[英语学习]文体学SurfacestructureDeviation

1、Chapter 2 Surface-structure DeviationFourtypesofdeviation: phonological, graphological, lexical, andsyntactic2.1PhonologicalDeviation:(I)OmissionA:Aphesis(字首音省略)：the omission of an initial part of aword,e.g.Thouonwhosestream,midthesteepskyscommotion,Loosecloudslikeearthsdecayingleavesareshed,(Commot

2、ion:disturbanceandturbulence,hubbub; steep: sheer)Learn then what morals critics ought to showFor tis but half a judges tas, to know. (Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism)B: Syncope（字中音省略）: the omission of a medial part of a word, e.g. A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the cu

3、ckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides （Wordsworth: The Solitary Reaper）Notes: Hebrides hebridi:z: a deep island of England. 3 C: Apocope（字尾音尾脱落）：: the omission of a final part of a word, e.g. Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun I will lo

4、ve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall ran. (Notes: a: all; wi: with; o: of )I wander thro each charterd street,Near where the charterd Thames does flow,And mark in every face I meetMarks of weakness, marks of woe. (William Blake: London)The omissions discussed above are conventional l

5、icenses of verse composition. They change the pronunciations of the original words so that the poet may better and more easily arrange sound patterns to achieve their intended communicative effects. (II) Mispronunciation and Sub-standard Pronunciation:in order to vividly describe a character, the li

6、terary writer may choose to let his character mispronounce certain words or simply pronounce them in sub-standard ways. “May God starve ye yet,” yelled an old Irish woman who now threw open a nearby window and stuck out her head. “Yes, and you,” she added, catching the eye of one of the policemen. “

7、You bloody murthering thafe! Crack my son over the head, will you , you hard-hearted, murthering divil? Ah, ye-” （T. Dreiser, Sister Carrie）the old Irish woman was depicted as speaking in a sub-standard fashion: ye for you, murthering for murdering, divil for devil, and thafe for thief. The employme

8、nt of such deviant phonological features here, it seems, adds vividness to the happening as if it was the live transmission of the scene. Her accent also reveals that she is a working-class woman. 7 (III) Special pronunciation The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far be

9、hind? (IV) Change of stress The aim of it is for some emotion or affection.A: Bill and Jane “broke the blue vase” .B: Really! Bill and Jane? You must be kidding!8 2.2 Graphological deviationIt is meant the encoding of meaning in visual symbols. Subcategory: shape of text, the type of print and gramm

10、etrics. A. Shape of text: the shape of a literary poem can be designed in an unconventional way so that it may be suggestive of a certain literary theme. 1) A Christmas Tree Star If you are A love compassionate, You will walk with us this year, We face a glacial distance, who are here Huddled At you

11、r feet (by W. S. Burford) A pagoda-shape poem in The Scholar 聊斋志异 呆 秀才 吃常斋 胡须满腮 经书不揭开 纸笔自己安排 明年不请我自来 A Foolish scholar Fasted so long Whiskers covered his cheeks Neglecting to study the classics He left pen and paper aside Hell come without being invited next year（Translated by Yang Xianyi& Glady Ya

12、ng）Easter WingsGorge HerbertLord, who createdst man in wealth and store, Though foolishly he lost the same, Decaying more and more, Till he became Most poore: With thee Oh let me rise As larks, harmoniously, And sing this day thy victories: Then shall the fall further the flight in me. The shape of

13、the poem strikes us as most unusual because it is not like that of a conventional poem. When we look more closely at the wording, and use some imagination, we may begin to speculate on why the poet has designed the poem in this way. We become able to appreciate the uniqueness and the originality of

14、the poets design. The text looks very much like a bulls eye or a target with a series of concentric circles. Most interestingly, the lexical items in the poem support this interpretation. Each circle from the outside to the inside represents a progression in the degree of seriousness of injury. The

15、interpretation of this type of poetry depends much on what the poem looks like. 14 B. Type of print: Literary writers choose to express their ideas by manipulating the type of print which include italics, bold print, capitalization and decapitalization, etc. Me up at doesMe up at doesout of the floo

16、rquietly Starea poisoned mousestill who aliveis asking whathave i done thatYou wouldnt have(e.e. cummings)a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietlyout of the floorup at Meis asking whathave I done thatYou wouldnt have 16 ExplainAccording to the convention of verse composition, the first le

17、tter of each line should be capitalized. However, Cummings here breaches the convention by only capitalizing the first letter of the opening line and that of the closing line so that the two words ME and YOU stand out and become stylistically prominent. Me and You are also in strong contrast with i.

