中西翻译理论汇总

1、翻译理论整理汇总翻译腔（translationeses）是在译文中留有源语言特色等翻译印迹的现象，严重的翻译腔使译文读起来不够通畅。出现翻译腔有时是很不免的。形成翻译腔有以下几个原由：1）英汉语言自己的不一样，包含句型构造等，在翻译时假如不可以做到自由变换就会有种不是地道目口号的感觉。2）英汉文化的不一样，不一样的文化背景下，单词或习语有时会出现误差甚至零平等（zero-correspondence）。有时只讲词对词的反响就会出现翻译腔。3）译者自己水平。奈达的功能平等就要求译者着重译文对读者的影响，好的译文让读者感觉是母语的写作、实现功能的平等。Venuti主张同化和异化的联合，经过同化让读

2、者获取认识的反响，经过异化使读者领会异国语言和文化。译者应当提升自己翻译水平，在翻译策略上实现功能平等，进而尽量防止翻译腔的出现。中国的翻译理论家严复、茅盾、鲁迅、朱光潜、傅雷、钱钟书严复信、达、雅faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness茅盾他也主张“直译”，反对“意译”，他以为汉语的确存在语言组织上欠严实的不足，有必需吸引印欧语系的句法形态。可是矛盾与鲁迅看法同中有异，他以为“直译”其实不是“字对字”，一个不多，一个许多。由于中西文法构造截然相反，纯粹的“字对字”是不行能的。鲁迅鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”是“凡是翻译，一定兼备两面，一自然是

3、力争易解，一则保留着原作风韵”，这是鲁迅的基本思想。针对当年那种“牛头不对马嘴”的胡译、乱译以及所谓“与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信”的说法（梁秋实），提出了“宁信而不顺”这一原则，主张直译，以照料输入新表现法和保持原作的风采。他还以为，翻译一要“移情”、“益志”，译文要有“异国情调”，二要“输入新的表现法”，以改良中文的文法，在当时主要表现为改良白话文。一定强调的是，鲁迅实际上是主张翻译要通畅，又要忠实的。不过两者不行兼得的状况下，“宁信而不顺”。林语堂他是在中国议学史上第一个最明确地将现代语言学和心理学作为翻译理论的“学理解析”的基础的。认识翻译的三条标准：忠实、通畅和美。朱光潜他的翻译标准是

4、：第一，不违反作者的意思；第二，要使读者在肯专心认识时能够认识。傅雷的“神似说”（spiritalikeness）傅雷对翻译有两个比喻，一是“以成效而言，翻译应当像临画同样，所求的不在形似而在神似”。二是就手法而言“以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特色，一定像伯乐相马，要得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”。钱钟书的“化境”说（sublimation）所谓“化境”（sublimation），是指原作在译文中就像“投胎转世”，躯体换了一个，但精魄依旧故我。换句话说，译本对原作应当忠实得读起来不像译本，由于作品在原文里绝不会读起来想翻译出的东西的：“文学翻译的最高理想能够说是化，把作品从一国文字变换

5、成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差别而露出僵硬勉强的印迹，又能完整保留原作的风味，那就算得入于化境”。外国的翻译理论家JohnDrydenMetaphrase(逐词译),turninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother.Paraphrase(释译),ortranslationwithlatitude,wheretheauthorswordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedbuthissense.Imitation(拟议),wherethetranslationassumestheliberty,

6、botonlytovaryfrothewordsandthesense,buttoforsakethembothasheseesoccasion.AlexanderFraserTytlerThatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcompo

7、sition.EugeneA.NidaNida:translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.所谓翻译，就是从语义到文体在译语顶用最贴近而又最自然的平等语再现原语的信息。Reproducingthemessage;Equivalenceratherthanidentity;Anat

8、uralequivalent;Theclosestequivalent;Thestyle;Dynamicequivalenceistodescribeitastheclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource-languagemessage.Thistypeofdefinitioncontainsthreeessentialterms:1)equivalent,whichpointstowardthesource-languagemessage;2)natural,whichpointsrowardthereceptorlanguage,and3)closest,wh

9、ichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.PeterNewmark1.Semantictranslation:ispersonalandindividualfollowsthethoughtprocessesoftheauthor,tendstoover-translate,pursuesnuancesofmeaning,yetaimsatconcisioninordertoreproducepragmaticimpact,expressive(literary)textstend

10、moretowardthesemanticmethodoftranslation.语义性翻译：屈服原语文化和原作者，翻译原文的语义，只在原文的内涵意义组成理解的最大阻碍时才加以解说。属超额翻译。2.Communicativetranslation:ontheotherhand,attemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.Informativeandnon-

11、literarytextsrequirecommunicativetranslation.社交性翻译：译作所产生的成效应力争靠近原作，第一终于译语和译文读者，即便原语屈服译语和译语文化，不给读者留下任何疑点和难懂之处，属欠额翻译。Skopostheory德国目的论TranslationStudiesreturnstheattentiontotheReceptorside.Skopostheorybeginsbyseeingtranslationasapurposefulaction,whichleadtoaresult,anewsituation,andpossiblytoanewobject

12、.Theaimofthetranslationalactionandthewayinwhichitisrealizedisnotrandom,butmustbenegotiatedwiththeclientwhocommissionstheaction.Theendsjustifythemeans.AsVermeerinsists:ifthereforefollowsthatsourceandtargettextsmaydivergefromeachotherquiteconsiderablynotonlyintheformulationanddistributionofthecontentb

13、utalsoasregardsthegoalswhicharesetforeach.HolmesHedividesTranslationStudiesintotwomajorbranches,PureandApplied,andthensun-dividesthePureintotwofurthersub-branches:TheoreticalandDescriptiveTranslationStudies.TranslationMethods:Word-forwordtranslationThisisoftendemonstratedasinterlineartranslation,wit

14、htheTLimmediatelybelowtheSLwords.TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeanings,outofcontext.Culturalwordsaretranslatedliterally.Themainuseofword-for-wordtranslationiseithertounderstandthemechanicsofthesourcelanguageoftoconstrueadifficulttextasapre-translationprocess.

15、LiteraltranslationTheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.Asapre-translationprocess,thisindicatestheproblemstobesolved.FaithfultranslationAfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheorigina

16、lwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.Ittransfersculturalwordsandpreservesthedegreeofgrammaticalandlexicalabnormality(deviationfromSLandnorms)inthetranslation.Itattemptstobecompletelyfaithfultotheintentionsandthetext-realizationoftheSLwrite.SemantictranslationSemantictranslationdiffersfr

17、omfaithfultranslationonlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvalue(thatis,thebeautifulandnaturalsound)oftheSLtext,compromisingonmeaningwhereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.Further,itmaytranslatelessimportantculturalwordsbyculturallyneutralthirdorfun

18、ctionaltermsbutnotbyculturalequivalentsanditmaymakeothersmallconcessionstothereadership.Thedistinctionbetweenfaithfulandsemantictranslationisthatthefirstisuncompromisinganddogmatic,whilethesecondismoreflexible,admitsthecreativeexceptionto100%fidelityandallowsforthetranslatorsintuitiveempathywiththeoriginal.AdaptationThististhefreestfromoftranslation.Itisusedmainlyforplays(