试题.试卷--2010年2013年考研英语历年真题和答案全集英语二

1、013考研英语（二）真题Secti on IUse of En glishDirecti ons:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word(s) for each nu mbered bla nk andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 poi nts)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quicklyto the cashless society in which all pa

2、yme ntsare madeelectronically.1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.In deed, predicti ons have been2for two decades but have not yet come tofruiti on. For example, Busin ess Week predicted in 1975 that electro nic means of paymentwould soonrevolutionizethe very 3 of money itsel

3、f, onlyto4jtself several years later. Why has the movementto a cashless societybee n so5in coming?Although electr onic means of payme nt may be more efficie nt tha n a payme ntssystem based on paper, several factors work6the disappeara nee of the papersystem. First, it is very7to set up the computer

4、, card reader, andtelecom muni cati ons n etworks n ecessary to make electr onic money the8formof payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts,someth ing that many con sumers are un willi ng to10. Third, the use of paperchecks gives consumers several days of float - it takes se

5、veral days11acheck is cashed and funds are12from the issuers acco unt, which means thatthe writer of the check can cam in terest on the funds in the mean time.13electr onic payme nts arc immediate, they elim in ate the float for the con sumer.Fourth, electro nic means of payme nt may14security and p

6、rivacy concerns.We ofte n hear media reports that an un authorized hacker has bee n able to access acomputer database and to alter information15there. The fact that this is notan16occurre nee means that dish on est pers ons might be able to access bankacco unts in electr onic payme nts systems and17

7、from some one elses acco un ts.The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer scie neeis developing to19security issues. A further concern is that the use ofelectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns

8、that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violat ing our privacy.1. A HoweverB MoreoverC ThereforeD Otherwise2. A offB backC overD arou nd3. A powerB conceptC historyD role4. A rewardB resistC resumeD reverse5. A sile ntBsuddenC slowD steady6. AforB aga in

9、stCwithD on7. A imagi nativeB expe nsiveC sen sitiveD productive8. A similarB origi nalC temporaryD dominant9. A collectB provideC copyD print10. A give upB take overC bring backD pass dow n11. A beforeB afterC sinceD whe n12. A keptB borrowedC releasedD withdraw n13. A Un lessB Un tilC BecauseD Tho

10、ugh14. A hideB expressC raiseDease15. A a nalyzedBsharedC storedD displayed16. A un safeB unn aturalC un com monD un clear17. A stealBchooseC ben efitD return18. A con siderati onB preve nti onC man ipulati onD justificati on19. A cope withB fight aga instC adapt toD call for20. A chunkB chipC pathD

11、 trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirecti ons:Read the followi ng four texts. An swer the questi ons below each text by choos ing A,B, C or D. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 poi nts)Text 1In an essay en titled“ Making It in America ” the author Adam Davids onrelates a joke from

12、cottonabout just how much a moderntextile mill has beenautomated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. Theman is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the mach in es.Davids on s article is one o f a nu mber of pieces that have recen tly appearedmaking the p

13、oint that the reas on we have such stubbor nly high un employme nt anddecli ning middle-classin comes today is also because of the adva nces in bothglobalizati on and thein formati on tech no logy revolutio n, which are more rapidlytha n ever replaci ng labor with mach ines or foreig n worker.In the

14、 past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn anaverage lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average justwon tearn yo u what it used to. It can t when so many more employers have so muchmore access to so much more above average cheap foreig n labor, cheap r

15、obotics, cheap software, cheap automati on and cheap geni us. Therefore, every one n eeds to find their extra-their unique value con tributi onthat makes them sta nd out inwhatever is their field of employme nt.Yes, new tech no logy has bee n eati ng jobs forever, and always will. But therebee n an

16、accelerati on. As Davids on no tes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S.factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous70 years; roughly one out of every three manu facturi ng jobs-about 6 millio n in total -disappeared.There will always be cha nged-new jobs, ne

17、w products, new services. But the one thi ng we know for sure is that with each adva nee in globalizati on and the I.T. revoluti on, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better educati on to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many thin

18、gs we n eed to do to support employme nt, but nothing would be more importa nt tha n pass ing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st cen tury that en sures that every America n has access to poet-high school educati on.The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.the impact of tech no logical adva nce

19、sthe alleviati on of job pressurethe shri nkage of textile millsthe decli ne of middle-class in comesAccord ing to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has towork on cheap softwareask for a moderate salaryadopt an average lifestylecon tribute someth ing uniqueThe quotati on in Paragraph 4 e

20、xpla ins thatgains of tech no logy have bee n erasedjob opport un ities are disappeari ng at a high speedfactories are maki ng much less money tha n beforenew jobs and services have bee n offeredAccord ing to the author, to reduce un employme nt, the most importa nt isto accelerate the I.T. revoluti

