英语词汇学知识点整理

1、=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=词汇期末复习(C1-C7 )Chapter 1一、Word词的定义a minimal free form (最小的自由形式)a sound unitya semantic unity (meaning)a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。词的总和构成语言的词汇

2、。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary ( 任意的)and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式The written form of a natural language is the orthographical (正字的)record of the oral form.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。The reasons of differences

3、 occur between sound and form:发音与形式不同的原因： English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速 Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the st

4、andardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc. 夕卜 来词五、Classification of Words 词的分类Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary Basic WordsThe basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词7匚特点：?1. All national character 全民性 (in

5、dispensable to all the people who speak the language).?2. Stability 稳定性 (relatively stableor unchanged)?3. Productivity 多产性(form newwords in combination with other roots and affixes )?4. Polysemy 多义性?5. Collocability 搭配性 Non-basic WordsNon-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialect

6、al words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。Content Words & Functional Words Content Words/Full words/National words :They denote clear notions.能够表达清楚的含义 Functional words/Empty words/Form words :They show the relation between notions.显示了与概念之间的关系Native Words & Borrowed Words Native

7、Words :Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.-完整版学习资料分享-:WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享 Borrowed Words :loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includesDenizens 同化词 Aliens 4E同化词 Translation loans 译借词 Semantic

8、loans 借义词Chapter 2一、The Indo-European Language Family 欧语系 The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, andIndia.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。The classification of Indo-European language family :The Eastern SetThe Western Set (Germanic)二、Three phases of the Voca

9、bulary Development 词?匚发展三阶段 Old English(450-1150)特点：?It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小?It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.拉丁 /斯堪的纳维亚外来词少? It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.) 完整词尾Middle English(1150-1500)

10、特点：? It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大? It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇? Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平Modern English(1500 up to the present)特点：? it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary;巨大且多样的词汇? It has tremendous borro

11、wings; 许多夕卜来词? It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失三、General Characteristic 一般特征 Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity 接受性、适应性、异质性Simplicity of inflection 简洁性、屈折性Relatively fixed word-order 相对固定的语序四、Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary 英语词汇中的外来成分(1)主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语(2)次要外来成分：意大利语、

12、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语五、Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展Modes of Vocabulary Development 发展方式：? Creation 创tSemantic change 旧词新义 Borrowing 借词Chapter 3Morphemes 词素(1)词素的定义：It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。-完整版学习资料分享=WORD 完整版-可编

13、辑-专业资料分享=(2)词素的特点：All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何 意义。Morphemes may have some variants. 词素可能会有些变。e.g. - ation. May also be -tion,-sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because

14、they have the same meaning and grammatical function.Morphs and Allomorphs形素和词素变体(1)形素的定义：morphsThe phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termedmorphs体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。(2)形素与词素的关系：Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as

15、 morphs.词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。词素变体：An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.Morphemewould）词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。Morphemewould）总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。 morph morph mcxph morph - alfomorphtwudf Jw3由 /dd / Al/morphememorph morph mcxph morph - alfomorphtwudf Jw

16、3由 /dd / Al/Classifying Morphemes 词素分类in terms of their capacity of occurring alone根据能否独立出现分类Free vs. bound morphemes 自 由词素 /粘着词素?Free morphemes（自 由词素）：Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical

17、 units in sentences.自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。举仞ij: man, wind, open, tour自由词素都是词根，也叫自由词根，能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。? Bound morphemes（粘着词素 ）:Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.粘着词素

18、不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。举例： bound root: -dict-, -ced- affix: -ion, -ist, -icon the basis of the capacity of forming new words根据能否构成新词分类Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 派生词素 /屈折词素? Derivational morphemes（派生词素 ）Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when t

19、hey are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。派生词素的特点：-完整版学习资料分享:WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享改变词干的意义和词性表明单词内的语义出现在一些词类里的部分语素中在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现? Inflectional morphemes（屈折词素）Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic

