Unit-3-The-Government-of-the-United-Kingdom课件公开课一等奖省优质课大赛获奖课件

Unit3TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomTheprocessofstate-buildinghasbeenoneofevolutionratherthanrevolution.TheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdom

I.TheMonarchy

II.TheParliament

III.TheBirthofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetIV.TheBritishGovernmentToday

TheGovernmentof

theUnitedKingdom

1.GeneralIntroduction

bothaparliamentarydemocracyand

aconstitutionalmonarchy

BritishPoliticalSystem君主立宪制：constitutionalMonarchy

议会式民主:parliamentarydemocracyTheUnitedKingdomisaconstitutionalmonarchy,theheadofstateisakingoraqueen.TheUnitedKingdomisgoverned,inthenameoftheSovereignbyHisorHerMajesty’sGovernment.TheSystemofparliamentarygovernmentisnotbasedonawrittenconstitution,theBritishconstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument.Itismadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretsstatutes.I.WhatistheBritish

Monarchy?1.TheBritishMonarchyishereditary.2.TheKingorQueenistheheadofstate.3.Thecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforces.4.TheheadoftheJudiciaryintheU.K..5.ThetemporalheadoftheestablishedChurchofEngland.1.TheMonarchybegantotakeshapeattheendofthe15thcenturyandatthebeginningofthe16thcentury.2.TheConstitutionalMonarchystartedattheendofthe17thcentury,theparliamentestablisheditsrights,thenthepowergraduallypassedintothehandsofministersandatwo-partysystemwasdeveloped.II.WhenandHowtotakeshape?III.Crown’sconstitutionalrights1.TheQueenappointedallministersintheGovernmentandeverypublicofficialisherservant.2.TheQueensummons,prologuesanddissolvesParliament.3.Inthenewsessionshemakestheopeningspeechandoutlineshergovernment’sprogramme.4.Sheconcludestreatiesanddeclareswar.5.ShegivesherassenttoBillsbeforetheybecomelaw.6.Sheconferspeeragesandotherhonors.I.TheMonarchy1.KingEgbert2.DivineRightofKings3.Thecivilwar3.TheGreatCharter/MagnaCarta4.CivilwarsinEngland

KingEgbertFirstkingofallEnglandReigningfrom820-839GrandfatherofAlfredtheGreat.

DivineRightofKings

Itmeansthattheking’srightisgivenbyGodandnotbypeople.Thekingis“absolute”.Hecandowhateverhewantstodo,andnooneisallowedtocriticizehim.

ThedivinerightofkingsThisancientdoctrineheldthatthesovereignderivedhisauthorityfromGod,notfromhissubjects.Thiswasusedbythekingsasanexcuseforabusingpower.Andthedisputeoverthepowerofthekingandtheparliamentledtothecivilwar.ThecivilwarCausedbyadisputeoverthepowerofthekingagainstParliament,thecivilwarbrokeoutinthe17thcentury.TheRepublican“roundheads”,ledbyOliverCromwell,wantedtoabolishthemonarchyandtoreasserttherightsofParliament.In1642,theroyalistsweredefeatedandKingCharlesIwasexecutedin1649.The“roundheads”TheserefertothegroupofpeoplerepresentingtheinterestsofParliamentduringthecivilwar.Theyweresocalledbecausetheydefiedpopularfashionandcuttheirhairveryshort.LedbyOliverCromwell,theydefeatedtheroyalistsin1642,andexecutedthekingin1649.TheGreatCharter/MagnaCarta1.thecauses2.theprovisions3.thesignificance

Thecauses

Threegreatcrusades(三次十字军东征）FinancialProblemsofthekingConfrontationbetweenKingJohnandhisbarons男爵in1215ThekingwasforcedtoputhissealtotheCharteronJune19,1215.

KingJohnThebaroncomplainedthatthekinghadfailedtoprotecttheNormanlandsformtheadvancesoftheFrenchKing,andthathehadimposedhightaxes,underminedthepowerofthefeudalcourtsandtakenforhimselfthefineswhichhadpreviouslybeenpartofthebarons’income.Thekingrejectedthebaron’sdemandsbutwasforcedtomakepeaceafterashowofforce.ThekingwasforcedtosigntheMagnaCartaTheprovisions要求Thekingmustpromisetoobservetherightsofhisvassalsandthevassalsinturnmustobservetherightsoftheirmen.Themerchantisnottobedeprivedofhisgoodsforsmalloffenses,northefarmersofthiswagonandimplements.NotaxshouldbeleviedinthekingdomwithouttheconsentoftheGreatCouncil.Nofreemanshallbeimprisonedorbanishedorpunishedinanyway,unlessconvictedbyajuryofhisfellowcitizens.ThesignificanceTheGreatCharterhasbeenregardedas“thecornerstone”ofEnglishhistory.(1)thefirststepofconstitutionalexperiment.Ittriedtoestablishalegalrelationbetweenthekingandhisbaronsbydefiningtheirrespectiverightsandobligations.(2)TheGreatCharterlaiddownthebasicrulesfortheEnglishandAmericanlegalsystem.ItwasaguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking,whichwasitsspirit.CivilwarsinEngland

