浅谈英语和汉语之间的差异在句法上的表现资料

1、浅谈英语和汉语之间的差异在句法上的表现以下用实例具体说明英汉两种语言在句法结构上的一些差异， 以供参考。在英语中当时间、距离、环境、天气等概念作句子的主语时用 it 表示，且不可省略。现在八点了。 TOC o 1-5 h z Now is eight oclock .（误）It is eight oclock .（正）从这里到我的学校有五公里路。From here to my school is five kilometers.（误）From here to my school it is five kilometers.（正）教室里很安静。In the classroom is very q

2、uiet.（误）In the classroom it is very quiet.（正）外面在下雨。Qutside is raining .（误）Qutside it is raining .（正）英语句子的谓语必须由动词充当英语句子的谓语必须由动词充当，在用英语表达汉语意思时容易犯遗漏动词的错误，尤其是be 动词。例如：天天向上。， 好好学习1.Good good study ， every day up .（误）Study well and make progress every day .（正）每天我步行上学Every day I on foot to school. （误）Every

3、 day I walk to school. （正）Every day I go to school on foot.（正）在汉语中形容词、副词、数词、介词结构等可以直接作谓语，但在英语中还必须再加上谓语动词be. 例如：这些孩子很勇敢。The children very brave 。 （误）The children are very brave 。（正）我的自行车在那里。My bike over there 。 （误）My bike is over there 。 （正）你在哪儿？Where you ？（误）Were are you ？（正）今年我 15 岁。I fifteen （ yea

4、rs old ） this year 。 （误）I am fifteen （ years old ） this year 。 （正）我们在 82 班。（误）。 We in Class 82We are in Class 82We are in Class 82（正）没人反对我的意见No one against my suggestion 。 （误）No one is against my suggestion 。 （正）英语句子谓语动词的宾语不能省略在汉语中承接上文，常省去谓语动词的宾语，而英语谓词动词的宾语不能省略。例如：你叫什么名字？会拼写吗？ TOC o 1-5 h z -What is

5、 your name ？ Can you spell ？（误）-Yes ， I can spell. （误）-What is your name ？ Can you spell it ？（正）-Yes ， I can （ spell it）。 （正）我经常吃香蕉，他没有吃过。I often eat bananas ， but he has never eaten. （误）I often eat bananas ， but he has never eaten them. （正） 3. 我到过昆明，我非常喜欢那里。I have been to Kunming. I like there very

6、 much.（误）I have been to Kunming. I like it there very much. （正）英语句子的定语基本上要后置汉语句子的定语基本上是前置的。在英语句子中单个的词作定语一般要前置，在以下情况定语应后置：（一）介词短语作定语应放在被限制成分之后。例如：沙发上的书包是我的一件奖品。The schoolbag on the sofa is a prize of mine.我已找到了我的摩托车钥匙。I have found thekey to my motorbike.这里白天的气温很高。The air temperature during the day is

7、 very high here.那本书的封面是红色的。The covers of that book are red.靠墙的梯子是我作的。The ladder against the wall was made by me.（二）分词短语和不定式作定语应后置现在分词短语、过去分词短语以及不定式等非谓语动词短语作定语，应放在被修饰成分之后。例如：摊在书桌上的课本是我向李老师借来的。The textbook lying on the desk was borrowed from Mr Li by me.用过的摩托车比新摩托车便宜。The motorbikes used by others are

8、cheaper than the new ones.座在那里的老人有102 岁了。The old man sitting there is 102 years old .年的退休教师。2015 他们是 4.They are teachers retired in 2015.这是我今天要做的作业。This is my homework to do today.我碰巧有你要借的那本书。I happen to have the book for you to borrow.单个的分词作定语强调动作时也应后置。例如：在唱歌的妇女是他的妻子。The woman singing is his wife.产

9、生的热能等于消耗的电能。The heat energy produced is equal to the electrical energy used.（三）表示地点和方位的副词作定语限制名词应后置。例如：周围的人救了他。The people around saved him.在我放学回家的路上我遇见了你的父亲。On my way home from school I met your father.那里的交通比这里的交通拥挤。The fraffic there is heavier than the fraffic here.上面的天和下面的海一样蓝。The sky above is as

10、blue as the sea below.（四）形容词作定语修饰代词those 以及 something 、 、everyone 、 anyone、 someone、 nothing 、 everything 、 anything somebody、 anybody、 everybody 、 nobody、 somewhere、 anywhere 等不定代词应后置。例如：我会尽一切可能的力量帮你学英语。I will do everything possible to help you with English.这件事情需要个可靠人。The work needs someone reliabl

11、e.出席的人都捐了钱。Those present donated money.暑假我要去个有趣的地方。During the summer holidays Im going somewhereinteresting.王老师审问了每个在场的人。Mr Wang questioned everybody present.你的汽车有毛病了。There is something wrong with your car.形容词作定语修饰的名词前已有all 、 only 、 every 以及形容词最高级这些限制性很强的词时，形容词应后置。例如：他和所有的先进工作者握了手。He shook hands wit

12、h all the workers advanced.可能有的最好办法是交付罚金。The best way possible is to pay the fine.形容词短语作定语应后置。例如：这是个足够困难的问题。This is a problem difficult enough.他是个对数学感兴趣的孩子。He is a boy interested in math.我是个不善于学习英语的学生。I am a student not good at studying English.他是个通晓汉语的外国人。He is a foreigner familiar with Chinese.5.

13、英语的句子与句子之间讲究连接方式（一）汉语并列句之间常常省略并列连词，而英语必须用并列连词连接两个并列分句。例如：他会讲英语，我会讲日语。He can speak English and I can speak Japanese.他三十五岁了，没有结婚。She is 35 years old ， but she is not married.我在专心做作业，有人敲了一下门。I was doing my homework attentively ， when someone knocked at the door.汉语主从复合句中在主句和状语从句之间常省略从属连词，而英语必须用从属连词将主句和从

14、句连接起来。例如：今天我不想乘出租车，里面很闷热。quiteis it becausetaxi a take to want dont I Todayis it becausehot inside.努力学习，你会赶上他的。If you study hard ， you will catch up with him.他起床非常早，及时赶上了第一班列车。He got up very early so that he was in time for the first train.你工作繁忙，不必跟我们去了。Since you are busy with your work , you neednt

15、 go with us.英语的主句和定语从句必须用关系代词或关系副词连接起来。 关系代词或关系副词既起连接作用，也同时充当了定语从句的一定成分，使得定语从句的结构完整。例如：他就是刚才找你的那个人。He is the man who asked for you just now.这是他父亲，在我们学校教书。This is his father ， who teaches in our school.这老太太，家里有三个儿子，独自一人住。The old woman ， in whose family there are 3 sons， lives by herself.Today it is June 20 thwhich is my birthday.今天是 6 月 20 日，我的生日。Today it is June 20 thwhich is my birthday.米处，出事故了。200 我