20、relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。屈折词素的特点：不改变词干的意义和词性表明句子中不同单词的句法和语义关系出现于一些大的词类里所有语素中出现于单词的边缘on a semantic and syntactic basis 根据语义和语法分类Content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes 实义词素 /语法词素Lexi

21、cal 词?匚 / content 实义 morphemes are morphemes which have a lexical content and are used for the construction of new words as in compound words and derivational morphemes such as -ship, -ize.实义词素是拥有词汇意义并且用来构造新词，就像复合词和派生词。? Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass

22、 bothinflectional affixes(- s) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, havefunctional words)语法词素主要作为语法标记，包含屈折词缀和自由词素。四、Identifying Morphemes 词素的识别 How to identify morphemes?They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution.他们应该通过形式、意义、分布来识别。五、 Morphemization and New Morphemes 词素化和新词素Mor

23、phemization is the process of creating a morpheme using a word, or part of a word.词素化是通过一个词或者词的一部分来创造一个词素的过程。two ways of creating new morphemes:clipping?front clippinge.g. e-, info-, and docu-?back clipinge.g. -net(from internet), -gate(from watergate)using an old form as a morpheme e.g. -speak (Cli

24、nton speak) 六、Morpheme and Word-formation 词素和构词In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.在构词法中，语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.All affixes are bound morphemes.词缀都是粘着词素，依附于单词或其他构词材料构成新词或表示词的语法意义。? T

25、wo types of affixes:Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes屈折词缀和派生词缀A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.-完整版学习资料分享=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when

26、all inflectional affixes have been removed.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词 基上

27、，而 只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。free morpheme - free root morphemebound rootbound morphemeinflectional affix (suffix)free morpheme - free root morphemebound rootbound morphemeinflectional affix (suffix)afffixprefixderivational affixsuffixindividualisticindividualist stem, baseindividual stem, basedividual basedivi

28、de root, stem, baseChapter 4最重要的三种(往年考过)截短法一共9中构词方法：最重要的三种(往年考过)截短法? Affixation (derivation)? Compounding? Conversion/ Shifting? Blending 拼缀法? Clipping/ ShorteningAcronymy首字母拼音法Back-formation 逆生法Sound Reduplication语音重叠法Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法一、Affixation/Derivation 词缀法 /派生法一构成：派生词

29、Derivative定义：Affixation refers to the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases词缀法指的是给词基添加派生词缀或者可用于构词的词缀来构成新词。Derivation: a process by which new words are derived from old or base forms.派生是指一个新词通过旧的或者基本形式派生出新的词。(2)分类：Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is defined as the forma

30、tion of new words by adding prefixes to bases.通过给词基添加前缀构成新词。前缀类型：Negative Prefixes表否定的前缀Reversative or Privative Prefixes 表逆向意义的前缀Pejorative Prefixes表贬义的前缀Prefixes of Degree or Size表程度大小的前缀Prefixed of Orientation and Attitude表倾向和态度等意义的前缀-完整版学习资料分享=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=Locative Prefixes表方位意义的前缀Prefixe

31、s of Time and Order表时间和顺序等意义的前缀Number Prefixes表数字的前缀Conversion Prefixes用于转换词性的前缀Miscellaneous Prefixes其他种类意义的词缀11New Prefixes 新的前缀Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the process of new words by adding word-forming or derivational suffixes to bases .通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新词。后缀类型：noun suffixes名词后缀adjective

32、suffixes形容词后缀adverb suffixes 副词后缀(如：-ward/-wards )new suffixes新后缀(如：-nik的成员、-holic上瘾、-burger汉堡的)Prefixes:前缀特点： Preposed放在词前Grammatically unimportant (mostly not changing word class/ part of speech)语法上不特别重要，大多不改变词类词性。Modifying lexical meaning 修饰词7匚意思Suffixes:后缀特点：Postposed放在词后Grammatically significan

33、t 语法意义重要Of less significance in lexical meaning 词汇意义上相对不那么重要二、Compounding复合法一构成：复合词 定义：Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.复合法是通过添加两个或以上的词基来构成新词。A compound is “ a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a

