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree the

41、ycan be controlled.1 . on whichB. by whichC. to whichD. from which【答案】C【解析】考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。句意：人类和动物面部表情的不同之处，在于某程度上人类 面部表情可以受到控制。分析句子可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the degree,关系代词which在 句中指代先行词degree（程度），表示“某种程度应为“to some degree”，故介词to符合句意。故选C项。【方法指南】2 .若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放 在介词后，即“介

42、词+whose+名词”结构。3 .该结构中介词的选用（1）一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；句子的意思。（2）表示“整体和部分关系”，介词常用of。常见结构：在 some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each 等代词或数词的前、后可以 用 of which/whomothe+比较级或最高级前、后用of which/whom等。（3）有时“介词+ where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词+which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。知

43、识点4.考点四as, which引导的定语从句The number of smokers, as is reported， has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.正如报道的那样，吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.这真是一个令人愉快的地方，它看上去和100年前的样子一样，有蜿蜒

44、的街道和漂亮的村舍。Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.（定语从句） Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.（结果状语从 句）上学期数学考试老师出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterd

45、ay.我想用你昨天用的那种工具。I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天用的那件工具。【典例4】【典例】.【江苏省无锡市 2021 届高三上学期期中】If everyone on your team is working different hours, you may be getting emails and messages at all hours of the day, night or weekend, 36. can create an always available, or “always-on” environment.【答案】which【解析】考查定语从句。句意：如果你团队里的每个人都在不同的时间工作，你可能会全天一直收到邮件 和信息，这就能营造出一种一直在线的环境。在非限制性定语从句中，缺少主语，且代指前面一整句话， 故用whicho. （2021 天津河西区高三二模）Stress is everywhere and in fa