2019年度12月四级真命题第二套

1、_ a . a. . a . a a a._ a a a a aa a _ a a a a. a . a . _ . _ a A A. A_ A a _AFinally , some good news about airplane travel. If you are on a plane with a sickpassenger, you are unlikely to get sick.That is the 26 B of a new study that lookedat how respiratoryviruses 27 L on airplanes. Researchers fo

2、und that only people whowere seated in the same row as a passenger with the flu, for one row in frontof or behind that individual had a high risk of catching the illness. All other passengershad only a very 28K chance of getting sick, according to the findings. Media reportshave not necessarily pres

3、ented 29A information about the risk of getting infectedon an airplane in the past. Therefore, these new findings should help airplanepassengers to feel less30Oto catching respiratory infections while traveling by air.Prior to the new study, little was known about the risks of getting31 C infectedby

4、 common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, theresearchers said. So,toon 10 different 33 G32 Ethe risks of infection , the study team flewin the U.S. during the flu season.The researchers found thatpassengers sitting within two seats on 34D side of a person infected

5、with the flu, aswell as those sitting one row in front of or behind this individual, had about an 80 percentchance of getting sick. But other passengers wereThey had a less than 3 percent chance of catching the flu.A) Accurate准确的35Hsafe from infection.B) conclusion结局,结果C) directly直接了当的_D) either两者之一

6、的E) evaluate评估F) explorations探索G) flights航班H) largely在很大程度上I) nearby附近J) respond回应 responseK) slim纤细的，苗条的L) spread传播M) summit顶峰，峰会N) vividly生动形象的O) vulnerable脆弱的 be vulnerable toSection B_Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Mealof the Day?早餐真的是一天中最重要的一餐吗？A Along with old classics like “carrots gi

7、ve you night vision” and “Santadoesnt bring toys to misbehaving children”,one of the most well-worn phrases oftired parents everywhere is that breakfast is the most important mealof the day. Many ofus grow up believing that skipping breakfast is a serious mistake, even if only two thirdsof adults in

8、 the UK eat breakfast regularly , according to the British Dietetic Association,and around three-quarters of Americans.A除了“胡萝卜给你夜视”和“圣诞老人不会给行为不端的孩子带来玩具”等古老的经典名言外，各地疲惫的父母们最熟悉的一句话是早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。根据英国饮食协会(British Diettic Association)的数据，我们中的许多人从小到大都认为不吃早餐是一个严重的错误，即使只有三分之二的英国成年人经常吃早餐，而大约四分之三的美国人也是如此。B “Th

9、ebody uses a lot of energy stores for growth and repair through the night,”explains diet specialist Sarah Elder. “Eating a balanced breakfast helps to up our energy,as well as make up for protein and calcium used throughout the night.” But thereswidespread disagreement over whether breakfast should

10、keep its top spot in thehierarchy( ip) of meals. There have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal andthe food industrys involvement in pro-breakfast researchandeven one claim froman academic that breakfast is “dangerous”.B饮食专家莎拉埃尔德解释说：“人体整夜都要消耗大量的能量储备来生长和修复。”“吃一顿均衡的早餐有助于补充我们的能量，还能补充整晚消耗的蛋

11、白质和钙。”但是，关于早餐是否应该保持其在餐饮等级(IP)中的首位，人们普遍存在分歧。人们对谷类食品的含糖量和食品业参与_支持早餐的研究表示担忧，甚至有一位学者声称早餐是“危险的”。C Whats the reality? Is breakfast a necessary start to the day or a marketing tacticby cereal companies? The most researched aspect of breakfast (and breakfast-skipping)has been its links to obesity. Scientist

12、s have different theories as to why theresarelationship between the two.In one US study that analysed the health data of 50,000people over seven years, researchers found that those who made breakfast the largestmealof the day were more likely to have a lower body mass index (BMI) than those whoate a

13、 large lunch or dinner. The researchers argued that breakfast helps reduce dailycalorie intake and improve the quality of our dietsincebreakfast foods are often higherin fibre and nutrients.C现实是什么？早餐是一天的必要开始，还是谷类食品公司的一种营销策略？研究最多的早餐(和不吃早餐)是它与肥胖的联系。对于为什么两者之间存在联系，科学家们有不同的理论。美国的一项研究分析了5万人七年来的健康数据，研究人员发现

