组织学与胚胎学 内分泌系统 双语教学课件

1、内分泌系统 Endocrine System 主讲人: 袁 娲Department of Histology and Embryology Gannan Medical University双语教学Bilingual teachingLearning Objectives The structure and function of thyroid gland甲状腺, parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺, adrenal gland 肾上腺 and hypophysis 垂体. The composition of endocrine system and the common fea

2、tures of endocrine tissuse. Two types of endocrine cells. Relationship between hypophysis 垂体 and hypothalamus 下丘脑. General description 概述 Components Endocrine glands 内分泌腺 Endocrine tissues （ Pancreas islet 胰岛） 内分泌组织 Endocrine cells 内分泌细胞 FunctionEndocrine systemproduceHormonestarget organsAct ontarg

3、et cellsHormones are molecules that function in the body as chemical signals.What is hormone？Endocrine glandsThyroid glandAdrenal glandsPituitary gland Hormones secretionSpecial secreting formsAutocrine （自分泌） Paracrine （旁分泌）远距分泌：激素进入血液 Two types of endocrine cellsNitrogenous-hormone secreting cellSt

4、eroid-hormone secreting cell含氮激素分泌细胞粗面内质网、高尔基复合体、膜包分泌颗粒类固醇激素分泌细胞滑面内质网、线粒体、脂滴、无分泌颗粒一、甲状腺 Thyroid gland甲状腺位于甲状软骨下紧贴在气管第三，四软骨环前面。甲状腺形如“H”，分左右两个侧叶，中间以峡部相连。 甲状腺可随吞咽动作而向上移动。 Thyroid glandGeneral structure- capsule 被摸 : L.C.T forming septa - parenchyma 实质: lobules 小叶 follicles 滤泡 interstitium间质: CTConstitu

5、tion: Follicle: Colloid is surrounded by a single layer epithelium.Epithelium 上皮: Simple squamous (hypoactive功能减退), cuboidal or columnar (hyperactive功能活跃), depending upon the functional status. Thyroid gland follicles 甲状腺滤泡2. Colloid 胶质: Homogeneous secretion of epithelium. Acidophilic. Contains iod

6、inated thyroglobulin 碘化的甲状腺球蛋白. Thyroid gland follicles Follicular epithelial cells EM: microvilli RER, Golgi apparatus secretory granules lysosome, mitochondria endocytotic vesiclesFunction: synthesize and release thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3)According to the structures of f

7、ollicular epithelial cells, can you illustrate their functions?四碘甲状腺原氨酸 （多）三碘甲状腺原氨酸 （少）Formation of T3 & T4:a. AA RER thyroglobulin (Gogi, glycosylated (G, secreting granules) colloid 胶质.b. Iodide 碘 (iodide pump) iodide oxidation in cytoplasm colloid bound to tyrosine 酪氨酸residues of thyroglobulin io

8、dated thyroglobulin.c. iodated thyroglobulin (TSH, microvilli) endocytic vesicles LYS T3 & T4. Function of T3, T4:a. elevate the basal metabolic rate. b. influence the body growth and nervous system development during fetal life.Modulation of T3, T4 secretion: hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis下丘脑-

9、垂体-甲状腺轴Pathological state在出生时甲状腺功能减退：精神发育迟滞 ；身材矮小；粗糙的五官 ；突出的舌头；脐疝呆小症单纯性甲状腺肿大Parafollicular cell-single between follicular cells-in small groups in interstitial tissueAlso called calcitonin cell / C cell LM: ovoid, polygonal larger pale-stained: eosinophilic argyrophilic granules 嗜银Function: synthesi

10、ze and release calcitonin, make blood calcium 滤泡旁细胞镀银染色HE染色 二、甲状旁腺 Parathyroid （一） 一般结构 两对，每个为扁椭圆形。表面有被膜，少量间质内含有孔毛细血管，实质由腺细胞排列成索状或团状。 腺细胞由主细胞和嗜酸性细胞组成。 甲状旁腺一、主细胞:数量多,染色浅 功能：分泌甲状旁腺素 升高血钙二、嗜酸性细胞:单个或成群存在,染色深， 含嗜酸性颗粒三、 肾 上 腺 Adrenal gland 左侧呈半月形，右侧呈扁平三角形。（一 ）一般结构 表面有被膜； 间质少，含血管和神经； 实质由皮质和髓质两部分构成。重点掌握皮质和髓