34、 sing le word.复合词是一个词汇单位，包括超过一个词基，在语法和语义上都作为一个单一的词。(2)写法：Compounds can be written ? solid (silkworm), ? hyphenated (honey-bee) ? and open (tear gas and easy chair) (3)复合词特点：What is the dividing line between compounds and free phrases? 复合词和自由词组的区别界限： a. phonological features 语音特点 b. semantic features

35、 语义特点 c. grammatical features 语法特点 d. orthographical features 拼写特点 (4)复合词的构词方法：three major classes of compounds 前三种是主要的复合词：-完整版学习资料分享-=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=Noun compounds 名词复合词Adjective compounds 形容词复合词Verb compounds 动词复合词preposition compoundspronoun compoundconjunction compound名词复合词：A.词汇层面分析：? N+N?

36、N+V? V+N? A+N? N+Ving? Ving+N? N+Ver? adv+N? V+adv? Ving+adv? adv+VingB.句法层面的分析：? S+V主语加谓语? V+O谓语加宾语? V+ADV谓语加副词? PLACE 地点（比如：hilding-place=hide in a place ）? TIME 时间（比如：day-dreamer=dream during the day）? INSTRUMENT 工具、手段（比如：handwriting=write by hand ）? OTHERS 其他（比如：shadow-boxing=box against a shado

37、w ）?S+O主语加宾语? S+C 主语加补语（比如：girlfriend=the friend is a girl ）形容词复合词C.基本层面：? N+Ving? ADJ+Ving? N+adj? adj+adj （比如：deaf-mute 聋哑的）? N+Ved? ADJ+Ved? ADV+Ved? N+Ned （比如：lion-hearted非常勇敢的）? A+Ned （比如：short-sighted 目光短浅的）? num+Ned? num+Ving? adv+Ving? Ved+adv-完整版学习资料分享=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=D.内部语法层面：? V+O? V+

38、ADV? V+P.? N-ADV+ADJ (比如：homesick=Sick because of missing home )? Coordinating relation动词复合词：Through Conversion 转类 比如：nickname=to nickname; honeymoon=to honeymoonThrough Back Formation 逆生法比如：lip-reading=to lip-read; mass production=to mass-produce.三、Conversion转类法一构成：转类词定义：Conversion is the formation

39、 of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without any change in morphological structures .(2)类型：Conversion to nouns 名词转类?deverbal nouns动词名词化比如： wantfwhat is wanted ? de-adjectival nouns 形容词名词化 a. full conversion 完全转换 比如：a white 一个白人 b. partial co

40、nversion 部分转换 比如：the poor (得带定冠词才能表示名词意思)Conversion to verbs 动词转类? denominal verbs名词动词化 比如：to can the fruit (将水果放入罐头中) ? de-adjectival verbs 动词形容词化 比如： He walked so fast so as not to wet his shoes.conversion to adjectives 形容词转类 比如：a gold ring (gold是名词转形容词)四、Blending拼缀法一构成：混合词(1) 定义：Blending is the f

41、ormation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plusa part of another word and vice versa. 拼缀法是通过合并两个单词的一部分或者一个单词加上 另一个单词的一部分构成新单词的构词方法。(2)结构：头+尾头+头头+词词+尾五、Clipping截短法一构成：缩略词(1) 定义： Clipping refers to the way of making a word by shortening or clipping a longer word known as clipping.