18、17 The poet may intend to have the reader see that the addresser considers himself to be superior to the mouse. However, the addresser does not seem to be so calm and sober as the poisoned mouse, for the mouse speaks much more grammatically than he does. This shows satirically the fact that those wh

19、o appear to be important and powerful and are in a position to manipulate others destinies may in fact be very weak inwardly. 18 In other words, they do evil against their own conscience, they cannot help revealing their uneasy feelings. Since i is the self-address of the mouse, the decapitalization

20、 may demonstrate that the mouse wishes to show its humbleness. The capitalization of You on the other hand manifests that the mouse pays much respect to the addresser (the human being-Me), at least outwardly. 19 C. Grammetrics (语法单位嵌入诗歌单位)By grammetrics is meant the ways in which grammatical units a

21、re fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas. Example: This Is Just to Say William Carlos Williams I have eaten the plums that were in the ice-box 20 and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so cold21 Explanation:1. The title of the poem

22、 does not stand on its own, as is usually the case. It is the main clause of the first sentence which runs over the first two stanzas of the poem. 22 It may implicate that poem can be read as a whole and stressed the unity of the discourse, the arousal of the readers expectation and interest. Every

23、line of the poem creates a pulling-forward effect, though there may be differences in the degree of strength. The overall pulling-forward effect brings great immediacy to the sensuous experience being described in the poem.23 The title and the first stanza of the poem, by constantly arousing syntact

24、ic expectation from the reader, Williams seems to try to get the reader involved immediately and actively in reading the poem and to give great immediacy to what is described. In the last stanza, the slowing down of the pace allows the reader to share the taste of the plum in a leisurely manner with

25、 the speaker I, thus showing that he lays great emphasis on immediate sensuous experience. 40-Love24 25 26 3.3 Syntactic DeviationIt refers to departure form normal (surface) grammar, which subsumes: unusual clause themes, unusual phrase structures. A. unusual clause themes B. unusual phrase structu

26、res 27 A. Unusual clause themes (主位)(1 ) Definition of Theme: the initial part of the clause is called theme, which can be subdivided into unmarked and marked theme. The literary writer often use the latter to create a strong literary effect. 1). a. The discreet door shut with a click.b. With a clic

27、k the discreet door shut.c. The discreet door clicked shut.2） My opinion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (Dickens: David Copperfield)3）Yield Yield No Parking.Unlawful to Pass.Wai

28、t for Green Light.YieldStop.Narrow Bridge.Merging Traffic Ahead.Yield.Yield . -Ronald Gross 4) The wanderer W.H. Auden There head falls forward, fatigued at evening, At dreams of home, Waving from window, spread of welcome, Kissing of wife under single sheet; But waking sees Bird-flocks nameless to

29、him, through doorway voices Of new men making another love.30 31 (2) A discussion of the adverbials in the initial position Typical example Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain.Notes: The use of alone first makes it possible for the line to rhyme with the next one, and b

30、estow a musical quality to the poem. Secondly, this fronting of the adjunct makes the element highly noticeable and reinforce the theme of the poem3)Thematic fronting: More instancesOut of the Air, Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,Over the woodlands brown and bare, Over the harvest-fiel

31、ds forsaken, silent, and soft, and slow Descends the snow. -H. W. Longfellow: SnowflakesNotes: The theme of the six clauses is composed of seven adverbials, which can emphasized the manners and the process of the snow falling.4) Periodical sentenceTo believe your own thought, to believe that what is