11、质的激素Adrenal gland cortexZona glomerulosaZona fasciculataZona reticularisZona glomerulosaZona fasciculataZona reticularis球状带束状带网状带Zona glomerulosa15% of cortex volume-Structure: LM cells: small, low columnar or polygonal be arranged into nests or clusters nuclei: deep stained, round cytoplasm: light

12、basophilic-Function: secrete mineralocorticoid ( eg. aldosterone) 盐皮质激素 醛固酮regulate electrolyte and water balanceZona reticularis7% of cortex volume-Structure:LMcells: small; be arranged in irregular anastomosing cords 吻合成网cytoplasm: acidophilic-Function:secret androgen(testosterone) andsmall amount

13、 of oestrogen 雌激素Adrenal medulla-Structure: medullary cell ( chromaffin cell ) : LM:cells: polyhedral 多边形, be arranged in short cordscytoplasm: weakly basophilic,brownish granules- when fixed bybichromate-containing fixative.central veinganglial cells: multipolar neuronslarge, 23 in groupsAdrenal me

14、dullaEMelectron-dense granules adrenaline cell: 80% 肾上腺素细胞noradrenaline cell: 20% 去甲肾上腺细胞Adr. cellNoradr. cell-Function: secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline secrete some polypeptides 多肽 (galanin甘丙肽, neuropeptide Y神经肽, enkephalin脑啡肽)i. heart rateii. dilate blood vessel i. blood pressure ii. the flow

15、 speed of blood Pathological stateExcessive adrenal secretion of glucocorticoid hormonesCushings syndrome 库欣综合征满月脸、多血质外貌、向心性肥胖、紫纹等 四、垂体垂体腺垂体（前叶）神经垂体（后叶）远侧部结节部中间部神经部漏斗正中隆起漏斗柄 重点掌握腺垂体远侧部结构与分泌的激素；掌握神经垂体的结构；掌握垂体门脉系统、赫令体的概念。Pituitary glandPars distalisPars intermediaPars nervosaInfundibular Pas distalis

16、远侧部Glandular cells are arranged in cords Rich in capillaries around the cellsClassification:ChromophobesChromophils Acidophils Basophils A - Acidophilround or oval , eosinophilic stainningB - Basophilless, large cell, ovoid or polygonalbasophilic granulesC - Chromophobemore, small, pale, no clear bo

17、undary Tropic hormones of pas distalis cell type secreting hormone acidophil basophilsomatotrophgrowth hormone(GH)生长激素mammotroph prolactin(PRL)催乳激素thyrotropegonadotrope adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) 促肾上腺皮质激素corticotrope follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)卵泡刺激素 luteinizing hormone(LH) 黄体生成素 thyroid

18、 stimulating hormone(TSH) 促甲状腺激素生长激素细胞催乳激素细胞促甲状腺激素细胞促性腺激素细胞促肾上腺皮质激素细胞 Gigantism 巨人症 Dwarfism 侏儒症Pathological stategrowth hormone in kidstoo muchdeficientAcromegaly 肢端肥大症Pathological stateToo much growth hormone occurs in adultsProtruding jaw 下颚突出Broaden lower faceEnlarged handsPas intermedia 中间部Stru

19、cture:chromophobe cellsbasophilsbe arranged into cords/follicles.Function:Secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 黑素细胞刺激素Pas tuberalis 结节部包围着神经垂体的漏斗，含丰富的毛细血管.下丘脑、腺垂体的关系和垂体门脉系统1、垂体门脉系统： 垂体门微静脉及其两端的毛细血管网共同构成垂体门脉系统2、意义：下丘脑与腺垂体之间的功能联系 下丘脑弓状核的神经内分泌细胞分泌的释放激素或释放抑制激素通过垂体门脉系统运送到腺垂体远侧部，调节腺垂体细胞的分泌。Neurohypophysis 神经垂体Pars nervosa 神经部ComponentsPituicytes ( glial cells) 垂体细胞Capillaries (fenestrated) 有孔毛细血管Unmyelinated nerve fibers 无髓神经纤维 Function: Store and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)催产素抗利尿激素Neurohypophysis 神经垂体 Herring bodies 赫令体: Neurosecretory granules accumula