14、，那些把早餐作为一天中最丰盛的一餐的人比那些午餐或晚餐吃得多的人更有可能身体质量指数(BMI)更低。研究人员认为，早餐有助于减少每天的卡路里摄入量，并提高我们饮食的质量-因为早餐食物通常含有更高的纤维和营养素。D But as with any study of this kind, it was unclear if that was the causeor ifbreakfast-skippers were just more likely to be overweight to begin with. To find out,researchers designed a study in

15、 which 52 obese women took part in a 12-weck weightloss programme.All had the same number of calories over the day, but half hadbreakfast, while the other half did not. What they found was that it wasnt breakfastitself that caused the participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine

16、.D但与任何这类研究一样，目前还不清楚这是不是原因，或者不吃早餐的人一开始就更有可_能超重。为了找出答案，研究人员设计了一项研究，52名肥胖女性参加了一个12周的减肥计划。所有人在一天中摄入的卡路里都是相同的，但一半人吃早餐，而另一半人没有。他们发现，导致参与者减肥的不是早餐本身，而是改变了他们的日常生活方式。E If breakfast alone isnta guarantee of weight loss, why is there a link betweenobesity and breakfast- skipping U Alexandra Johnstone, professor

17、 of appetite research atthe University of Aberdeen,argues that it may simply be because breakfast-skippers havebeen found to be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health. “There are a lot ofstudies on the relationship between breakfast eating and possible health outcomes , butthis may be because

18、 those who eat breakfast choose to habitually have health-enhancingbehaviours such as regular exercise and not smoking,” she says.E如果单靠早餐不能保证减肥，为什么肥胖和早餐之间存在联系？阿伯丁大学(UniversityOfAberdeen)食欲研究教授亚历山德拉约翰斯通(U Alexandra Johnstone)认为，这可能只是因为人们发现，不吃早餐的人对营养和健康的知识较少。她说：“有很多关于吃早餐和可能的健康结果之间关系的研究，但这可能是因为那些吃早餐的人选

19、择习惯性地进行有益健康的行为，比如定期锻炼和不吸烟。”FA 2016 review of 10 studies looking into the relationship between breakfast andweight management concluded there is “limited evidence” supporting or refuting theargument that breakfast influences weight or food intake, and more evidence isrequired before breakfast recomme

20、ndations can be used to help prevent obesity.F2016年，一项针对早餐与体重管理关系的10项研究的综述得出结论，支持或驳斥早餐影响体重或食物摄入量的观点的证据“有限”，在早餐建议被用来帮助预防肥胖之前，还需要更多的证据。_GResearchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen are halfwaythrough research looking into the mechanisms behind how the time we eat influencesbod

21、y weight. Early findings suggest that a bigger breakfast is beneficial to weight control.Breakfast has been found to affect more than just weight. Skipping breakfast has beenassociated with a 27%increased risk of heart disease, a 21% higher risk of type 2 diabetesin men,and a 20%higher risk of type

22、2 diabetes in women.One reason may bebreakfasts nutritional valuepartly because cereal is horrified( Wn20 = Jlii) withvitamins. In one study on the breakfast habits of 1,600young people in the UK,researchers found that the fibre and micronutrient intake was better in those who hadbreakfast regularly

23、. There have been similar findings in Australia, Brazil, Canada and theUS.G萨里大学和阿伯丁大学的研究人员正在研究我们进食时间如何影响体重背后的机制，目前这项研究已经进行了一半。早期的研究结果表明，早餐吃得多对控制体重有好处。人们发现早餐影响的不仅仅是体重。不吃早餐与心脏病风险增加 27%，男性患2型糖尿病风险增加21%，女性患2型糖尿病风险增加20%相关。其中一个原因可能是早餐的营养价值-部分原因是谷类食品富含维生素。在一项关于英国1600名年轻人早餐习惯的研究中，研究人员发现，经常吃早餐的人纤维和微量营养素的摄入量更

24、好。澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大和美国也有类似的发现。HBreakfast is also associated with improved brain function, including concentrationand language use. A review of 54 studies found that eating breakfast can improvememory,though the effects on other brain functions were inconclusive. However,one ofthe reviews researchers, Mary