32、 true for you in your private heart is true for all menthat is genius. (Ralph Emerson)It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife. (J. Austin: Pride and Prejudice)Out of his other property, out of the things he had collected, his silv

33、er, his pictures, his houses, his investments, he got a secret and intimate feeling: out of her he got home. (J. Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property Chapter V) America If youll stop and think for just a moment, youll find we have more of the good things in this country than anywhere el

34、se in the world.Think of this land. From the surf at Big Sur to a Florida sunrise. And all the places in between.The Grand Canyonthe wheat fields of KansasAutumn in New Hampshireyou could go on forever. But America is more than a place of much beauty . Its a place for good times.Its the Saturday nig

35、ht.Its a trip down a dirt road in a beat up old jalopy.（破旧车）Its your team winning.Its a late night movie you could enjoy a thousand times. And, yes, when youre thirsty, its the taste of ice-cold Coca-Cola. Its a real thing. In fact, all of the good things in this country are real .Theyre all around

36、you ,plainly visible. We point to many of them in our advertising. But you can discover many , many more without ever seeing a single commercial for Coke.So have a bottle of Cokeand start looking up. The Coca-Cola Company5)Inversion (1) semi-inversionThis responsibility we accept wholly, and we woul

37、d willingly bear it alone. (Saussure: Course in General Linguistics)(2) total-inversionThere, smoking his pipe in the old place by the kitchen firelight, as hale and as strong as ever, though a little grey, sat Joe: and there , fenced into the corner with Joes leg, and sitting on my own little stool

38、 looking at the fire, wasI again! (Charles Dickens: Great Expectations)1.主谓倒置 上哪儿找啊，你？（疑问句）放心吧，爸爸妈妈！（祈使句）终于过去了，中国最后一个王朝的统治！（感 叹句）已经去上课了，他们。（陈述句）2.定语、状语后置 许多外国人，到中国游历的，都特地赶来观礼这次大婚的盛况。（定语后置，“的”字短语）农民们，男的女的、老的少的，愁眉苦脸地清理着破烂的东西。（定语后置，“的”字短语）头上插着许多鲜花，横七竖八的。（定语后置，“的”字短语）他走上了领奖台，慢慢地，羞怯地。（状语后置，形容词）她站在哪儿，静静地。

39、（状语后置，形容词）他醉熏熏地走着，摇摇摆摆地。（状语后置形容词）同学们都来了，从祖国的四面八方。（状语后置介词短语）他退休了吧，大概。（状语后置副词）6）elliptical sentenceUltra taste. Never-before, silk smooth, truly satisfying tastein a ultra low tar cigarette!Construction site! No Admittance!Detour!Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where; fog down the river, whereFog cr

40、eeping into, fog lying out on; fog drooping onFog in the eyes and throats of ; fog in stems and bowl of (Charles Dichens: Bleak House)No, not like that. A barren land, bare waste. Volcanic lake, the dead sea; no fish, weedless, sunk deep in the earth. No wind lift those waves, grey metal, poisonous

41、water， foggy waters. Brimstone they called it raining down; the cities of the plain; Sodom, Gomarrah, Edom.All dead names. (James Joyce: Ulysses)7) Simple sentencePeople think I am foolish and ignorant, but Im not. I listen. I hear. I see. I think. I read. I walk along by myself. (Taylor Caldwell: T

42、estimony of Two Men)Leaves wiggle. Grass Sways. A bird chirps, pecks the ground. (William Gass. In the Hear of the Hearts of the Country)8）Climax The poor, the foul, the false, love canAdmit, but not the busied man. (John Donne)We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-plac

43、e for those who here gave their lives that the nation might live. It is altogether fit and proper that we should do this. But in a large sense we cannot dedicatewe cannot consecratewe cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poo

44、r power to add or detract (Abraham Lincoln: Gettysburg Address)An earthquake, a landslip, an avalanche, overtake a man incidentally, as it were without passion. A furious gale attacks him like a person enemy, tries to grasp his limbs, fastens upon his mind, seeks to rout his very spirit out of him.

