2018英语二真题和答案解析

..SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword<s>foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.<10points>WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowissostrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3.Inaseriesoffourexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheWisconsinSchoolofBusinesstested.Student’swillingnessto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwhichpenswereelectrified,anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified7leftaloneintheroom,thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould8subsequentexperimentsreproduced,thiseffectwithotherstimuli9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.Thedriveto_10_isdeeplyrootedinhumans.Muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor_11_orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicagoCuriosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct-itcan_12_NewScientificadvances,forinstance-butsometimessuch_13_canbackfire,theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo_14_thingsisaprofoundone.Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however,inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone’scuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor."Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity.Hseesays"inotherwords,don’treadonlinecomments".1.[A]Protect[B]resolve[C]discuss[D]ignore2.[A]refuse[B]wait[C]regret[D]seek3.[A]hurt[B]last[C]mislead[D]rise4.[A]alert[B]tie[C]treat[D]expose5.[A]message[B]review[C]trial[D]concept6．[A]remove[B]weaken[C]interrupt[D]deliver7．[A]when[B]if[C]though[D]unless8．[A]continue[B]happen[C]disappear[D]change9．[A]ratherthan[B]regardlessof[C]suchas[D]owingto10．[A]discover[B]forgive[C]forget[D]disagree11．[A]pay[B]marriage[C]schooling[D]food12．[A]leadto[B]reston[C]learnfrom[D]beginwith13．[A]withdrawal[B]persistence[C]inquiry[D]diligence14．[A]self-reliant[B]self-destructive[C]self-evident[D]self-deceptive15．[A]define[B]resist[C]replace[D]trace16．[A]overlook[B]predict[C]design[D]conceal17．[A]remember[B]promise[C]choose[D]pretend18．[A]relief[B]plan[C]duty[D]outcome19．[A]why[B]whether[C]where[D]how20．[A]consequences[B]investments[C]strategies[D]limitationsSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.<40points>Text1ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikechain?AsKoziatekknows,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.Buthe’salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolsinthefamilyofvocationaleducation"havethatstereotype...thatit’sforkidswhocan’tmakeitacademically,"hesays.Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’sevolution.Manufacturingisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncewas.ThejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall–andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless–missesanimportantpoint:That’snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomyneed.Yes,abachelor’sdegreeopensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillmanufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren’tequippedtodothem.Koziatek’sManchesterschoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.Koziatek’sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.21.Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof.[A]practicalability[B]academictraining[C]pioneeringspirit[D]mechanicalmemorization22.Thereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.[A]haveastereotypedmind[B]havenocareermotivation[C]arenotacademicallysuccessful[D]arefinanciallydisadvantaged23.WecaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.[A]usedtohavebigfinancialconcerns[B]usedtohavemorejobopportunities[C]arereluctanttoworkinmanufacturing[D]areentitledtomoreeducationalprivileges24.Theheadlongpushintobachelor'sdegreesforall.[A]helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobs[B]maynarrowthegapinworking-classjobs[C]isexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce[D]indicatestheovervaluingofhighereducation25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas.[A]supportive[B]tolerant[C]disappointed[D]cautiousText2Whilefossilfuels—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworld’senergysupply,it’sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandsolar.Themovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld:Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables,especiallywindandsolar.Thecostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergysource.InScotland,forexample,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentofhomes.Whiletherestoftheworldtakesthelead,notablyChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch,forthefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels—especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomicgrowth.InarecentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergysource.ButthatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa,wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate’selectricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.Thequestion"Whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’tshine?"hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.Whilethere’salongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.Thepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup—perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimatechange.WhatWashingtondoes—ordoesn’tdo—topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.26.Theword"plummeting"<Line3,Para.2>isclosestinmeaningto.[A]stabilizing[B]changing[C]falling[D]rising27.AccordingtoParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.[A]isprogressingnotably[B]isasextensiveasinEurope[C]facesmanychallenges[D]hasprovedtobeimpractical28.ItcanbelearnedthatinIowa,.[A]windisawidelyusedenergysource[B]windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuels[C]techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergy[D]thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6？[A]Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.[B]Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.[C]Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.[D]Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy____.[A]willbringtheUSAclosertoothercountries.[B]willaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchange.[C]isnotreallyencouragedbytheUSAgovernment.[D]isnotcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost.Text3Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing-AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor＄l3.5bn,buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn'thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers'friendshipsandsociallives.FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough.Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe.Whatpoliticaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichThereaMay'senemiesarecurrentlyplotting?ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower.Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofChangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesofpower.Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawaspresentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnotobviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon'tpayforthem.TheusersoftheirServicesarenottheircustomers.Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertisingfromthem-andFacebookandGoogle,thetwovirtualgiants,dominatedigitaladvertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies.Theproductthey'resellingisdata,andwe,theusers,convertourlivestodateforthebenefitofthedigitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewtheproducewhentheyfeed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield.Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammeoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn'tfeellikeahumanordemocraticrelationship,evenifbothsidesbenefit.31.AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits.