高考英语英语语法系列之动词不定式知识点分析

1、高考英语 英语语法系列之动词不定式知识点分析【知识梳理】不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do 。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化.不定式可作主语、宾语、 状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for十名词或代词宾格” 构成。(1)不定式的用法：作主语不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中， 往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。例如：To serve the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我的最大幸福。It

2、is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。不定式作主语常见句型如下：It is + adj (easy, important, difficult)+ 不定式It is + n (a pity, a pleasure, one s duty, a shame) + 不定式It takes/needs/requires +some time (hours, months, days, patience )+ 不定式It s important for us to learn English well.我们学好英语很重要。It s my duty to teach yo

3、u how to be a useful person.教你如何做一个有用的人是我的职责。It requires patience to be a good teacher.当个好老师需要耐心。作宾语不定式短语作宾语时，位于及物动词之后。可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。例如：I offered to help her, but

4、 she refused.我提出帮助她，但她拒绝了。He pretended not to hear me.他假装没听见我(的声音) 。I don t want to sound like I m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager s plan is unfair.我不想听起来象在说别人坏话，但经理的计划是不公平的。如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it作形式宾语。常用 动词有 feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。例如：I find it interesting t

5、o work with him.我发现与他共事很有趣。We feel it our duty to help others.我们认为帮助别人是我们的责任。Science and technology has made it possible for man to fly in space.科学技术已经使人类能够遨游太空了。下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out 、advise、know等 例如：Can you teach me how to use the computer?你能教我使用电脑吗？I do

6、n t know what to do next.我不知道下一步怎么办。作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语位于宾语之后，表示宾语的动作或状态。常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell,advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等。例如：He asked me to do the work with him,他要我与他一起干。You should get more people to help you.你应该多找些人帮你。The teacher expected every

7、one to study hard,老希望每个人者 B 努力学习。汪思：a.在 see, watch , look at , notice, observe , have, let , make, hear, listen to , feel ,help等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to 。例如：I often hear him sing the song .我经常听见他唱这只歌。The teacher usually made the students recite the text.老师通常让学生背颂课文。Would you please help me （to） repair my bik

8、e?请帮我修理自行车好吗？但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。例如：He is often heard to sing the song .人们常听到他唱这只歌。The students were usually made to recite the text.学生们常被要求背颂课文。b.不定式动词在介词but , except , besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to ,否则要带to .如：She could do nothing but cry. 她只是哭。What do you like to do besides s

9、wim?除了 游泳你还喜欢干什么?c.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than 后省to。Why not、had better 、would rather 、can t but等词后省 to。如：He could not but walk home. 他只好走回家。注意：e,常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider / ima

10、gine / consider / feel+ sb. + to be/ tohave done主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.作定语不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词之后。例如：I have some books for you to read . 我有一些书给你看。We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我们有很多作业要做。He hasn t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有

11、信守定期给父母写信的诺言。注意：a.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作 的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:.他在找房子住。.没有什么可担心的。.请给我一把刀用。He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with但是，不定式所修饰的名词是time , place或way ,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。例如:He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱，也

12、没有房子住。b,当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同.试比较：Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗 ?（不走式to send的动作执行者是 you）Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗?（不定式to be sent 的 动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else）c.下歹U词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、 wish、 right 、courage need、 promise time、opportunity 、

13、way、 the first 、 the second 、 the last 、 the only 等。He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总、是第个至U,最后个走。 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件 例如：I came here to see you .（目的）我来是看你的。We were very excited to hear the news .（原因）听到那消息我们很激动。He hurried to the school to find nobody there.（结果）他匆忙赶到学校，结果发现没有人。To l

14、ook at him, you would like him .（条件）如果你见到，你会喜欢他的。in order （not） to, so as （not） to用来引导目的状语 ，在 enough to, t oo to, so as to, such .as to, only to结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。例如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.那个女孩很热心，帮助老人下车。In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. 为

15、了通过考试，他亥U苦努力学习。We ran all the way so as not to be late.我们一路跑着，以免迟到。He is too old to do that .他太老了，不能做那件事了。The room is big enough to hold us .房间足够大，可以容纳我们。He hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.他匆忙赶至U车站，结果被告知火车已经开走了。不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。例如：I am very glad to hear it .我非常高兴听到这事。The

16、 question is difficult to answer.这个问题很难回答。作表语：位于连系动词之后。例如：My job is to help the patient.我的工作是帮助病人。Our most important task now is to make a plan.我们现在最重要的任务是制定一个计划。注：作表语的不定式都带to ,但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。例如：The only thing we can do now is wait and see.我们现在唯一能做的事就是等着看。作独立成分例如：To tell the truth , I don t a

17、gree with you. 说实话，我不同意你的观点。不定式与疑问词 who, which , when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可 充当主语、表语、宾语等.例如：He didn t know what to say.（宾语）他不知道说什么。How to solve the problem is very important.（主语）如何解决问题是非常重要的。My question is when to start.（表语）我的问题是何时开始。注意：在与why连用时，只用于 why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词 不定式不带to.例如：W

