高考英语真题解析分项版汇编专题11科普类阅读理解

1、2011年高考英语试题考点分项解析阅读理解分类汇编之科普知识类（2011 湖南卷）CA recent study of ancient and modern elephant has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct （ 不同的 ）speciesThe discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard University when they were examing the gene

2、tic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon modern elephants the Asian elepphant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant.Once they obastain DNA sequences （序歹U） from two fossils （化石）,mammoths and mastodons, the team comparted them with DNA from modern elephants. Th

3、ey found their amazement that mordern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million y

4、ears. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific

5、 evidence so far that they are indeed different species.Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populationgs of the same species, despite the elephants significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height

6、 of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an averate shoulder double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so differrent does not neccssarily mean they are different species. However the prooflay in the analysisi of the DNA.Alfried Roca, assitant professor in the Departme

7、nt of Animal Sciences at t he University of Illinois, said,“ We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two difficult units for conservation purpose. Since 1950, all Afican elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants have been distinc

8、t animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority （优先）for conservation purposes.66.One of the fossiles studied by the researchers is that of.the Asian elephantthe forest elephantthe savanna elephantthe maslodon elephantThe underlined word“ divergence “ in Paragraph 4 means ”evolutionexh

9、ibitionseparationexaminationThe researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant . sDNAheightweightpopulationWhat are Alfred Roca s words mainly about?The conservation of Afican elephantThe purpose of studying Afican elephantThe way to divide Afican elephants into two unitsThe ren

10、son for the distinction of African elephantsWhich of the following can be the best tille for the passage?Naturalist liefsBbout 曰ephantsAmazing Experiments about ElephantsAn Unexpected Finding ahout ElephantsA Long Scientifif Debate about Elephants【文章大意】本文为说明文。最近的一项研究表明非洲大象被分为两种截然不同的物种。.D 细节理解题。根据第三段

11、的第一句Once they obtained DNA sequences （序列）fromtwo fossils（化石），mammoths and mastodons可知答案为 D。.C词义猜测题。前面一句讲到了这两种大象分离成不同的物种已有数百万年了，由此可判断divergence在此是“分离”之意。.A细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知研究人员的结论是在检测非洲大象DNA的基础上得出来的。.A推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知Alfred Roca的话主要讲的是对不同的非洲大象要分别采取不同的保护措施。.C主旨大意题。根据本文的主题句（第一段）可知选 C。（2011 江西卷）DWhy

12、 should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.Perhaps th

13、e best answer lies in our genetic makeup（基因构成）as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this g

14、enetic tendency to expand wherever possible.Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.Explorat

15、ion also allows minerals and other potential （ 潜在的）resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical app

16、lications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products （副产品） of te

17、chnological developments in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many won

18、ders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.While Earth is the only planet known to support l

19、ife, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?To express his doubts.To

20、compare different ideas.To introduce points for discussion.To describe the conditions on Earth. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?Humans are nature-born to do so.Humans have the tendency to fight.Humans may find new sources of food.Humans don t like to stay in the same place

21、. The underlined word “spinoffs “ in Paragraph 4 probably refers to.A. survival chancesB. potential resourcesC. unexpected benefitsD. physical possessions. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?A. Our genetic makeup.B. Resources on the earth.C. The adaptive ability of humans. D.

22、 By-products in space exploration. Which of the statements can best sum un the passage?Space exploration has created many wonders.Space exploration provided the best value for money.Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth.D.Space exploratino may help us avoid potential proble

23、m on Earth.【文章大意】人类为什么要探寻太空的奥妙？为什么在探索之路上花去如此多的时间、金钱和精力？本文作者将为你解答。7LC推理判断题,逋读全文可知，第一段提出问题，而下文正是对第一段问题的解释，故作者提出这 几个问题是想引出本文话题。72A细节理解题.由第二段最后一句可知，人举W生如唬,第二段是典型的总分总结构，主旨句在段 首周尾: Perl?叩s 4ie bect answer lies in ourm瑞e睢弛 human being?.主要原因在于人类基因口Piliapi tli A itjjjii iur exploring spat-tendency7 to expand

24、 5tierev= pcisibk. IS E 选里 错在fight这个词, CD没提及。73.C词义猜测题。第四段前几句提到了探索太空会有意外收疣 而该句的alrea也也暗示iiKluding 后列举的是一些意外的收获，故spin-offs指的是unexpected benefitso74c细节理解题。由最后一段第一句可知，人类可能在其他星球上生存是因为人绝适应能力强“ 故选（作刀十.最上岳题通读全文可知，文章主要艳述了大空探旗对人类的益处，它能帮人苦刀吧门煤 在的问题型里故口项正确“（2011 江苏卷）CAccording to the US government, wind farms