25、 Beth Spitznagel, says there is “reasonable” evidencebreakfast does improve concentrationthere just needs to be more research._“Looking at studies that tested concentration, the number of studies showing a benefitwas exactly the same as the number that found no benefit,” she says. “And no studiesfou

26、nd that eating breakfast was bad for concentration.”H早餐还与改善大脑功能有关，包括注意力集中和语言使用。一项对 54项研究的回顾发现，吃早餐可以改善记忆，尽管对其他大脑功能的影响尚不确定。然而，该综述的研究人员之一玛丽贝丝斯皮茨纳格尔(Mary Beth Spitznagel)表示，有“合理的”证据表明早餐确实能提高注意力-只是需要更多的研究。她说：“看一看测试注意力的研究，显示有益处的研究数量与发现没有益处的研究数量完全相同。”“而且没有研究发现吃早餐不利于集中注意力。”I Whats most important, some argue

27、, is what we eat for breakfast. High-proteinbreakfasts have been found particularly effective in reducing the longing for food andconsumption later in the day, according to research by the Australian CommonwealthScientific and Industrial Research Organisation. While cereal remains a firm favouriteam

28、ong breakfast consumers in the UK and US,a recent investigation into the sugarcontent of adult breakfast cereals found that some cereals contain more than three-quarters of the recommended daily amount of free sugars in each portion, and sugarwas the second or third highest ingredient in cereals.i有些

29、人认为，最重要的是我们早餐吃什么。根据澳大利亚联邦科学和工业研究组织的研究，高蛋白早餐被发现在减少一天晚些时候对食物和消费的渴望方面特别有效。虽然麦片仍然是英国和美国早餐消费者的最爱，但最近一项对“成人”早餐麦片含糖量的调查发现，有些麦片每部分的游离糖含量超过每日推荐量的四分之三，糖是麦片中第二或第三高的成分。J But some research suggests if weregoing to eat sugary foods, itsbest to do itearly. One study recruited 200 obese adults to take part in a 16-

30、week-long diet, where_half added dessert to their breakfast, and half didnt.Those who added dessert lost anaverage of 40 pounds morehowever,the study was unable to show the long- termeffects. A review of 54 studies found that there is no consensus yet on what type ofbreakfast is healthier, and concl

31、ude that the type of breakfast doesnt matter as much assimply eating something.J但是一些研究表明，如果我们要吃含糖的食物，最好是早点吃。一项研究招募了 200名肥胖成年人参加为期16周的节食，其中一半人在早餐中添加甜点，另一半没有。添加甜点的人平均减掉了40磅-然而，这项研究无法显示长期影响。一项对 54项研究的回顾发现，关于哪种早餐更健康，目前还没有达成共识，并得出结论，早餐类型并不像简单地吃东西那么重要。K While theres no conclusive evidence on exactly what

32、we should be eating andwhen,the consensus is that we should listen to our own bodies and eat when werehungry. “Breakfast is most important for people who are hungry when they wake up,”Johnstone says. “Each body starts the day differentlyand those individual differencesneed to be researched more clos

33、ely,” Spitznagel says. “Abalanced breakfast is reallyhelpful, but getting regular meals throughout the day is more important to leave bloodsugar stable through the day, which helps control weight and hunger levels,” saysElder. “Breakfast isntthe only mealwe should be getting right.”K虽然没有确凿的证据表明我们到底应

34、该吃什么，什么时候吃，但共识是，我们应该听从自己的身体，在饥饿的时候吃东西。约翰斯通说：“早餐对于那些醒来时感到饥饿的人来说是最重要的。”Spitznagel说：“每个人开始这一天的方式都不同，这些个体差异需要更仔细地研究。”埃尔德说：“均衡的早餐真的很有帮助，但全天有规律的饮食更重要的是让血糖在一天中保持稳定，这有助于控制体重和饥饿水平。”“早餐不是我们应该做对的唯一一餐。”_36. According to one professor, obesity is related to a lack of basic awareness ofnutrition and health.E37. S

35、ome scientists claim that people should consume the right kind of food atbreakfast.I38. Opinions differ as to whether breakfast is the most important mealof the day.B39. It has been found that not eating breakfast is related to the incidence of certaindiseases in some countries.G40. Researchers foun

36、d it was a change in eating habits rather than breakfast itself thatinduced weight loss.D41. To keep oneself healthy, eating breakfast is more important than choosing what toeat.J42. It is widely considered wrong not to eat breakfast.A43. More research is needed to prove that breakfast is related to

