国际公法学习笔记Chapter VI

1、Chapter VI Territory （领土 ） TOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark16 o Current Document Introduction 介绍2 HYPERLINK l bookmark18 o Current Document Elements要素2 HYPERLINK l bookmark22 o Current Document territorial land （领陆） 2territorial waters （领水）2internal waters （内 水）2territorial sea （领海） 3subsoil （底土）3

2、territorial airspace （领空）3 HYPERLINK l bookmark24 o Current Document Restriction on Territorial Sovereignty（对领土主权的限制） 3 HYPERLINK l bookmark26 o Current Document Customs 习惯法3Treaties 条约3lease （租借）3condominium （共管）3international servitude（国际地役） 3right in rem （对物权）3ssive servitude d肖极士也役）/positive ser

3、vitude （积极土也役）3 HYPERLINK l bookmark31 o Current Document Acquisition of Territory （领土的取得） 3Occupation （先占）4States 国家4terra nullius （无主地） 4 HYPERLINK l bookmark33 o Current Document effective control （有效控制） 4 HYPERLINK l bookmark35 o Current Document Prescription （时效） 4Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/

4、Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge, IC J, 2008Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh的主权,中岩和南岩,ICJ, 20085Arguments of Malaysia: 马来西亚5Argument of Singapore 新力口坡5Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh before the 1840s 19世纪40年代以前佩德 拉布兰卡/巴图普特岛的法律地位5Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh

5、after the 1840s 19世纪40年代 以后佩德 拉布兰卡/巴图普特岛的法律地位5 HYPERLINK l bookmark37 o Current Document Conclusion of the Court7 HYPERLINK l bookmark39 o Current Document Cession （害！J让）8 HYPERLINK l bookmark41 o Current Document Conquest （征月艮） 8 HYPERLINK l bookmark43 o Current Document Accretion （添附）8Other forms8

6、Referendum （全民公决）8 HYPERLINK l bookmark48 o Current Document Reversion of territorial sovereignty （恢复领土主权） 8 HYPERLINK l bookmark50 o Current Document Boundary Delimitation戈lj界8 HYPERLINK l bookmark52 o Current Document Boundary9Boundary treaties边界条约9Historical boundary （tacit agreement）历史边界9Uti Pos

7、sidietis （保持 占有）9 HYPERLINK l bookmark54 o Current Document delimitation9Procedure （程序）9 HYPERLINK l bookmark56 o Current Document Principles 原贝!J9Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear （Cambodia v. Thailand）, ICJ, 1962关于柏威夏 寺（柬埔寨诉泰国）案件，国际法院，1962年10Case Concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cam

8、bodia v. Thailand)? ICJ, 1962关于柏威夏 寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案件，国际法院，1962年Fact事实Treaty of 13 February 1904These articles make no mention of Preah Vihear as such, whereas the general character of the frontier established by Article I was, along the Dangrek range, to be a watershed line, the exact course of this front

9、ier was, by virtue of Article 3, to be delimited by a Franco-Siamese Mixed Commission.这些条款并没有提到柏威夏本身，而第1条所确定的边界，沿Dangrek山脉，是一 条分水岭，根据第3条，这条边界的确切路线是由一个法-西亚混合委员会划定的。The Mixed CommissionIt seems clear therefore that a frontier was surveyed and fixed; but the question is what was that frontier (in parti

10、cular in the region of Preah Vihear), by whom was it fixed, in what way, and upon whose instructions ? The difficultly in answering these questions lies in the fact that, after the minutes of the meeting of the First Commission on 2 December 1906, there is no further reference whatever, in any minut

11、es of later meetings, to the question of the frontier in the Dangrek region.Annex 1 map (1907)【因此，很明显，一个边界被调查和确定了；但问题是，这条边界是 什么(特别是在柏威夏地区)，是由谁来划定的，是用什么方式划定的，又是根据谁的指示划 定的？回答这些问题的困难在于，在1906年12月2日第一委员会的会议记录之后，在以后的会 议记录中没有进一步提到当当克地区的边界问题。附件一地图(1907年)】Arguments of CambodiaThe frontier line between Cambod