21、 onto en sure more educati on for peopleto adva nee econo mic globalizati onto pass more bills in the 21st cen turyWhich of the followi ng would be the most appropriate title for the text?New Law Takes EffectTech no logy Goes CheapAverage Is OverRecessi on Is BadText 2A cen tury ago, the immigra nts

22、 from across the Atla ntic in cluded settlers and sojourners. Alo ng with the many folks look ing to make a perma nent home in the Un ited States came those who had no inten ti on to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 milliondeparted. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants,forexample,

23、even tuallyretur ned to Italy for good. They even had an affect ion atenickname, “ uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigra nts. We divide n ewcomers intotwo categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as America nsin themaking, or our broken im

24、migration system and the long politicalparalysis overhow to fix it. We don t need more categories, but we need to change the way wethink about categories.We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal andillegal. To start,we can recognize thenewbirds ofpassage,those living andthrivi ng in thegra

25、y areas. We might the n begi nto solveour immigrati onchalle nges.Crop pickers, violi ni sts, con structi on workers, en trepre neurs, engin eers, homehealth- care aides and physicists are among today sbirds of passage. They are en ergetic participa nts in a global economy drive n by the flow of wor

26、k, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opport unity calls them , They can man age to have a job in one place and a family in ano ther.With or without permissi on, they straddle laws, jurisdict ions and ide ntities withease. We n eed them to imagi ne the Un ited States as a place where the

27、y can beproductive for a while without committi ng themselves to stay ing forever. We n eedthem to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can bel ong to two n ati ons hono rably.Accommodat ing this new world of people in moti on will require new attitudeson both sides of the immigra

28、ti on battle .Look ing bey ond the culture war logic ofright or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understandingthatman agi ng immigrati on today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. In cludi ng some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the exist ing system.“ Birds of passa

29、ge” refers to those who.immigrate across the Atla nticleave their home coun tries for goodstay in a foreig n temporarilyfi nd perma nent jobs overseasIt is implied in paragraph 2 that the curre nt immigrati on system in the US.n eeds new immigra nt categorieshas loose ned con trol over immigra ntssh

30、ould be adopted to meet challe ngeshas bee n fixed via political meansAccording to the author, today s birds of passage wantfi nan cial incen tives.a global recog niti on.opport un ities to get regular jobs.the freedom to stay and leave.The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be t

31、reated _as faithful partn ers.with econo mic favors.with regal tolera nee.as mighty rivals.which is the best title of the passage?come and go: big mistakelivi ng and thrivi ng : great riskwith or without : great risklegal or illegal: big mistakeText 3Scie ntists have found that although we are prone

32、 to snap overreact ion s, if wetake a mome nt and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even elim in ate the n egative effects of our quick, hard-wired resp on ses.Snap decisions can be importantdefensemechanisms;if we are judgingwhether some one is dan gerous, our brains and bodi

33、es are hard-wired to react very quickly, within millisec on ds. But we n eed more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether some one is sociable, studiesshow, we n eed at least aminu te, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of pers on ality, like n euroticism or

34、ope n-min ded ness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren t exclusiveto thein terpers onal realm. Psychologists at the Un iversity of Toro nto found that viewi ng a fast-food logo for just a few millisec onds primes us to read 20 perce nt faster, even though read ing has little to do w

35、ith eati ng. We uncon sciously associate fast food with speed and impatie nee and carry those impu lses in to whatever else we re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such in flue nces. If we know we will overreact to con s

36、umer products or housingoptionswhen we see a happy face (one reason good salesreprese ntatives and real estate age nts are always smili ng), we can take a mome nt before buyin g. If we know female job scree ners are more likely to reject attractive female applica nts, we can help scree ners un derst

37、a nd their biases-or hire outside scree ners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “ thin slice in formatio nreliably on ly afterwe gro undsuch snap react ionsin “ thick slicedIon g-term study. Whe n Dr. Gottma n really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he in

38、 vites them to his isla nd retreat for a muck Ion ger evaluati on; two days, not two sec on ds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired react ions by paus ing is what differe ntiates us from an imals: doge can thi nk about the future only in termitte ntly or for a few minu tes. But historically we have sp

39、e nt about 12 perce nt of our days con templat ing the Ion ger term. Although tech no logy might cha nge the way we react, it has n cha nged our n ature. We still have the imagi native capacity to rise above temptatio n and reverse the high-speed trend.The time n eeded in making decisi ons may.vary

40、accord ing to the urge ncy of the situatio nprove the complexity of our brain react iondepe nd on the importa nee of the assessme ntpredeterm ine the accuracy of our judgme ntOur reacti on to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions.can be associativeare not uncon sciouscan be dan gerousare n ot i