[A]digitalproducts[B]userinformation[C]physicalassets[D]qualityservice32.LinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay.[A]worsenpoliticaldisputes[B]messupcustomerrecords[C]posearisktoFacebookusers[D]misleadtheEuropeancommission33.Accordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw.[A]shouldseverthenewmarketpowers[B]mayworsentheeconomicimbalance[C]shouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolution[D]cannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarket34.CompetitionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause.[A]theyarenotdefinedascustomers[B]theyarenotfinanciallyreliable[C]theservicesaregenerallydigital[D]theservicesarepaidforbyadvertisers35.Theantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate.[A]awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiants[B]atypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiants[C]thebenefitsprovidedfordigitalgiants’customers[D]therelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusersText4Tocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingbusy,CalNewport,authorofDeepWork:RulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedWorld,recommendsbuildingahabitof"deepwork"-theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork-beitlengthyretreatsdedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga"journalistic"approachtoseizingmomentofdeepworkwhenyoucanthroughouttheday.Whicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthoffocustimeandsticktoit.Newportalsorecommends"deepscheduling"tocombatconstantinterruptionsandgetmoredoneinlesstime."Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledforroughlythenextmouth.Onceonthecalendar,IprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor’sappointmentorimportantmeeting",hewrites.Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritiesyourday–inparticularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorofMessy:ThePowerofDisordertoTransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesandgoalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffectivewhenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harfordarguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy,wealsoneedtoembracedowntime,orasNewportsuggests,"belazy"."Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensabletothebrainasvitaminDistothebody…"[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,"heargues.SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthiscounterintuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothemayourbrainsoperate.Whenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient."Whatpeopledon’trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtouseboththefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain,"saysPillay.36.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto.[A]keeptoyourfocustime[B]listyourimmediatetasks[C]makespecificdailyplans[D]seizeeveryminutetowork37.Thestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat.[A]distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiency.[B]dailyschedulesareindispensabletostudying[C]studentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoals[D]detailedplansmaynotbeasfruitfulasexpected38.AccordingtoNewport,idlenessis.[A]adesirablementalstateforbusypeople.[B]amajorcontributortophysicalhealth[C]aneffectivewaytosavetimeandenergy[D]anessentialfactorinaccomplishinganywork39.Pillaybelievesthatourbrains’shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused.[A]canresultinpsychologicalwell-being[B]canbringaboutgreaterefficiency[C]isaimedatbetterbalanceinwork[D]isdrivenbytaskurgency40.Thistextismainlyabout.[A]waystorelievethetensionofbusylife[B]approachestogettingmoredoneinlesstime[C]thekeytoeliminatingdistractions[D]thecauseofthelackoffocustimePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph<41-45>.Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.<10points>A.JustsayitB.BepresentC.PayauniquecomplimentD.Name,places,thingsE.Findthe"metoo"sF.SkipthesmalltalkG.AskforanopinionFivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.41、______________________________________________Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon’tknowandsomethingwithinyousays"Iwanttotalkwiththisperson"-thisissomethingthatmostlyhappenswithallofus.Youwantedtosaysomething-thefirstword–butitjustwon’tcomeout,itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere.Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvice:justgetitout.Justthink:whatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon’ttalkwithyou?Well,theyarenottalkingwithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:"Hi","Hey"or"Hello"-dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay"Hi"。42、______________________________________________Itisaproblemallofusface;youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintheresultof"hi","hello","howareyou?"and"whatisgoingon?",youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthatcanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon’tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,you’llbesurprisedtoseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.43、______________________________________________Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you'llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.44、______________________________________________Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse"Icanmultitask".Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Mikeeyecontact.Trustme,eyecontactiswhereallthemagichappens.Whenyoumakeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.45、______________________________________________Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn’tthatawkward!So,rememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapstheplacestheyhavebeento,theplacestheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethingstheyhate-whateveryoutalkabout.Whenyouremembersuchthingsyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheirwellbeing.Sotheyfeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.That’sit.Fiveamazingwaysthatyoucanmakeconversationwithalmostanyone.Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!SectionIIITranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.<15points>Afifthgradergetsahomeworkassignmenttoselecthisfuturecareerpathfromalistofoccupations.Heticks"astronaut",butquicklyadds"scientist"tothelistandselectsitaswell.Theboyisconvincedthatifhereadsenough,hecanexploreasmanycareerpathsashelikes.Andsohereadseverythingfromencyclopediastosciencefictionnovels.Hereadssopassionatelythathisparentshavetoinstitutea"noreadingpolicy"atthedinnertable.ThatboywasBillGates,andhehasn’tstoppedreadingyet--notevenafterbecomingoneofthemostsuccessfulpeopleontheplanet.Nowadays,hisreadingmaterialhaschangedfromsciencefictionandreferencebooksrecently,herevealedthathereadsatleast50nonfictionbooksayear.Gateschoosesnonfictiontitlesbecausetheyexplainhowtheworldworks."Eachbookopensupnewavenuesofknowledge,"Gatessays.SectionIVWritingPartA47、Directions：SupposeyouhavetocancelyourtravelplanandwillnotbeabletovisitprofessorSmith,writehimanemailto1>apologizeandexplainthesituationandsuggestafuturemeeting.2>Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownname;Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwriteyouraddress<10points>.PartB48、Directions：Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould1>interpretthechart,and2>giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.<15points>2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素参考答案：1-5BDADC6-10DABDA11-15DACBB16-20BCDBA21-25ACBDA26-30CAACC31-35BCDDD36-40ADDBB41-45AGEBD46.一名五年级的学生的家庭作业要求他从一系列的职业中选出他未来的职业道路。他选择了"宇航员",但很快又将"科学家"加入名单,也选了这一职业。这个男孩确信如果他读的书足够多,他就能想探索多少条职业道路,就探索多少条。因此他读书——从百科全书读到科幻小说。他如此狂热地阅读以致于他的父母不得不制定一条吃饭时"不能读书"的规矩。这个男孩就是比尔·盖茨,他从未停止过阅读–即便在他成为全球最成功人士之后也如