12、ia and Thailand, in the disputed region in the neighborhood of the Temple of Preah Vihear, is that which is marked on the map of the Commission of Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam; that the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Cambodia【在柏威夏寺

13、附近有争议的地区，柬埔寨和泰国之间 的边界线是印中边界委员会和暹罗边界委员会在地图上标出的边界线；柏威夏寺位于柬埔寨王 国主权的领土内】Arguments of ThailandThe map was not the work of the Mixed Commission, and had therefore no binding character;The map embodied a material error, for the frontier line indicated on the map was not the true watershed line in this vici

14、nity;Thailand never accepted this map or the frontier line indicated on it, at any rate so far as Preah Vihear is concerned, in such a way as to become bound thereby.该地图不是混合委员会的工作，因此没有约束力；.这幅地图体现了一个重大的错误，因为地图上标明的边界线并不是这个地区真正的分水岭; 3泰国从未接受这张地图或地图上所示的边界线，至少就柏威夏而言，泰国从未接受这张地 图或地图上所示的边界线，也从未接受这张地图或地图上所示的边

15、界线。The map was never formally approved by the first Mixed Commission as such, since that Commission had ceased to function some months before the production of the map. The Court must nevertheless conclude that, in its inception, and at the moment of its production, it had no binding character.The r

16、eal question, therefore, which is the essential one in this case, is whether the Parties did adopt the Annex I map, and the line indicated on it, as representing the outcome of the work of delimitation of the frontier in the region of Preah Vihear, thereby conferring on it a binding character.Thaila

17、nd: this communication of the maps by the French authorities was ex parte, and that no formal acknowledgment of it was either requested of, or given by, Thailand.第一个混合委员会从来没有正式核可过这份地图，因为在制作这份地图之前几个月，该 委员会已经停止工作。然而，法院必须断定，在其成立之初和产生之时，它没有任何约束 力。因此，真正的问题是至关重要的一个在这种情况下，当事人是否采用附件我地图，和线表示, 代表工作的结果边境柏威夏寺地区

18、的界定，从而赋予绑定角色。泰国：法国当局对地图的通报是单方面的，泰国既没有要求也没有给予正式承认。The Court:It is clear that the circumstances were such as called for some reaction, within a reasonable period, on the part of the Siamese authorities, if they wished to disagree with the map or had any serious question to raise in regard to it. They

19、did not do so, either then or for many years, and thereby must be held to have acquiesced.The Siamese authorities by their conduct acknowledged the receipt, and recognized the character, of these maps, and what they purported to represent,显然，如果暹罗当局希望对地图提出异议或对地图有任何严重的问题，则需要在合理的 时间内对这种情况作出某种反应。他们当时没有这

20、样做，多年来也没有这样做，因此必须认 为他们默许了。暹罗当局以他们的行为承认了这一收据，并予以承认这些地图的特点，以及 它们所代表的意义，The Siamese authorities did not raise any query about the Annex I map, or expressly repudiate it, until the 1958.直至M958年，暹罗当局才对附件一的地图提出任何质疑，或明确否定它。Nor was any question raised even after 1934-1935, when Thailand carried out a survey

21、 of her own in this region, and this survey had, in Thailand*s view, established a divergence between the map line and the true line of the watershed. After this date, Thailand continued, even for public and official purposes, to use the Annex I map, or other maps showing Preah Vihear as lying in Ca

22、mbodia, without raising any query about the matter.in 1937, the Siamese Royal Survey Department produced a map showing Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia.即使在1934-1935年之后，也没有提出任何问题，当时泰国在该地区进行了一次调查，在 泰国看来，这次调查确定了地图线和分水岭的真正线之间的分歧。在这一天之后，泰国继续 使用附件一的地图，或显示柏威夏在柬埔寨的其他地图，即使是为了公开和官方目的，也没 有对此事提出任何疑问。1937年，暹罗皇家