37、 weight loss or foodintakeF44. People who prioritise breakfasts tend to have lower calorie but higher nutritionalintakeC45. Many studies reveal that eating breakfast helps people memorise and concentrate.H36.根据一位教授的说法，肥胖与缺乏基本的营养和健康意识有关。37.一些科学家声称人们应该在早餐时食用正确的食物。38.关于早餐是否是一天中最重要的一餐，意见不一。39.在一些国家，人们发现

38、不吃早餐与某些疾病的发病率有关。40.研究人员发现，导致体重减轻的是饮食习惯的改变，而不是早餐本身。_41.为了保持健康，吃早餐比选择吃什么更重要。42.人们普遍认为不吃早餐是错误的。43.需要更多的研究来证明早餐与减肥或食物摄入量有关。44.优先吃早餐的人往往卡路里较低，但营养摄入量较高。45.许多研究表明，吃早餐有助于人们记忆和集中注意力。Section CPassage OneTextbooks represent an 11 billion dollar industry, up from $8 billion in 2014.Textbookpublisher Pearson is

39、the largest publisherofany kindin the world.It costs about $1 million to create a new textbook. A freshman textbook will havedozens of contributors, from subject-matter experts through graphic and layout artiststo expert reviewers and classroom testers. Textbook publishers connect professors,instruc

40、tors and students in ways that alternatives替代品, such as open e-textbooks andopen educational resources, simply do not. This connection happens not only by meansof collaborative development,review and testing, but also at conferences where facultyregularly decide on their textbooks and curricula for

41、the coming year.It is true that textbook publishers have recently reported losses, largely due tostudents renting or buying used print textbooks. But this can be chalked up to theexcessively high cost of their bookswhichhas increased over 1,000 percent since 1977.A restructuring of the textbook indu

42、stry may well be in order. But this does not mean theend of the textbook itself.While they may not be as dynamic as an iPad, textbooks are not passive or lifeless. For_example,over the centuries, they have simulated dialogues in a number of ways. From1800 to the resent day, textbooks have done this

43、by posing questions for students toanswer inductively. That means students are asked to use their individual experience tocome up with answers to general questions. Todayspsychology texts, for example,ask:“How much of your personality do you think you inherited?” while ones in physicssay: “How can y

44、ou predict where the ball you tossed will land ”Experts observe that “textbooks come in layers, something like an onion.” For anactive learner, engaging with a textbook can be an interactive experience: Readersproceed at their own pace.They “customize” their books by engaging with differentlayers an

45、d linkages. Highlighting , Post-It notes, dog-ears and other techniques allow forfurther customization that students value in print books over digital forms of books.教科书代表着一个价值110亿美元的产业，高于2014年的80亿美元。教科书出版商皮尔逊是世界上最大的出版商。制作一本新教科书大约要花费100万美元。一本新生教科书将有数十名撰稿人，从主题专家到平面和布局艺术家，再到专家评论员和课堂测试员。教科书出版商将教授、教师和学生

46、联系起来，这是开放式电子教科书和开放式教育资源等替代方案根本无法做到的。这种联系不仅通过合作开发、审查和测试的方式实现，而且在教职员工定期决定来年教科书和课程的会议上也是如此。诚然，教科书出版商最近报告了亏损，主要是由于学生租用或购买二手纸质教科书。但这可以归因于他们的图书成本过高-自1977年以来上涨了1000%以上。教科书行业的重组很可能是顺理成章的。但这并不意味着教科书本身的终结。虽然它们可能没有iPad那么有活力，但教科书并不是被动的或没有生命的。例如，几个世纪以来，他们以多种方式模拟对话。从1800年到现在，教科书通过提出问题让学生归纳回答来做到这_一点。这意味着学生们被要求利用他们

47、的个人经验来提出一般问题的答案。例如，今天的心理学课本会问：“你认为你继承了多少人格？”而物理学的人会说：“你怎么能预测你抛出的球会落在哪里呢？”专家观察到，“教科书是层次分明的，有点像洋葱。”对于一个积极的学习者来说，接触教科书可以是一种互动的体验：读者按照自己的节奏进行，他们通过参与不同的层次和联系来“定制”他们的书籍。高亮显示、便利贴、狗耳和其他技术允许学生进一步定制纸质书，而不是数字形式的书。46.What does the passage say about open educational resources?A)They contribute to teaching as muc