Conflictsbetweenkingandparliament

TheFirstCivilWar(1642---1646)theSecondCivilWar(1648-1649)Commonwealth.(1649—1660)TheFirstCivilWar(1642---1646)CharlesIbelievedin“theDivineRightofKings”anddismissedtheParliament,whicharousedtheprotestsfromthemembersoftheParliament.Cavaliers(royalists):ManynoblesandgentryfromthenorthandwestofthecountryandWales.Roundheads:Supportersoftheparliament,madeupofyeomanfarmers,middle-classtownspeople,andartisansfromsouth-eastEnglandandLondon.Becauseoftheirshorthair,theywerecalledRoundhead.OnJune14,1645,FairfaxandCromwelldestroyedtheRoyalistarmyatNasby,andbyautumn1646ParliamentheldmostofEngland.CharlesleftOxfordindisguiseandgavehimselfuptotheScottisharmyatNewardonMay5,1646.TheSecondCivilWar(1648-1649)InJanuary,1647,CharleswassurrenderedbytheScotstotheParliamentaryCommissionersatNewcastleforapaymentof400,000pounds.InNovember1647,theKingescapedfromtheArmyandmadeadealwiththeScots.InducedbyCharles,theScotsroseinhisfavorunderHamilton,andinvadedEngland,butwasdefeatedbyCromwellatPreston(1648).ItwasthestartoftheSecondCivilWar.OnNovember30,1648,theArmytookpossessionofthekingandadvancedonLondon.CharleswasexecutedonscaffoldonJanuary30,1649.OliverCromwelldeclaredEnglandaCommonwealth.(1649—1660)TheParliament

HistoryofEnglishParliamenttheWitantheGrandCounciltheParliamentTheGreatCouncilInmedievaltimes,thisreferredtoagroupofleading,wealthybaronswhoweresummonedbythekingseveraltimesayeartogivethekingsomeextramoney.ThiswasthebeginningofwhatweknowasParliamenttoday.TheBillofRightsof1689In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespecttherightsofParliament.AfterthisGloriousRevolution,theBillofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.theWitan国会组员Anglo-SaxonscreatedtheWitan(councilormeetingofthewisemen),toadvisetheking.thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.theGrandCouncilWilliamstheConquerorreplacedtheWitanwiththeGrandCouncilofhisnewtenants-in-chief,封臣onwhichtheywererequiredtoservewhensummoned.TheGrandCouncilmetthreetimesayearinthesoutherncitiesofWinchester.WinchesterIn1519WinchesterwaschosenasthecapitalofthekingdomofWessex.ItthenremainedthecapitalandthemostimportantcityinEnglanduntiltheeleventhcenturyandthearrivalofWilliamtheConqueror.HehadhimselfcrownedinbothLondonandWinchester,anddeclaredbothcitiestobecapitals.However,bythefourteenthcenturythecityhadlostitsplaceasthesecondmostimportantcityandbegantoevolveintowhatitistoday-asmall,sleepy,provincialcity.theParliamentHenryIVdecreedin1407thatallmoneygrantsshouldbeconsideredandapprovedbytheCommons.TheCommonsalsoacquiredlaw-makingpowersbythe15thcentury.CivilWarinEnglandTheGloriousRevolutionof1688andTheBillofRightsin1689

ThekingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliamenttheParliamentHenryIII

demandedmoremoneyfrombaronstoenablehissontobecrownedKingofSicily,whichcausedthebarons,underSimondeMontfort,HenryIII’sbrother-in-law,rebelled.AtthebattleofLewesinSussexinMay,1264thekingwasdefeatedbyDeMontfortandtakenprisoner.SimondeMontfortsummonedin1265theGreatCounciltomeetatWestminster,togetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachtown,ameetingwhichhasbeenseenasthatofearliestparliament.