23、测量局(Siamese RoyaI Survey Department)绘制 了一幅显示柏威夏的地图Vihear位于柬埔寨。Thailand had several opportunities of raising with the French authorities the question of the Annex I map.As regards her failure to raise the question of the map as such until 1958, Thailand states that this was because she was, at all ma

24、terial times, in possession of Preah Vihear; therefore, she had no need to raise the matter.With one or two important exceptions to be mentioned presently, the acts concerned were exclusively the acts of local, provincial, authorities. But however that may be, the Court finds it difficult to regard

25、such local acts as overriding and negativing the consistent and undeviating attitude of the central Siamese authorities to the frontier line as mapped.Looking at the incident as a whole, it appears to have amounted to a tacit recognition by Siam of the sovereignty of Cambodia (under French Protector

26、ate) over Preah Vihear, through a failure to react in any way, on an occasion that called for a reaction in order to affirm or preserve title in the face of an obvious rival claim.Even if there were any doubt as to Siams acceptance of the map in 1908, and hence of the frontier indicated thereon, the

27、 Court would consider, in the light of the subsequent course of events, that Thailand is now precluded by her conduct from asserting that she did not accept it. She has, for fifty years, enjoyed such benefits as the Treaty of 1904 conferred on her, if only the benefit of a stable frontier. France, a

28、nd through her Cambodia, relied on Thailands acceptance of the map. It is not now open to Thailand, while continuing to claim and enjoy the benefits of the settlement, to deny that she was ever a consenting party to the frontier line.The Court considers that the acceptance of the Annex I map by the

29、Parties caused the map to enter the treaty settlement and to become an integral part of it.泰国有几次机会向法国当局提出这个问题附件一地图。关于她直到1958年才提出地图的问题，泰国说，这是因为她在任何物质时期都占有柏威 夏；因此，她没有必要提起这件事。除目前提到的一个或两个重要的例外情况外，有关的行为完全是地方、省当局的行为。 但是，无论情况如何，法院发现很难把这种地方行为看作是推翻和否定暹罗中央当局对划定 的边境线一贯和不偏离的态度。看着整个事件，它似乎已经达到一个默认的暹罗的主权柬埔寨柏威夏寺（在法

30、国的保护国）, 通过一个失败以任何方式作出反应，在一个场合呼吁反应为了确认或保存标题的一个明显的竞 争对手。即使有任何疑问暹罗接受1908年的地图，因此前沿的表示，法庭会考虑，根据事件的后续课 程，现在泰国是杜绝由断言她的行为，她不接受它。五十年来，她一直享受着1904年条约赋予 她的好处，如果只是一个稳定的边境的好处的话。法国，通过她的柬埔寨，依靠泰国对地图 的接受它现在对泰国不开放，同时继续要求和享受和解的好处，否认她曾经是同意边界的 一方。法院认为，当事各方接受附件一的地图使该地图进入条约解决办法，并成为其中的 一个组成部分。Antarctic Treaty System （南极条约）南

31、极的法律地位Claimants to Antarctica有的国家主张先占，有的主张扇形原则（智利、阿根廷等）Article VI, 1959 Antarctic Treaty南极条约搁置各国对南极的主张，1961年正式生效 规定了南极的范围南纬60度以南 南极的制度：1、各国和平利用南极，禁止军事性措施2、冻结各国对南极的领土主张（不支 持也不否定）3、南极的科学考察自由和国际合作，各国均可4、协商会议制度，定期召开交 换信息，制定条约等The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of 60South

32、Latitude, including all ice shelves, but nothing in the present Treaty shall prejudice or in any way affect the rights, or the exercise of the rights, of any State under international law with regard to the high seas within that area.【本条约的规定适用于该地区60的南南纬度，包括所有冰架，但没有在本条约 应偏见或以任何方式影响的权利，或行使权利，任何国家在国际法中

