英美概况USA-5课件

Chapter5

TheConfederation&theConstitution1. ArticlesofConfederation2. ConstitutionalConvention3. RatificationoftheConstitution4. theLouisianaPurchase5. theWarof181201.ArticlesofConfederation邦联条例theDeclarationofIndependence,1776 Problem:howtogovernthecountry?The2ndContinentalCongress acommitteetodraftawrittenconstitution

theArticlesofConfederation(5pages,13articles) adoptedin1777

approvedin1781 firstconstitutiongoverningbody: theContinentalCongress theCongressoftheConfederation11.ArticlesofConfederationWhatisaconfederation?StructuralWeaknessCongresswasthesoleorgan(legislature) noexecutive&judicialsystemweakcongress,noconcretepowervetoofindividualstate Amendmentsneededratificationfromall 13states.EconomicWeaknessnopowertolevytaxnopowertoissuecurrency2JamesMadison4thPresident(1809-17) GeorgeWashington(1789-97) JohnAdams(1797-1801) ThomasJefferson(1801-09)FatheroftheConstitutionkeyauthoroftheU.S.BillofRights(first10amendmentstotheU.S.Constitution)4ContentsoftheConstitution(p.51)thesupremelaw(7articles)Establishedseparatepowersofthethreebranchesofthefederalgovernment: alegislature,thebicameralCongress; anexecutivebranchledbythePresident;and afederaljudiciaryheadedbytheSupremeCourt.

tocheckandbalanceoneanotherEnlargedthepowerofthefederalgovernment(p.51).Couldmakeallnecessary&properlaws.thedoctrineofexpressedpower[明示权力原则,p.51]NowtheConstitution:7articles&27amendments5ChecksandBalances:History三权分立是一个政治学说，其主张政府的行政、立法与司法职权范围要分明，以免滥用权力。三权分立原则的起源可追溯至亚里士多德时代。17世纪，英国著名思想家洛克《政府论》的发表，表明现代意义上的分权理论初步形成。洛克在《政府论》中，对权力分立理论有详尽的描述。他把国家权力分为立法权、行政权、和对外权，这三种权力应该分别有不同的国家机关行使。立法权属于议会，行政权属于国王，对外权涉及到和平与战争、外交与结盟，也为国王行使。

法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠更进一步发展了分权理论，提出著名的“三权分立”理论。他在《论法的精神》中，将国家权力分为三种：立法权、行政权和司法权。孟德斯鸠这一思想对美国的宪法制定者影响很大，美国宪法规定，国会可以弹劾总统,但是美国建国200多年来只有几个总统遭受弹劾提案，1868年,美国参议院仅以一票之差否决了对安德鲁·约翰逊总统弹劾案,1974年,尼克松总统就因水门事件而主动宣布辞职，没有受到弹劾，1999年美国参议院否决了对克林顿总统弹劾案。6ChecksandbalancesTopreventonebranchfrombecomingsupreme,andtoinducethebranchestocooperate,governmentsystemsthatemployaseparationofpowersneedawaytobalanceeachofthebranches.Typicallythiswasaccomplishedthroughasystemof"checksandbalances",theoriginofwhich,likeseparationofpowersitself,isspecificallycreditedtoMontesquieu.Checksandbalancesallowonebranchtolimitanother,suchasthepowerofCongresstoalterthecompositionandjurisdictionofthefederalcourts.7theConstitutionTheConstitutionconsistsofapreamble,7originalarticles,and27amendments(the27th:May18,1992).Preamble WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制订和确立这一部宪法。

9AwrittenConstitution

OtherWesterncountrieshadconstitutionsthatservedastheirsupremelaw,buttheseconstitutionswerenotwrittenor,ifwritten,notasasingledocument.Forexample,theBritishconstitution,whichconsistedofvariouscustoms,declarations,actsofParliament,andprecedentsofcourts,waspartlyunwrittenandpartlywritten.ToAmericansthiswasnoconstitutionatall.Theyfeltthataconstitutionshouldbeafundamentallawaboveallotherlawsnotamixtureofcustomsandlaws.11FragmentationofPower TheFoundersbelievedpeoplewereselfish,wouldlustafterwealth,andthatleaderswouldlustafterpower.Suchhumannaturewasunchangeable.Thus,theFoundersfragmentedgovernment’spower.Thisisreflectedinthreeconceptsthatbuiltintothestructureofgovernment--federalism,separationofpowers,andchecksandbalances.13FragmentationofPowerfederalism:Asystemofthegovernmentinwhichsovereigntyisconstitutionallydividedbetweenacentralgoverningauthorityandconstituentpoliticalunits.(Central&localgovernments:firstdivisionofpower)separationofpowers:

Theseconddivisionofpowerwaswithinthenationalgovernment–thelegislative(twohouses),executive,andjudicial.checksandbalances:

Eachbranchwasgivensomeauthorityovertheothers.Ifonebranchabuseditspower,theotherscouldusetheircheckstothwartit.143.RatificationoftheConstitutionFederalists

--Publius:FederalistPapers--supportedtheConstitution --preferredastrongnationalgovernmentAntifederalists

--opposedtheConstitution --preferredadecentralizednationalgovernmentapprovedin1788,NewHampshire(2/3)BillofRights,1791

15BillofRights,1791TenamendmentstotheConstitutionguaranteedfreedomofspeech,religion,peacefulassembly,andthepress;therighttobeararms;freedomfromunreasonablesearchandtherighttotheprotectionofcertainlegalproceduresknownasthedueprocessoflaw.164.theLouisianaPurchaseTheNewGovernment1788-89firstelectionaftertheadoptionoftheConstitutionin1788.theonlyelectiontoevertakeplaceinayearthatisnotamultipleoffour.

GeorgeWashington–thefirstPresident JohnAdams–Vice-president AlexanderHamilton–SecretaryofTreasury