48、h as to learning.B)They dontprofit as much as traditional textbooks do.C)They cantconnect professors and students as textbooks do.D)They compete fiercely激烈的 for customers with textbook producers.47.What is the main cause of the publishers losses损失?A)Failure to meet student need.B)Industry restructur

49、ing.C) Emergence of e-books.D)Falling sales.48.What does the textbook industry need to do?A)Reform its structures.B) Cut its retail prices零售价.C) Find replacements for printed textbooks.D)Change its business strategy periodically定期地._49.What are students expected to do in the learning process?A)Think

50、 carefully before answering each question.B) Ask questions based on their own understanding.C) Answer questions using their personal experience.D)Give answers showing their respective personality各自的个性.50.What do experts say about students using textbooks?A)They can digitalize数字化 the prints easily.B)

51、They can learn in an interactive way.C)They can purchase customized versions定制的版本.D)They can adapt改编 the material themselves.46.这篇文章对开放教育资源有什么看法？a)他们对教学的贡献不亚于对学习的贡献b)它们不像传统教科书那样受益c)他们不能像教科书那样把教授和学生联系起来d)他们与教科书生产商为争夺客户展开了激烈的竞争47.出版商亏损的主要原因是什么？a)未能满足学生的需求b)产业结构调整c)电子书的出现d)销售额下降48.教科书产业需要做些什么？a)改革体制_b)

52、降低零售价c)寻找印刷教科书的替代品d)定期改变经营策略49.学生在学习过程中应该做些什么？a)在回答每个问题之前仔细考虑b)根据自己的理解提出问题c)根据他们的亲身经历回答问题d)给出显示各自个性的答案50.专家们对学生使用教科书有何看法？a)他们可以很容易地将指纹数字化b)他们可以通过互动的方式学习c)他们可以购买定制版本d)他们可以自己改编材料Passage TwoWhen we think of animals and plants, we have a pretty good way of dividing them intotwo distinct groups : one con

53、verts sunlight into energy and the other has to eat food tomake its energy. Well, those dividing lines come crashing down with the discovery of asca s/eg thatstruly half animal and half plant. Itspretty incredible how it hasmanaged to hijack the genes of the algae on which it feeds.The slugs can man

54、ufacture chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants that capturesenergy from sunlight , and hold these genes within their body.The term kleptoplasty isused to describe the practice of using hijacked genes to create nutrients from sunlight._And so far, this green sea slug is the only known animal that

55、can be truly consideredsolar-powered, although some animals do exhibit some plant-like behaviors. Manyscientists have studied the green sea slugs to confirm that they are actually able to createenergy from sunlight.In fact, the slugs use the genetic material so well that they pass it on to their fut

56、uregenerations. Their babies retain the ability to produce their own chlorophyll, though theycantgenerate energy from sunlight until theyveeaten enough algae to steal thenecessary genes, which they cantyet produce on their own.“Theres no way on earth that genes from an alga should work inside an ani

57、malcell,” says Sidney Pierce from the University of South Florida. “And yet here, they do.They allow the animal to rely on sunshine for its nutrition. So if something happens totheir food source, they have a way of not starving to death until they find more algae toeat.”The sea slugs are so good at

58、gathering energy from the sun that they can live up tonine months without having to eat any food. They get all their nutritional needs metbythe genes that theyvehijacked from the algae.当我们想到动物和植物时，我们有一个相当好的方法将它们分为两个截然不同的群体：一个将阳光转化为能量，另一个必须吃食物来制造能量。嗯，随着发现了一种真正的半动物半植物的SCA，这些分界线就被打破了。令人难以置信的是，它是如何成功地劫持了它赖以生存的藻类的基因。这些鼻涕虫可以制造叶绿素，这是植物中的一种绿色色素，可以从阳光中获取能量，并将这些基因保存在它们的体内。“眼睑成形术”一词用来描述利用被劫持的基因从阳光中创造营养物质的_做法。到目前为止，这种绿色的海獭是唯一已知的可以真正被认为是太阳能驱动的动物，尽管有些动物确实表现出了一些类似植物的行为。许多科学家已经研究了这种绿色的海獭，以证实它