33、关于公海区域。】For peaceful purpose only 只用于和平目的Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. There shall be prohibited, inter alia, any measure of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military manoeuvres, as well as the testing of an

34、y type of weapon. (Art. I)Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of radioactive waste material shall be prohibited. (Art. V)南极洲应使用仅供和平用途。除其他外，应禁止任何军事性质的措施，例如建立军事基 地和防御工事，进行军事演习，以及试验任何类型的武器。(条款1)禁止在南极洲进行任何核爆炸和在那里处置放射性废料。(条款5)Suspense of sovereignty claims (Art. IV)搁置主权要求Nothing c

35、ontained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as:A renunciation by any Contracting Party of previously asserted rights of or claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica;A renunciation or diminution by any Contracting Party of any basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica;Prej

36、udicing the position of any Contracting Party as regards its recognition or nonrecognition of any other States rights of or claim or basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica.本条约所载任何内容均不得解释为：a.任何缔约国放弃以前所主张的南极洲领土主权的权利或要求；b.任何缔约国放弃或减少对南极洲领土主权要求的任何根据；c.损害任何缔约国关于其承认或不承认任何其他国家对南极洲领土主权的权利或要求

37、 或要求依据的立场。No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica.No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to ter

38、ritorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted while the present Treaty is in force.本条约有效期间发生的任何行为或活动均不构成主张、支持或否认对南极洲领土主权的 要求或在南极洲建立任何主权权利的基础。在本条约有效期间，不得对南极洲领土主权提出新的要求或扩大现有的要求。Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation 南极科 学考察自由与合作tings南极条约协商会议tings南极条约协商会议Antarctic trea

39、ty consultative mee北极的：目前有一个机构“北极理事会”，负责管理开发和环境保护，目前中国只是观察 员。大部分国家主张公海。（全球变暖新航道。） TOC o 1-5 h z Fact 事实10The Court:11 HYPERLINK l bookmark6 o Current Document Antarctic Treaty System (南极条约)南极的法律地位12Article VI, 1959 Antarctic Treaty南极条约12 HYPERLINK l bookmark8 o Current Document For peaceful purpose

40、only 只用于和平目 的12 HYPERLINK l bookmark10 o Current Document Suspense of sovereignty claims (Art. IV) 搁置主权要求13Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation 南极科学考察自由与合作63 HYPERLINK l bookmark14 o Current Document Antarctic treaty consultative meetings南极条约协商会议13Introduction 介身A portio

41、n of the surface of the earth subject to state sovereignty.受国家主权支配的地球表面的一 部分。社会意义：国家存在的物质基础法律意义：国家权力自由活动的空间领土主权具有最高性和排他性，积极方面：完整和不可侵犯（联合国宪章第二条）消极方面：国家行使领土主权的时候有义务尊重其他国家的领土主权和领土完整Basic resourcesTerritorial sovereignty （领土主权）Ihe supreme and exclusive authority of the States within its territorypositiv

42、e aspect: territorial integrity and inviolabilitynegative aspect: respect the rights of other states领土主权：最高和独家权威的州在其领土内一个。积极方面：领土完整和不可侵犯消极方面：尊重其他国家的权利2.Elements要素territorial land （领陆）（国家领土最基本的组成部分，其他部分都是其附属部分）陆地统治海洋，有了陆地才有海洋，陆地的位置/性质也会决定拥有海洋权利的大小 continent and islandterritorial waters （领水）internal w

43、aters （内水）national river, boundary river,multinational river （多国共管河流）（各个河段分属不同国家，只有沿岸国家有航行 权，但要适当顾忌其他国家，有防止跨界损害的义务）international river （国际河流）（流经数国并且流向海洋，面向所有国家的商船开放 eg多瑙河，享有平等的待遇，沿岸国家可以收税，有管辖权，国际委员会等书上 有国际河流的相关制度）channel运河（如果完全处于一国领土之内则二领水；国际要道eg巴拿马运河，苏伊士 运河1888君士坦丁堡公约，中立化政策【不得与军事相关】、自由航行制度【不论何 时不得封