45、(Joseph Conrad: Typhoon)9）anti-climaxIf once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he comes next to drinking and Sabbath-breaking, and from that to incivility(粗鲁) and procrastination（拖延）. (Thomas De Quincy: Title of Essay: Supplementary Pap

46、ers)On the tenth day of Cwthma (Commonwealthmas)the Commonwealth brought to me:Ten Sovereign NationsNine Governors GeneralEight Federations Seven Disputed AreasSix Trust TerritoriesFive Old RealmsFour present or prospective republicsThree High Commission TerritoriesTwo Ghana-Guinea FawlOne Stirling

47、AreaOne Dollar DominionOne Sun That Never SetsOne Maltese CrossOne Marrylebone Cricket ClubOne Trans-Arctic ExpeditionAnd a Mother Country Up a Gum Tree.(A Political Carol From “The Economist” , A Piece of Burlesque)50 B. Deviant Phrase StructureTo employ phrase that are structurally deviant for the

48、 purpose of certain communicative effects. A discussion of a grief ago; He sang his didnt and he dance his did. e.g. O What a noble mind is here oerthrown! The courtiers, soldiers, scholars eye, tongue, sword. (Shakespere, Hamlet)ExplainThis is the speech given by Ophelia who considered that Hamlet

49、was mad. The irregular collocation (i.e. courtiers eye; soliders tongue, and scholars sword) highlightened the madness of Hamlet. Furthermore, each possessor is separated from its possessed so that both logic and everyday expectation of speech seem to be mixed up in the disaster.52 Example 2:Do not

50、go gentle into that good nightOld age should burn and rave(咆哮) at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good night here means death Gentle here

51、means one should not accept death without resistance. Such deviant use of gentle attract much attention to the line itself and makes the reader pause to think seriously about the meaning of the line and meaning of death.53 4. Lexical deviationDefinition: it refers almost exclusively to neologism or

52、the coinage of new words. And the new word that literary writer invents are usually made up for use only one particular occasion, and can therefore be called “nonce-formations”. Categories: affixation, compound, and conversion Affixation: the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already e

53、xists in the language.54 And I Tiresias have foresuffered all. There was a balconyful of gentlemen. We left the town refreshed and rehatted. Foresuffer: it is possible to anticipate mystically the suffering of the future, just as it is possible to foresee or to have foreknowledge of the future event

54、s. Balconyful: it affords a vivid description of the number of people staying on the balcony.Rehatted:itisphoneticharmonywithitsparalleledrefreshedandthusproducesahumorousandcomiceffect.55 Compounding:thecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone. 56 While I, joy-jumping, empty-eyed sang on

55、 the day my father died. Babes wake Open-eyed; They were else-minded then, altogether, the men. Explain: joy-jumping: to jump because of joy. Empty-eyed: there are no tears in the eye of the speaker57 Open-eyed: express the surprise or astonishment caused by the mingled loud noise of shouting or scr

56、eaming and barking when school is out. else-minded: he is thinking of something other than what requires his attention. Conversion: the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form. For example: A) That hearts That spanield me at heels, to whom I give58 Their wish, d

57、o discandy, melt their sweets On blossoming Caesar; and this pine is barkd That overtopped them all. B) “Dont be such a harsh parent, father” “Dont father me!” 59 C) I was explaining the Golden Bull to his Royal Highness, “Ill Golden Bull you, you rascal!” roared the Majesty of Prussia. Explaining S

58、panield is a conversion from “spaniel”, referring to a spaniel long-haired breed of hunting dog with floppy ears, a silky coat and a usually docked tail. This gives a vivid picture of those who once followed Antony closely and obediently like a spaniel follow its master. 61 Golden Bull: to fight lik

59、e a golden bull. It manifests the boorishness of the Majesty of Prussia.Father: dont call me father! Dont speak to me as if you were my father! But me no buts.63 Out of sight, out of mind It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness 64 I came, I saw, I conquered. Veni ,vidi ,vici. Caesar65 Euphemisms To go to a better world, to go the way of all flesh, to join the silent majority, etc. 66 Love is more thicker than forget e.e. cu