42、 通过缩短或者截掉一个长单词来构新词。(2)类型：-完整版学习资料分享-:WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享Front ClippingBack ClippingFront and back clippingPhrase clipping六、Acronymy首字母拼音法composite定义：Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical

43、 terms .composite将社会和政治组织名称的首字母或短语作为术语组合在一起形成新词的过程。(2)类型: ? initialisms （alphabetisms）:首字母缩略词1）定义：Initialisms refer to words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name.字母一个一个读2）两种类型：Letters representing full wordsLetters representing constituents in a compound or just parts of a word ? acronyms : 首

44、字母拼音词1)定义：Acronyms refer to a word from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.可整体作为单词发音2）类型：pure acronymshybrid acronymssyllabic acronyms七、Back-formation逆生法一构成：逆向派生词定义：Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also

45、known as a reverse derivation. This is because many of the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.逆生法（逆向派生法）是通过去除单词所谓的后缀构成新词的方法。所移除的后缀并不是真正的 后缀，而是单词的独立部分。八、Sound Reduplication语音重叠法一构成：语音重叠词reduplicatives定义：Sound reduplication is the formation of compound words by r

46、epeating the same element with little or no change.（2）类型：Four types:Words to imitate pure sounds e.g. tick-tuck 模仿声音Words to suggest alternating movements e.g. ping-pong 暗示某种运动Words to disparage （贬义、 蔑视）by suggesting instability, nonsense, insecurity, vacillation,etc. e.g. hocus-pocuswords to intens

47、ify.增强语气e.g. teeny-weeny-完整版学习资料分享=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=九、 Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法Names of People人名专有化 如：Ampere安培Names of Places地名专有化 如：Champagne香槟（法国尚帕涅）Names of Books书名专有化 如：Utopia （乌托邦）Trade Name商标名如：nylon尼龙Chapter 5一、Word Meaning 词意Reference所指含义1)定义：Reference is the connection b

48、etween the word form and what the form refers to in the world.所指含义是单词形式和它在这个世界上所指事物之间的关系。2)语言符号和其所指之间的关系：the relationship between the linguistic sign and its referent:arbitrary任意性、随意性conventional约定俗成the result of generalization and abstraction 概括化与抽象化的结果 reference + context = something definite 即要赋予

49、定的语境鬟 The semiotic triangleS ym b oil n* *ef erent(Word form)(Objectreferencefsymbol ：意义通过符号表达reference referent (所指事物)：概括化合抽象化的结合symbolreferent:任意性&约定俗成Concept 概念定义：Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world . Concept is beyond langu

50、age.在人的头脑中形成一些对客观世界的反映概念和意义的区别：They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words.均与所指事物相关，是词语的概念。Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.概念对于所有人来说都是相似的。But meaning belongs to language.意

51、义属于语言层次。Sense语义定义：The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the-完整版学习资料分享-=WORD 完整版-可编辑-专业资料分享=language. It is often used to substitute meaning.一个词的语义表现了它和语言中的其他词在语义系统上的关系，通常等于意义。? Sense denotes the relationships inside the language语义表现的是语言内在关系。? R

52、eference denotes the relationship between words and the things they stand for.所指含义表示的是单词和它们所象征事物之间的关系。二、 Motivation 理据Onomatopoeic Motivation拟声理据In modern English, some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises .通过模仿自然声音或者噪音

53、暗示单词意义。primary onomatopoeiasecondary onomatopoeia: e.g. splash/whisperMorphological Motivation形态理据Compounds and derived words are multimorphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the total of the morphemes combined.复合词和派生词是多语素词，他们的意义由语素结合而成。e.g. airmail miniskirtSemantic Motivation 语义理据It e

54、xplains the meaning of a word generated through associations based on its conceptual meaning.语义理据解释了 一个词通过联想在概念意义的基础上衍生出其他意义。e.g. mouth of a river: the opening part of the riverEtymological Motivation 词源理据the origins of words more often than not throw light on their meanings.单词的起源往往能解释它们的含义。三、 Types

55、 of Meaning-.ti - Types of Vmmma加3Lexical的 iming Meaning语法文词汇意义CanceplijaJ；. As&ooaliwEMeanirtg - *八 Meaning 喊急意义；二：武盘文Connotalive Msanog 内违意义Slyltsilc! AftectluBCdI Locative的iMe.amngMeaning文体情噂*义 精配 Grammatical Meaning 语法意义定义：Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of noun