44、锁】）lake （大于等于2国eg里海等，用条约划分。黑海龙特勒公约【军舰吨位有限制， 商船不限】）territorial sea （领海）退潮线为基线，12海里为领海区分内水与领海：基线（海水落潮时海水与海岸的那条线叫基线，即低潮线），低潮线 以内的所有水都叫内水，基线以外一定宽度的海域叫领海（一般不会超过12海里）subsoil （底土）具体深度尚无定论territorial airspace （领空）外空不算，任何国家和平利用，感兴趣可看空间法和航空法Restriction on Territorial Sovereignty （对领土主权的限制）31 Customs 习惯法e.g. p

45、revent transboundary damage, innocent passage.根据习惯国际法（所有国家适用遵守），一国要避免跨界损害（对本国领土的利用不得侵害他国利益）； 无害通过权（其他国家的船只可以无害的通过领海，无需征得同意）3.2 Treaties 条约lease （租借）（主权与试用权）condominium （共管）（eg瓦努阿图，签署正式化解条约之前的“中立区”）temporary arrangementinternational servitude （国际地役）（一国根据条约承担对其主权的限制，目的是满足其他国家和国际社会的利益，eg莱茵河 两岸德国不设防）依附土

46、地存在，而非依附签订的国家，就算所属国家改变，地役不会随着消失The territory of one state is under a particular restriction in the interests of another state or for the benefit of the international community. #:为了另一个国家的利益或为了国际社会的利益， 一个国家的领土受到特别的限制。】a right in rem （对物权）（依附领土而存在，领土割让给另一个国家，则后者同样要遵守地役）（案例：奥兰群岛， 1809年属于俄国，到1917年才归荷兰，1

47、856年俄国签订条约：奥兰群岛不设防，则归属荷兰 时，仍不能设防）passive servitude （消极地役）/positive servitude （积极地役）消极地役：不从事特定的活动，eg不设防等积极地役：允许其他国家从事特定活动，eg运输、军队过境、铺设管道等e.g. Constantinople Convention, 1888.the Suez Maritime Canal shall always be free and open in time of war as in time of peace, to every vessel of commerce or of war

48、 without distinction of flag.【苏伊士海上运河对一切商业或战争 船只，不论其旗号如何，战时和和平时期一样，一律自由开放。】Acquisition of Territory （领土 的取得）借鉴了罗马法私人财产的取得与变更（因为领土被视为君主的私人财产）实际操作和审判中很复杂，不会只按5种Occupation （先占） 百豪通过对无主土地的行为现实意义不大，解决领土争议有一定意义a.States国家?privateindividual（纯粹的私人行为是不可以的，但国家政府授权的话也是可以的，eg东印度公司）Sovereignty over Palau Ligitan

49、and Pulau Sipadan, IC J, 2002【东印度公司，英国给予特许权 允许签订与领土相关的条约】terra nullius （无主地）（必须是无主的）（公海不能先占）（占领时，不处于任何国家的领土主权之下。公海之类的也不可以。当地无国家政权体系，但有社会结构/政治结构等，也不算无主地）res communis （共有物）territories inhabited by tribes or peoples having a social and political organization （WesternSahara case. ICJ, 1975）【有社会和政治组织的部落或

50、民族居住的领土（西撒哈拉案例，国际 法院，1975年）】effective control （有效控制）行使/表现主权，制定法律、司法、政府管理等，仅仅是发现一片无主领土，不一定能够宣布 主权看相对行为，相对的一个标准discovery: an inchoate title （The Island of Palmas case. RIA A, 1928）【西班牙人发现并命名帕 尔马斯岛，1898年美西战争，西班牙将其在菲律宾的权利转给了美国，当时荷兰在控制 印度尼西亚地区。并有效控制帕尔马斯岛】Prescription （时效）赤的，持续的，不间断的对象：其他国家领土标准很灵活，但原主权者对其