41、mpulsiveTo reverse the n egative in flue nces of snap decisi ons, we should.trust our first impressi ondo as people usually dothi nk before we actask for expert adviceJoh n Gottma n says that reliable snap react ion are based on.critical assessme nt thin sliced studysen sible expla nati onadequate i

42、n formatio nThe author s attitude toward reversing the high -speed trend is.tolera ntun certa inoptimisticdoubtfulText 4Europe is not a gen der-equality heave n. In particular, the corporate workplacewilln everbe completely family frien dlyun tilwome n are part of seniorman ageme nt decisi ons, and

43、Europe s top corp-gover nance positi ons remainoverwhel min gly male. In deed, wome n hold only 14 perce nt of positi ons on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now con sideri ng legislatio n to compel corporate boards to maintain a certa in proporti on of wome n-up to 60 perce nt. This prop

44、osed man date was born of frustratio n.Last year, Europe Commissi onVice Preside ntVivia neReding issued a call to volun tary action. Redi ng in vited corporati ons to sig n up for gen der bala nee goal of 40 perce nt female board membership. But her appeal was con sidered a failure: only 24 compa n

45、ies took it up.Do we n eed quotas to en sure that wome n can continue to climb the corporateLadder fairy as they bala nee work and family?“ Pers on ally, I don t like quotas,” Reding said recen tly.“ But i like what thequotas do. ” Quotas get action: they“ open the way to equality and they breakthro

46、ugh the glass ceili ng,” accord ing to Reding, a result see n in Francend othercoun trieswithlegally binding provisi onson placi ng wome n in top bus in esspositi ons.I understandReding sreluctanee -and her frustration.I don t like quotaseither; they run coun ter to my belief in meritocracy, gover n

47、ment by the capable.Bur, whe n one con siders the obstacles to achievi ng the meritocratic ideal, it doeslook as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evide nee has now show n that corporati ons in Europeas the US are evading the meritocratichiringand promotion of

48、women to topposition no matter how much“ soft pressure” is put upon them. When womendo break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for example, Sheryl Sandbergrecentlydid at Facebook they attract massive attentionpreciselybecause they rema in the excepti on to the rule.If appropriate pubic po

49、licies were in place to help all wome n whether CEOs ortheir children caregivers and all families, Sandberg wouldbe no moren ewsworthy tha n any other highly capable pers on livi ng in a more just society.In the Europea n corporate workplace, generally.wome n take the leadmen have the final saycorpo

50、rate gover nance is overwhelmedsenior man ageme nt is family-frie ndlyThe Europea n Union s irddrlegislati on is.a reflect ion of gen der bala neea relucta nt choicea response to Reding s calla volun tary actionAccord ing to Reding, quotas may help wome n.get top bus in ess positi onssee through the

51、 glass ceili ngbala nee work and familyan ticipate legal resultsThe author s attitude toward Redi ng s appeal is one of.skepticismobjective nessin differe neeapprovalWome n en teri ng top man ageme nt become headli nes due to the lack of.more social justicemassive media atte ntio nsuitable public po

52、liciesgreater “ soft pressure”Part BDirectio ns:You are going to read a list of head ings and a text. Choose the most suitable headi ng from the list A-F for each nu mbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 poi nts)The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chroni cles how Ton

53、y bala nces hislove of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has 60 a week to spend, 40of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning 130,000 a I yearwork ing in corporate com muni catio ns and eati ng at Londons betft restaura nts at least twice a week. Then his marriage fail

54、ed, his career bur ned out and his drinking became serious. The com mun ity men tal health team saved my life. And I felt like that aga in, to a certa in degree, whe n people resp on ded to the blog so well. It gave me the validati on and con fide nee that rd lost. But its still a day-by-day thin g.

55、 Nowhes living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. Hes feeling positive, but hell carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spe nd on food - but eati ng well on a budget. Heres his adv

56、ice for econo mical foodies.Live like a peasa ntBala nee your dietShopkeepers are your friendsRemember to treat yourselfStick to what you n eedPlanning is everyth ingWaste not, want notImpulsivespendingisnt an option,so plan your weeks menu in advanee,making shopp ing lists for your in gredie nts in

57、 their exact qua ntities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, l unch and dinner. Stop laughi ng: its not just cost effective but helps you bala nee your diet. Its also a good idea to shop daily in stead of weekly, because, bein g-huma n, youll sometimes cha nge your mind about what you

58、 fancy.This is where supermarketsand their anonymitycome in handy. With them,theres not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little gree ngrocer. And if you pla n properly, youll know that you only n eed, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre

59、-packedin thesupermarket chiller.You may proudly claim to only have froze n peas in the freezer - thats not good eno ugh. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should elim in ate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables youll do a vegetable soup, and all fruit

60、s threate ning to go off will be cooked or juiced.Every one says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, eve n for small thin gs, and be super frien dly. Soon youll feel comfortable ask ing if theyve any knu ckles of ham for soups and s