25、off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year.Unfortunately,the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills（see picture）to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway,however,could help put them anywhere.The project, called Hywind,is the

26、 world-scaiefirst largedeepwater wind turbine（涡轮发电机）.Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton, 2.3-megawatt turbine,Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar（see picture）,a technology Hywind s crTech to WatdiL Deepwater Windmiih

27、 Norwegian company StatoilHydro,has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable（缆索）；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the wav es.Hywind s stabi

28、l琬定性）in the cold and rough sea wouldprove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.To produce electricity on a large scale,

29、a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on afloating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar s to designa new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox（变速箱）sits at

30、sea level rather than behind the blades （see picture ）Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deep-sea far

31、ms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet s surface to one of thedaffibbhowower sources available.The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of.the cables whic

32、h tie the spar to the ocean floorthe spar which is floating in deep-sea waterthe blades driven by strong and steady sea windthe stones filled in the spar below the sea surfaceTo balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting.A. on t

33、he sea floorB. on the spar topC. at sea levelD. behind the bladesWide applications of deepwater wind power technology can.solve the technical problems of deepwater windmillsmake financial profits by producing more turbinessettle the arguments about environmental problemsexplore low-carbon power reso

34、urces available at sea【语篇解读】本篇为科普类文章。介绍了涡轮发电机的构造及工作原理。63.答案B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第三句话 “a floating spar, a technolgoy Hywind s creator 其中 a technology Hywind s c是atopar的同位语， 因止匕 B 正确。64答案C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话“，oe whose gearbox sits at sea level ratherthan behind the blades 可知 C 正确。62.答案D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一

35、句话If the technology catches on, it will open upvast areas of the planet s surface to one of th-Ebrbotrlcpower sources available.可知D正确。（2011 湖北卷）BHowling is a behavior commonly observed among a wolf park. An animals, wolves work together to hunt and rely on howling was an important means of communica

36、tion each other.There are different explants of a wolf s howl and it appears thabtteet disayober.s almost as if howling togetherOne theory is that wolves howl to bend better together. It helps the pack stay together. Perhaps something similar to people feeling a sense of involvement with each other

37、when singing a song together . But this theory may be wrong, explains Fred H. Harington, a professor who studies wolf behavior.Indeed, there have been tines when wolves have been seen one moment howling in a exhorts, and the next, quarreling anions each other. It appears that usually the lowest-tank

38、ing menthes of the pack may actually beforpunished ”Joining in the churs at times. So is howling a way to strcagthen a social boad or just a way to reconfirm status among its members?Why do welves howl for sure?What is cleat, however, is that howling is often used among packmates to locate each othe

39、r. Hunting grounds are distant and it happens that woloves may separate from one another at times. When this happens, howling appcars to be an ercellent means of gathering.Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behaviour. When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often s

40、een to occat in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sotr of “ roll rall “ where wolves all howl togeter to howl, very likely others will follow. This is often seen to occar in the morning, as if wolves were doing w some sotr of “ roll call ” where wolves all howl together to repotr their pteen

41、ce.What the possible similarity between wolves howling together and human sing in chorus?A.The act of calling each other.B.the sense of accomplishment.C.The act of hunting for something.D.The sense of belonging to a group.Why does Harrington think the “ secial boad theory may be wrong?A.Wolves separ

42、ate from each other after howling.B.Wolves tend to protect their hunting grounds.C.Wolves sometimes have quarrels after howling together.D.Wolves of low rank are encouraged to join in the chorus.Reseatchers are sure that wolves often howl to.A.show their ranksB.find their companionC.report the missi

43、ng ones0.express their lonelingess. “Howling is a contagious behaviour” （in the last paragraph）means.A.howling is a signal for huntingB.howling is a way of communicationC.howling aften occurs in the morningD.howling spreads from one to another【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍人们对循喔口原因的认识和研究成果.推理判断应依据第二S第三句话可知,生群嚎喷吹梏

44、合唱可能存在的相彳吐处是带来日属感。 工式细节理解题.第二段最后一句说，匕叮运懿虹认为这个理论（狼嚎是为了联系感情）是精误的， 紧接着第三段第一句话说明了他的依据，实际情况是有时狼嚎之后往往是争侬。57,E细节理解题.依据第四段内容可知，很确定的一点是，很多情况下狼嚎是为了寻找伙伴，以聚集 在一起。58.D句意理解题.依据最后一段内容尤其是第二句可知，髓嚎具有传染性，一头流吼叫之后其他狼眼 着效仿，于是出现群嚎现象。（2011 湖北卷）EWhich are you more likely to have wath you at sny given mementyour cell phone o