51、的默认是十分重要的（他以反对，就不是和平/不间断的） 主要是为了维护国际关系的稳定性territory of another state 他国领土continuous, peaceful, undisturbed and public exercise of sovereignty 持续、 和 平、不受干扰和公开行使主权a certain length of time 一 定的时间acquiescence （默认）of the former sovereign 前主权的默认创造了一种既定事实，使得不合法/不确定拥有一种确定or偷懒“睡大觉”，从不抗议受到更多的批评，因为不区分善意与恶意，可能是

52、（鼓励）对领土主权的侵犯，另：时效性很灵活， 无明确标准目前国际法庭不会明确说因为时效而判领土时效VS先占理论上：有主or无主? Legality合法性stability of international order 国际秩序稳定no requirement of good faith/ violation of existing sovereignty/ flexible standard 无诚彳言要求/ 违反现有主权/灵活标准? the relationship between occupation and prescriptionSovereignty over Pedra Branca

53、/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge ICJ, 2008Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh的主权,中岩和南岩，ICJ, 2008Arguments of Malaysia:马来西亚Malaysia has an original title to Pulau Batu Puteh of long standing. Pulau Batu Puteh is, and has always been, part of the Malaysian State of Johor. Nothing has happened

54、 to displace Malaysias sovereignty over it. Singapores presence on the island for the sole purpose of constructing and maintaining a lighthouse there with the permission of the territorial sovereign is insufficient to vest sovereignty in it.马来西亚有一个长期存在的原始名称巴都普泰岛。巴都普泰岛是马 来西亚柔佛州的一部分，一直都是。没有发生任何事情来取代马来

55、西亚对它的主权。新加坡在该岛的存在，只是为了在那里建造和维护一座灯塔，并获得领土主权的许可，但这并 不足以赋予该岛主权。】Argument of Singapore 新力口坡Singapores title to Pedra Branca is based upon the taking of lawful possession of the island by the British authorities in Singapore during the period 1847 to 1851. Malaysia claims that, prior to 1847, Pedra Branc

56、a was under the sovereignty of Johor. However, there is absolutely no evidence to support Malaysias claim. Prior to 1847, Pedra Branca was terra nullius, and had never been the subject of a prior claim, or any manifestation of sovereignty by any sovereign entity.新力口坡对 Pedra Branca的所有权是根据1847年至1851年期

57、间在新加坡的英国当局对该岛的合法占 有。马来西亚声称，在1847年以前，Pedra Branca在柔佛州的主权之下。然而，绝对没有 证据支持马来西亚的主张。在1847年以前，佩德拉布兰卡是无主地，从来没有成为先前 要求的对象，也没有任何主权国家实体表示主权。】Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh before the 1840s 19世纪40年代以前佩德 拉布兰卡/巴图普特岛的法律地位Having considered the actual historical and geographical context of the present

58、 case relating to the old Sultanate of Johor, the Court concludes that as far as the territorial domain of the Sultanate ofJohor was concerned, it did cover in principle all the islands and islets within the Straits of Singapore, which lay in the middle of this Kingdom, and did thus include the isla

59、nd of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh. This possession of the islands by the old Sultanate of Johor was never challenged by any other Power in the region and can in all the circumstances be seen as satisfying the condition of continuous and peaceful display of territorial sovereignty.The Court thus co

60、ncludes that the Sultanate of Johor had original title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.【考虑到目前的实际历史和地理背景与旧的柔佛苏丹，法院的结论是，至于柔佛苏丹的领土领域而言，它原则上覆盖所有在新加坡的海峡群岛和岛屿，躺在这个王国，并因此包 括岩石岛布兰卡/乌敏岛巴图Puteh。柔佛的旧苏丹国对这些岛屿的占领从未受到该地区任何其他大国的挑战，在任何情况下都可被视为满足“继续和平地行使领土主权”的条件。 因此，法院的结论是，柔佛州的苏丹国原来拥有Pedra Branca/PuIau Batu Puteh的所