18、hy not have a rest?为什么不休息一下呢？ 不定式的复合结构for/ of sb to do sth以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb.to do sth. 。 这种句式中的常用形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, possible, impossible 等。如果该形容词是指行为人的性质和特征，则用 of sb. to do sth. 。这种句式中的常用形容词 有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever,

19、wise, stupid, cruel, foolish,good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等It is necessary for me to learn English well.我学好英语十分必要。It s difficult for us to master a foreign language.我们掌握一门外语是困难的。It s very kind of you to come to see me.你来看我太好了。It s careless of the boy to make the same mis

20、take again.那个孩子又犯了同样的错误，真是太粗心了。不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式，多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点：a.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式.Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door.)你有钥匙开吗?b.不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的 主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式.I have got a letter to write. ( I write letter .)我有一封信要写

21、。He needs a room to live in . ( He lives in a room .)他有一个房间住。I know what to do . ( I do what .)我知道做什么。(我自己做)但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done.我知道能做什么。(表示可能性，客观)这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语 what是动词do的动作对象。(2)不定式的时态不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生，to do，例如：I saw him

22、go out .我看见他出去了。She wanted to be a doctor when she grew up.她长大了 想当医生。如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进 行式。 to be doing 例如：I am very glad to be working with you. 我彳艮高兴与你共事。Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.当老师进来时，一些学生假装在看书。 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。to have d

23、one，例如：I m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.据说他已经离开舞台了，因为他已经当了官员了。不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。to be done / to have been done, 例如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他要求被派到农村去工作。It is impossibl

24、e for our hopes to be realized.我们的希望不可能实现。据说这本书已经被翻译成英语The book is said to have been translated into English.了。不定式的形式(5)不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not加上不定式构成，即：not to do sth, not to be doing sth, not to have done sth例如：Mother told the children not to play football in the street.街上踢足球。In order not to miss the

25、train they got up early.妈妈要孩子们不要在大He pretended not to have seen his friend为了不错过火车，他们很早就起床了。 他假装没有看见他的朋友。【例行天下】I am sorry toA. have givenyouB. havesomuch trouble.been given(2008江苏)C. giveD.giving答案：A简析：be sorry to have done sth 的完成形式，表示先于谓语动词的动作。变式训练：The promising young man is said to意为“已经干了某事而遗憾”，B,

26、被动形式，不合题意。to have done是不定式A. have written B. havetwo novels.been writtenC. writeD. writing (A)Tim cannot but his supervisor his project. (2009 A. to askto help安徽)B.him solve the difficultyaskC.heaskinghas indoingD. asked答案：B简析：but后跟不定式是否带to,按照“前有do后无to”的原则，如,but watch TV all day.和 They had no choice

27、 / alternative but to give up.They did nothing此外,cannot help but / cannot choose but / cannot butThe question asked by the teacher is very difficult后均不带to 。A. to be answeredB. answeringC. to answer(2008江苏)D. to主动形式被动形式式to doto be done进行形式to be doing完成形式to have doneto have been doneanswering答案：C简析：某些

28、形容词后跟不定式作状语时，只能用主动形式表示被动意思。常用的此类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, nice, good, pleasant, fit,变式训练:Don t you think the picture on the wall pleasantA. to be looked atB. looking atC. to look atat （C）4. I forgot her that my coat buttons need toD. to lookingbe sewn on. （2008安徽）A. remindingD. to hav

29、e 答案：C 简析：有些动词后跟 了做某事（没有做）B. remindedremindedC. to remindto do或doing意思大不相同，应注意区别。forget doing sth表示“忘记曾做过某事forget to do sth（已做过）”。指“忘变式训练:Dont you rememberA. seeing the man beforeC. saw the man beforeI didnt know A.whethertohelpD. that ifIshould答案：A 简析： whether to do sth or notB. to see the man befo

30、reD. to be seen the man before （A） him or not. （2009 浙江）if to helpC. to helphelp是固定搭配，if是否做某事”后不能跟不定式。【限时训练】I.基础练习- What s the matter with Della?- Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still （09江苏）A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes forThe children all turned the

31、famous actress as she entered the classroom.（09全国）A. looked atB. to look atC. to looking atD. look atWe are invited to a party in our club next Friday. （09山东）A. to be held B.held C.being held D.holdingstill remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there . （09陕西）A to take B to be taken C taking D

32、being takenHe told us whethera picnic was still under discussion. （09四川）A.to haveB.havingC.haveD.hadNobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened toA. be put upB. give inC. be turned onD. go outTom is said abroad, but I don t know what country he studied in.A. to have stud

33、ied B. to study C. to be studyingD. to have beenstudyingThe purpose of new technologies is to makelife easier, it more difficult.A. not makeB. not to make C. not makingThey re not very good, but we like.A.anyway to play basketball with themB.C.to play with them basketball anyway D.D. do not make （09

34、四川二模）to play basketball with them anyway with them to play basketball anyway in my new job.A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expecting D. expectsI ve worked with children before, so I know what D. Having slept12. Having a trip abroad is certainlywhether they will enjoy it. （09A. to seeB. to be seenC.

