高考英语二轮复习阅读理解题型专讲专练学生版

1、2012届高考英语二轮专题复习阅读理解题型专讲专练（学生版）【细节理解题】做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧， 考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带 着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的 技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。除了 运用扫读法外，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快 速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有 所熟悉的情况下进行的，它的特点是带

2、着问题去寻求答案，它往往与略读综合使用。R第一招直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模 一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和 句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等 关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断，此类试题在高考中占大多 数。其常见命题方式有：1、特殊疑问句形式。以 what, who, when, where, which, how much / many等引出的问题；2、是非题。通常以 true / false, not true / f

3、alse 提问以及以 according to the text 开 头；3、填空题。通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节；4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。R第二招略读材料，大概了解全文，掌握其中心或主旨。R第三招按文章的体裁，如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和有关的信息词，如for example, first, second等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和对比型段落等。如时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式进行查 读，寻找有关细节。R第四招将精力放在寻找你所

4、需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z型扫读，直到找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对、比较内容，直至找到答案。R第五招了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有以下五个 特点：是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；符合常识，但不是文内容；与原句的内 容极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；部分正 确，部分错误。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语甚至一个单词，因此需 要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。【试题分析】1、直接信息理解题细节的直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读

5、材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要的细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推论或结 论的时候）能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息，直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解，将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题，具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及句型找到正确的释义。例如： The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, makin

6、g sure that trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the world s most powerful economic organizations, taking its place alongside the World Bank and International Money Fund.The system of global

7、rules for international trade, however, dates back half a century to 1948 when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed after World War II.As time went by, is became clear that the GATT had two major drawbacks-the limited areas of trade it covered, and the lack of an effective system to

8、 settle disputes.After seven years of trade talks ending in 1994, the so-called Uruguay Round finally give birth to the WTO, complete with an effective system to settle disputes and new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property.Even after seven years of talks and 22, 500 pages of ag

9、reements, there were still problems, especially the difficulty to deal with areas of agriculture and services, which the member nations agreed to revise in 2000, The WTO, with its head office in Geneva, has 135 members with 30 more waiting to join.总述：本文主要介绍了世贸组织的演变过程，即由最初的关贸总协定，到后来的乌拉圭回合 谈判，到1995年1月

10、1日成立的世贸组织，其演变经历了大半个世纪，使其成为世界上最大 的国际经济组织。From the passage we know that the GATT stopped working.A. soon after World War II ended B. a little more than 50 years after World War IIC. just in the year 1994 D. seven years before the Uruguay Round talkCompared with the GATT, the WTO.didn t pay enough atte

11、n tion to services and intellectual propertygot its members to sign the agreements more easilyhas got to many areas of international trade to deal with to work effectivelycan do better to settle disputes in more areas of international tradeIn the new century the WTO will.take the place of the World

12、Bank and International Monetary Fundhave more members and settle more problemsmake complete new rules in every area of international tradehave new rules covering trade in services and intellectual property【猜测词义题】R第一招利用上下文语境线索 上下文线索猜测词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。 利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分

13、析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大 关键，也是高考的热点。如：If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I don t like to be with him.A. drunkB. sweatingC. happyD. mistaken练习：A deaf and dump guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails.The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and

14、 fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing.All the houses in the city collapsed during the earthquake.For people who live within a stone s throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable. The conflagration was so fierce th

15、at with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles. Charlotte s tale was inspired by the girls coin collection.We ve collectedforeign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife, “

16、she explains.“That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in. ”The underlined woreapesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of.A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin. In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world s greatest mathematical 17th centu

17、ry, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.Which of the following best explains the meaning of th

18、e word “baffle as it is used in the text?To encourage people to raise questions.To cause difficulty in understanding.To provide a person with an explanation.To limit people s imagination.(8). Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houng s deedsremind us of what we usually negl

19、ect: love and care for others. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.The underlined wordadonation in Paragraph 3 probably means.A. invitation to give a speech B. something, espe

20、cially given to help othersC. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a heroR第二招利用定义和解释性线索根据定义或解释猜测词义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解 释说明性的短语或句子， 如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, tomean ,in other words 等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表 示。.直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解

21、句子或段落本身就是推断词义。如:In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.根据上下文的定义可知 jam 一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。定义句的谓语 动词多为： be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent 等。.同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有

22、时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引 号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i . e. 等副词或短语出现。.定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。 如： The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中100ks after sheep就表明了 herdsman的词义为牧羊人。(2010年四川师大附中高三模拟题)You sho

23、uld never put a cotton swab or other object into the ear canal. But you can use a swab or cloth to clean the outer part of the ear. The experts agree with the old saying that you should never put anything smaller than your elbow in your ear.( )What does aswab mostly probably mean?something soft, sma

24、ll and used in clinicssomething hard, long and used at homesomething thin, wet and like an elbowsomething safe, big and like a toy如：Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(军用物资 ),whileothers carried only passengers.练习(1)Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal

25、with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play.Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that give

26、s a person the desire to steal.The word “lefty “ means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs.Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing.A person who has the

27、SARS(非典型肺炎)may have symptoms like coughing and ahigh temperature.(2011 湖南卷C篇)The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place aro

28、und the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.67. The underlined word adivergence in paragraph 4 means ”.A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination(7)1. The elder learn to master the Internet and to overcome what Lansdale ca

29、lls the maladies of the institutionalized: loneliness, helplessness, boredom, and lose of memory. Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies (军用物资),while others carried only passengers. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould (霉菌)so that they can getpenicillin from it

30、in order to make antibiotics, that is , substances that kill germs. Marine biology, the study of oceanic plants and animals and their relation, has furthered the efficient development of fisheries. Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, suchas shoplifter, who always ta