TheGreatCouncildevelopedlaterintotheLordsandtheCommonsknownasaParliament.WestminsterHallofWestminster

StatueofCromwell

HenryIIISimondeMontfort

WestminsterWestminsterPeer’sEntranceWestminsterWestminsterAbbyTheBirth

ofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetCabinet:agroupofimportantParliamentarians,appointedbytheKingKingGeorgeI(1714)andthefirstPrimeMinisterThestartofelectingthememberofthehouseofcommons(1832)(Present)ThepartywiththemostsupportersintheCommonsformsthegovernment,andtheleaderofthatpartybecomesPrimeMinister.

TheBirthofCabinetTheFirstPrimeMinisterintheUK.

罗伯特•沃尔波(1676—1745年)

是英国历史上第一任正式首相。他出身于一个辉格党乡绅家庭，受过良好教育。17当选议员。含有丰富政治经验，处事精明，能言善辩。17，升任首席财政大臣，全方面主持政府工作。自沃尔波以后，英国形成了由财政大臣出任首相通例。沃尔波在担任首相时间里，加强了下院作用，形成了内阁向议会负责制度。40PrimeMinisterDavidCameron,theprimeministeroftheUKandleaderoftheBritishConservativepartysince3.ThePrimeMinisterA.ThePrimeMinisterisappointedbytheCrownafterageneralelection.B.ThePrimeMinisterorganizestheCabinetandpresidesoveritsmeetings.C.ThePrimeMinisteristheheadofgovernment,whocontrolstheparliamentandotherparties.D.ThePrimeMinisterworksandlivesinthefamousresidence,No.10DowningStreet.DowningStreetNo.10DowningStreetBackthedutytoreportthegovernment’sworktotheKingorQueen.therighttodirectallthedepartments,solvetheissuesbetweenthemandapprovethedecisionsofdepartmentswhichdonotneedtobediscussedintheCabinet.thelastwordindecidinggovernmentpolicy.thepowerofappointmentandtherighttoreorganizethegovernment,speakforthegovernmentintheHouseofCommons.tendencytomakepolicydecisionsontheirown,inthestyleofAmericanpresidents.BackRightsanddutiesofthePrimeMinister1.TheCabinetA.Itwascalledthe“Cabinet”attheendofthe17thcenturywhenGeorgeIcametothethrone.B.Until1937theCabinethadalegalbasis.C.ThePrimeMinisterchoosestheotherministersandasksthemtoresignifheorshewishes.Therearecabinetministerandnon-cabinetminister.TheexecutivePrimeMinisterTheCabinetMinistersTheassistantsofministersPrivyCouncilCivilservantsTheCabinetandMinistry1.ThePrimeMinisterpresidesovertheCabinet,isresponsiblefortheallocationoffunctionsamongministersandinformstheQueenatregularmeetingsofgeneralbusinessoftheGovernment.CabinetmembersholdmeetingsunderthechairmanshipofthePrimeMinisterforafewhourseachweektodecideGovernmentpolicyonmajorissues.Individualandcollectiveresponsibility2.MinistersareresponsiblecollectivelytoParliamentforallCabinetdecisions；individualMinistersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheworkoftheirdepartment.ThePrivyCouncil枢密院

1.ThePrivyCouncilwasformerlythechiefsourceofexecutivepowerinthestateandgiveprivateadvicetotheKing.SothePrivyCouncilwasalsocalledtheKing’sCouncilinhistory.Todayitsroleislargelyformal,advisingthesovereigntoapprovecertaingovernmentdecrees.ThePrivyCouncil2.Itsmembershipisabout450,andincludesallCabinetministers,thespeakeroftheHouseofCommonandseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatement.GovernmentDepartmentand

theCivilService

1.TheprincipalGovernmentdepartmentmainincludes:theTreasury,theHouseofoffice,theForeignandCommonwealthoffice,theMinistryofDefense…2.MembersoftheCivilServicearecalledCivilServants.Theystaffgovernmentdepartments.CivilServantsarerecruitedmainlybycompetitiveexamination.Civilservantsdonotbelongtoanypoliticalparty.ChangesofGovernmentdonotinvolvechangesindepartmentalstaff,Thereareabout541800civilservantsinBritainnow.TheBritishGovernmentToday

aparliamentarydemocracyandaconstitutionalmonarchyTheConstitutionTheRoleoftheMonarchytodayParliament

ConstitutionIGreatBritain(UK)isaparliamentary(assembly,senate)democracywithaconstitutionalmonarch(queen)astheheadofstate

BritishConstitutionismadeupof:

StatutoryLaw成文法CommonLaw

Conventions

ConstitutionI1.1

StatutoryLawpassedbyParliamentexampletheMagnaCarta(1215)theBillofRights(1689)theReformAct(1832)theEuropeanCommunitiesAct(1972)theEuropeanCommunities(Amendment)Act(1986)

ConstitutionI1.2Commonlaw

deducedfromcustomorlegalprecedentsandinterpretedincourtcasesbyjudges1.3Conventionsrulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally,butareregardedasvital(veryimportant)totheworkingofgovernmentTheConstitutionNowrittenconstitutionintheUK.