45、r your wallet? Soon you may be able to throw your wallet away and pay for things with a quick wave of your smart phone over an electroue scannet.In January, Starbucks announced that customers could start using their phones to buy coffee in 6,800 of its states. This is the first pay-by-phone practice

46、 in the U.S., but we re likely to see more witeless payment alternatives as something called ucar field communcation（NFC）GETS IN TO Americas consumet electanies. Last Deccmbet some new smart phanes which cantain an NFC chip were introduced to the public.Already in use in part of Asia and Europe, NFC

47、 allows shoppers to wave theie phones a few inchs above a payment terminal-a contact-free system build for speed and convenience. plan a few incees live a payment tetminal a one a few ptaht need to be worked out, like who will get to collect the profitable trunsacian（交易）fees. Although some credit ca

48、rd providers have been experimenting with wave and pay systems that use NFC enabled credit cards, cellphone service providers truay try to mused their way into the point of sale (POS)market. Three big cell phone service providers have formed a joinf tenture( 合资企业)that will go into opention over the

49、next 15 months. Its goal is “to lead the U.S. payments industry from cards to mobile phone.”The other big NFC sue, apart from how paymeats will be processed, is security, For instance, whats to stop a thief from digitally pickpocketing you? Were still not at the point where an attacker can just brus

50、h against yee in a crowd and steal all the money out of your phone,“ says Jimmy Shah. A mobile security rescarcher, “ Usera may also be able to set transaction timeits,requiring a password to be enteced for larger putchases.Bus siness? Keep in mund you lost your smart phone, it can be located on a l

51、ocated on a map and remotely disabled. Plus, your phone can be password protected, Your wallet isnt. 67.What is predicted to happen in the U.S.?A.The expansion of cellphone companices.The boom of pay-by-phone business.The dissppearanceof credit cards.The increase of Starbucks sales.s68.The NFC techn

52、ology can be used to.ensure the safety of shopperscollect transaction fees easilymake purchase faster and simplerimprove the quality of cellphones.Three cellphone service providers form a joint venture to.A. strengthen their relationshipB .get a share in the payments industryC .sell more cellphonesD

53、. test the NFC teehnoingy.According to the what can users do if they lose their smart phones?A. Stop the function of their phones.B .Stop a passwant.C .Cat all the money out of their phones.D. Can large purchases.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介貂美国最新推出的一项基于手机的新技术,它使得通过手机直接 划拨费用成为可能，使得肖费更加快捷、便利。67. B推理判断题从第二段第一、二两句尤

54、其是第二句中的曾ere likely toseemore mrelessp6THent a标mativ.”可推口，随着NF匚技术运用于电子产品，手机付费消费会越来越多地出队 铝细节理解题。依据第三段的第一句可知二日二技妻假薄消费更加怏捷、便利。与E.匚细节理解歌.根据文章第三段Alread：- iii upan of Asia and Europe, NFC allm 由。即干m/,也可 出史 ie phones a few in ths above a payment terminal-a cotitact-frte system build for speed and cctivaiien

55、ce. 可知答案“69.B 细节理解题,根据文章第三段的 Three big cell phone sen ice pnyijiders have formed a joinf tentu双合 资企业）由 at will go into cpenticn over the next 15 mouths. Its goal i? u? lead the U.S. payments in du 5tly from cards to mob* 1 * phone.，?可知答案。70, A 推理小 抿据文章最后一句 Keep in mind aq yout沏art phener it can bu k

56、?caE；T * ,J aned六抬 a map md iditeEV disabled. Plus, your phone cm be pasaord protected, Your wallet isiu Ji）pftsd on a mWREAM的notely di弱bk由中romore相当于stope可知当目己的手机丢失了，可以远翟锁定智能手机？（2011 全国2卷）BFor those who study the development of intelligence （智力）in the animal world, self-awareness is an important mea

57、surement. An animal that is aware（意识）of itself has a high level of intelligence.Awareness can be tested by studying whether the animal recognizes itself in the mirror, that is, its own reflected image （反射出的影像）.Many animals fail this exercise bitterly,paying evry little attention to the reflected ima

58、ge. Only humans, and some intelligent animals like apes and dolphins, have shown to recognize that the image in the mirror is of themselves.Now another animal has joined the club. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report that an Asian elephant has passed the mirror

59、self-reflection test.We thought that elephants were the next important animal, “ said Dinana Reiss of the Wildlife Conservation Society, an author of the study with Joshua M.Plotnik and Fans B.M. de Waal of Emory University. With their large brains, Reiss said, elephants seemed like cousins to apes

60、and dolphins；The researchers tested Happy, Maxine and Patty, three elephants at the BronxZoo.They put an 8-foot-square mirror on a wall of the animals play area (out of the sight of zoo visitors) and recorded what happened with cameras, including one built in the mirror.The elephants used their long