31、ke away things from the shop without paying for them.R第三招利用因果关系在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisionswithout seeking the opinions of others.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词 autocratic 指“独断专行的”。因果关系的语境，通常由 because, so ,therefore, so

32、 that, so / suchthat 等连词体现。Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized byrhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n. slang. Empty talk.4. adj. of or like j

33、azz; a jazz band, jazz records.What does the word jazz mean in the following sentence?Don t give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen food

34、s melted.He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen andTodd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety ofthe garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.R第四招利用反义词或反义关系有的文章作者

35、为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, intead of,rather than 等信息词。如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.该例中su

36、percilious 对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语 in contrast(相对 照的，相对比的)提示我们supercilious 和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比 关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious 意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。再如：One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information.Quite the reverse, business polite, life itselfis games which we

37、must normally playwith very imperfect information.A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented.He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.“Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can t be easily swallowed down. They mustbe caref

38、ully cultivated. ”The underlined word acultivated ” (Paragraph 1) roug hly means.A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developedOne idea about business is that it can be treated as a gameof perfect information. Quite the reverse , business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play

39、with very imperfect information.Which of the following can be used in place of“quite the reverse ?A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlikely D. Just the opposite.Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.Unlike the Unite States where many d

40、ifferent nationalities make up the population, Japan s population is quite homogeneous.R第五招利用同义线索和同等关系同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语W similarly, like, just as, also, as well 等。如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk 与生词loquacious 之间为

41、类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一 成分，而且他们的词义属一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关 系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。如： Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and

42、he did not want to jeopardize his future.作者为避免重复使用endanger 一词用其同义词jeopardize 来替代它，由此推知jeopardize 词义为使陷入危险，危及、危害”。.我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。例如：You cantake any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching inSchools, or English Lea

43、rning.根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知，periodicals 是“期刊”之意。根据上下文及生活常识猜测词义.有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确 定词义。例如： The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither 的词义为“爬行”。(2010年湖南省六校联考)- But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, w

44、ithout being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.( )The underlined word “loath in this paragraph has the closest meaning toA. unwilling练习B. eager C. pleasedD. hurtMillions of animals die each year onUS roads, the Federal Highway administrationreports. In fact, only about 80 ocelo

45、ts, an endangered wild cat exist in the US today. The main reason? Roadkill.mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.Weshould, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, of they will make our speech silly and vulgar.R第六招利用例证性线索某些冷僻的词汇

46、后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。Such as, like, for example, forinstance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。 1. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning. 2. Many United nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages flue

47、ntly.R第七招根据构词法阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。 教学大纲已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认 定为生词。英语单词的构成方法主要有三种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是 由词根、词头（前缀）、词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。 在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种 词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语 中常见的前缀和后缀有： 根据构词法来猜测词义super-（超），inter-（

48、 在之间），-able（ 能的），mini-（ 极少的，微型的 ），micro-（极微小的），re-（再，反复），sub-（分支的，底下），co-（共同），post-（后），pre-（前），trans-（超 越；转换），under-（在之下；低于；不足 ）,-hood（状态；性质；时期）,-ish（如的；有点儿的）；-proof（防的；不能穿透的）,-scope（景），-ship（身份；资格；权力；性质），-some（易于的），-wards（向），mis-（误；恶），un-（不；非），in-（不；非）,im-（不；非），dis-（不）,non-（ 不；非），-less（不；无），anti-（

49、反；防），sino-（ 中国）。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的）,结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的）, 我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的“。（2010年广东华南师大附中高三综合测试）Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why

50、can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life. （ ）The underlined word aprolong in the paragraph means. A. save B. protect C. lengthen D. improve 代词that/it/they/them所指

51、代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中 （特别是前句）,或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看看这句话是否合理，与前面的内 容是否一致，然后再判断它是否为正确答案。 判断代词的确指对象Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many

52、 years ago, it seems that more and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.R第八招注意熟词生义英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义 需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟悉词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过 3%其二，熟悉词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟悉词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那 就更难理解了。下题中划线的词可换为：New York, 10 Novem

53、ber, 5:27 p.m.,yesterday. Biggest power failure in the city shistory.A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lackA bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27. At 5:30 a .m. , the riders will leave Tian an Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training lge .Then the next 55 kilomet

54、ers from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive part for the tour.A. race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tourR第九招根据常识或经验猜测词义在阅读中碰到生词时，我们有时可以运用逻辑推理能力、自身的生活经验及生活常识去推断 生词的含义。当然也要结合语境。Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helpi

55、ng to slow global warming.The underlined phrase “mopping up in the second paragraph mea ns.A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving upShe walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop . She pushed pastthe desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum nodded and said,“Very dirty floor

56、.R第十招利用词性转化The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.The underlined work“aging mean s.A. counting the number of years

57、someone lives B. the numbers of years someone livesC. becoming olderD. making someone looking older【主旨大意】这类题主要是测试学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨 大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有：Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?What is the writer trying to tell us?Which of t

58、he following is the best title for the passage?The purpose of the passage is.The main (general) idea of the passage is.The passage is mainly about.What is mainly discussed in the passage?这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，一些文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常 是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句 话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个

59、主题句或几个陈述句 构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头，首先点明本段大意；有时在结尾，总结本段大忌。做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么， 再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。主题句在整个语段中起着通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展 主题句所表达的主题思想的，其位置一般位于段首，也见于段尾或段中。另外在许多文段中，设有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细 节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时 过于宽泛，要恰如其分。这就需要进一步加工概括了。R第一招在许多情况下，尤

60、其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主 题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含 在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段， 或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过 论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意， 所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。例如：河北唐山市高三第