35、seeingD. seenIt is said in Australia theres more land than the government knowsA. it what to do withB. what to do it withC. what to do with itD. to do what with itShe will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role in making the earth a better place to live. （09汕头二模）A. to have play

36、edB. to playC. to be playedD. to be playingThe bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.A. robbedB. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having beenrobbedWith the development in science and technology man can make various flowers before their time.A. be bloomed B. bloomC

37、. bloomed D. bloomingThe mother didn t know who for the broken glass.A. blamedB. would blameC. to blame D. be blamedThe project, by the end of 2008, will expand the city s telephone network to over 1,000,000 users. （09 上海二模）A. accomplishedB. being accomplishedC. to be accomplishedD. having been acco

38、mplishedOne learns a language by making mistakes and them.A. correctB. correctingC. correctsD. to correctAnn never dreams of for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chanceB. there to be a chanceC. there be a chanceD. being a chanceII.能力提升She pretended me when I passed by. （2009重庆）A. not

39、 to seeB. not seeingC. to not seeThere are five pairs, but Im at a loss which to buy. （2009D. having not seen上海）A. to be chosenB. to choose fromC. to chooseIt seems that he has no pen.（2009北京）A. to writeB. to write withC. writingD. for choosingD. writing with Mum, why do you always make me eat an eg

40、g every day?一 enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. （2009上海）A. GetB. GettingC. To getD. To be getting11.late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm clock. （09常州二模）A. To sleepB. Sleeping C. Sleepgood for the old couple, but it remains 杭州二模）The purpose of new technologies is to make li

41、fe easier, it more difficult. （2008四川）A. not makeB. not to make C. not makingD. do not makeHurry up, he is sure for us. （2009陕西）A. to waitB. to be waitingC. waitingD. being waitedIn order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies arestriving their products more com

42、petitive. （ 2009上海）A. to makeB. makingC. to have make D. having makeHaving a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains whether theywill enjoy it. （2009d匕京）A. to seeB. to be seenC. seeingD. seen- It s a long time since I saw my sister. （2008全国 I）her this week?A. Why not visitB.

43、 Why not to visitC. Why not visitingD. Why don t visitI can t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refusestalking while she works. （2009 江西）A. working stoppingB. to workstoppingC. workingto stopD. to work to stopThe bad weather discouraged us on the picnic and we had no choice butat home. （2

44、009 安徽） A. from goingto stayB. to go stayC. go stayingD. in going to stavRather than abroad, she prefers to university at home aftergraduation from high school. （2009 安徽）A. to study; goB. study; goC. study; to goD. tostudy; to gofinished my homework, I asked my brother interrupt me. （2009安徽）A. Havin

45、g not; not toB. Having not; to notC. Not having; to notD. Not having; not toTom is said abroad, but I don t know what country he studied in. （2009浙江）A. to have studiedB. to study C. to be studying D. to have beenstudyingSite will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role inmaking

46、the eartha better place to live. （2009上海）A. to have playedB. to playC. to be playedD. to beplayingThe man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if whether he was going in theright direction. （2009北京）A. seeingB. having seen C. to have seenD. to seeThere is a new problem involved in the popularit

47、y of private cars roadconditions need. （2009 上海）A. that to be improvedB. which to be improvedC. where improvingD. when improvingAn army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered clearwarningsbefore firing any shots. （2009上海）A. to issueB. being issuedC. to have issuedD. to beissuedIve

48、 worked with children before, so I know what in my new job. TOC o 1-5 h z A. expectedB. to expectC. to be expectingD.expects 40.the project as planned, we ll have to work two more hours a day.A. CompletingB Complete C. CompletedD.Tocomplete答案及解析基础练习 1. ABAAA / DABBB 11. ABCBB / BCCBA.答案A她依然想去。不定式位于句

49、尾时，可省略动词和其后的连带成分而保留to。.答案B不定式作状语，表示目的，“转过身来看”。.答案A这里不定式作定语，表示将要发生的事，且被动；现在分词表示正在，过去分词表 示已经。“下星期五将要举行的晚会”。.答案 D remember to do sth记住要做某事（将要做）；remember doing sth记住做过某事（已经做过）。这里是“我记得曾经被带去过”，因而选 Do.答案Awhether to do sth不定式短语作主语，“是否去野餐”。 Whether后只能接不定式。.答案D go out vi 熄灭.答案A后半句的studied表明动作发生于过去，因而用to have studied表示过去，曾经.答案Bbe to do A, not to do B 是为了 A,而不是 B.答案 B to play basketball with them any