成文宪法

StatuteLaw

theCommonLawConventionsLawspassedbyParliamentLawsestablishedthroughthecommonpracticeinthecourtRulesanpracticesincommonlifeTheConstitution/10/1059TheConstitutionnowrittenconstitution(Israel)writtenconstitutionstatutelawthecommonlawsconventionslawpassedbyParliamentEstablishedthroughcommonpracticeRulesandpracticeswhichdonotExistlegally++KingGeorgeIBorn:1660PlaceofBirth:Hanover,GermanyAccededtotheThrone:1714Died:1727TheConstitutionBritainhasnowrittenConstitution.ThefoundationsoftheBritishstatearelaidoutinstatutelaw,whicharelawspassedbyParliament;thecommonlaws,whicharelawsestablishedthroughcommonpracticeinthecourts;andconventions.ThefunctionsofParliamentThefunctionsofParliamentare:topasslaws,tovotefortaxation,toscrutinisegovernmentpolicy,administrationandexpenditureandtodebatethemajorissuesoftheday.TheRoleoftheMonarchytoday

tosymbolizethetraditionandunityoftheBritainTheFullTitleoftheQueenThemaindutyoftheQueenRoyalexpenditureTherolesofmonarchyTheprimaryroleofthemonarchtodayistosymbolisethetraditionandunityoftheBritishstate.Otherrolesare:beinglegallyheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headofthejudiciary,commanderinchiefofthearmedforcesand“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland.TheQueenalsoactsasaconfidantetothePrimeMinister,offeringvaluableobservationsontherunningofgovernment.RoyalFamilyintheUK.QueenElizabethIIBorn:April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1953QueenElizabethIIisa“constitutionalmonarch”

Althoughsheisofficiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrunbythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister.2.1.2QueenBuckinghamPalace

2.1.2QueenTheFullTitleoftheQueenElizabeththeSecond,bytheGraceofGod,oftheUnitedKingdom,northernIrelandandHerotherRealmsandTerritoriesQueen,HeadoftheCommonwealth,DefenderoftheFaith.伊丽莎白二世、大不列颠、北爱尔兰联合王国及其它领土和疆域之上帝赐予女王、英联邦元首及忠实捍卫者ThemaindutyoftheQueenBritishcitizensthinkthattheQueen’smostimportantjobwastorepresentBritainathomeandaboard;thesecondmostimportantjobwastosetstandardsofgoodcitizenshipandfamilylife.FromBuckinghamtoWestminster

TheStateOpeningofParliament

WednesdayNovember26,2.1.2QueenRoyalexpenditurePublicduties:metbytheCivilList(皇室经费）andbygovernmentdepartments,andapprovedbyParliament.PrivateexpenditureasSovereign:metfromthePrivyPurse（国王私人钱库）Expenditureasaprivateindividual:metfromherownpersonalresources.SinceApril,1993,theQueenhaspaidincometaxonallherpersonalincome.ThemaindutyoftheQueena.legallyheadoftheexecutive

summoning,dissolvingParliament;appointingPrimeMinister,judges,officers,andsoonb.anintegralpartofthelegislaturegivingRoyalAssenttoBillspassedbyParliamentc.headofthejudiciarypardoningpeopleofconvictedofcrimes

manderinchiefofthearmedforces

declaringthewarandmakingpeace,concludetreaties,annexorcedeterritorye.“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEnglandParliamentTheComponentsoftheParliamentintheUK.TheMainfunctionsParliamentaryElectoralSystemParliament

TheHouseofLordsTheHouseofCommonsTheLordsSpiritualTheLordsTemporalhereditarypeerslifepeersThenon-electedHouseElected;651MPsNorthernIreland:17MPsEngland:524MPsWales:38MPsScotland:72MPsTheQueenTherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifeThePalaceofWestminster,onthebanksoftheRiverThamesinWestminster,London,isthehomeoftheHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords76TheHouseofLordstheLordsSpiritual神职贵族(议员)theLordsTemporal世俗贵族theArchbishopofCanterburyand24seniorbishopsoftheChurchofEngland

lifepeerscreatedtoassisttheHouseinitsjudicialduties

LawLordsallotherlifepeers

allhereditarypeersTheMainfunctionsofParliamenta.topasslaws;b.toprovide,byvoting,fortaxation,themeansof