工程硕士英语的的句子技巧公开课一等奖省优质课大赛获奖课件

TheSentenceCompleteSentencesandSentenceFragmentsHecame.Shewrotealetter.Dr.Smithisaprofessor.Hecametotheclassroomveryearly.Shewrotealettertoherparents.Dr.Smithisawell-knownprofessorofphysics.Faulty:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.Faulty:Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown.Inittherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.InthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool,andIstudiedthereforsixyears.Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.IstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.TypesofSentencesAccordingtotheiruseAccordingtotheirstructureFromarhetoricalpointofviewTypesofSentences—accordingtotheiruseDeclarativeSentences:Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.InterrogativeSentences:Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.ImperativeSentences:Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.ExclamatorySentences:Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.TypesofSentences—accordingtotheirstructureSimpleSentencesCompoundSentencesComplexSentencesCompound-ComplexSentencesAsimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeoradverbial.Heboughtapileofbooksyesterday.Shortsimplesentencesareusuallyemphatic;theyhavespecialclarity,andprovidevarietywhenusedwithlongersentences.Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses(orsimplesentences)relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,etc.)orbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.Theessayispoorlyorganized,andthereisnocentralidea.Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatibleandroughlyequalinimportance,ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.Acomplexsentencecontainsonemain(orprincipal)clauseandoneormoredependent(orsubordinate)clauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.Wethinkeveryyoungcoupleshouldsetupahomeoftheirown.Asarule,themajorideaisexpressedinthemainclauseandtheideaorideasoflesserimportanceinthesubordinateclauses.Acompound-complexsentencecontainsatleasttwomainclausesandatleastonedependentclause—acombinationofacompoundandacomplexsentence.Wethinkeveryyoungcoupleshouldsetupahomeoftheirown,andwepitythecouplewhomustsharetheirhomewithaparent,letalonewithotherrelatives.TypesofSentences—fromarhetoricalpointofviewLooseSentencesPeriodicSentencesBalancedSentencesAloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;inotherwords,itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Thereversearrangementmakesaperiodicsentence:themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.Compare:ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.

Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.—JaneAustenWhenasentencecontainstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction,itisonewithparallelconstructions.Thefeelingofthenationmustbequickened;theconscienceofthenationmustberoused;theproprietyofthenationmustbestartled;thehypocrisyofthenationmustbeexposed;anditscrimesagainstGodandmenmustbeproclaimedanddenounced.Whenasentencecontainstwoparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisabalancedsentence.Onhearingthenews,hewasangered,andIwassaddened.InPlato’sopinionmanwasmadeforphilosophy;inBacon’sopinionphilosophywasmadeforman.EffectiveSentencesUnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyUnityFaulty:BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.Revised:HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.Laterheenteredaconservatory.Inthe70shebecameafamousmusician.UnityFaulty:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoets.Revised:DuFuwasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheTangperiod.CoherenceFaulty:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.Revised:Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.CoherenceFaulty:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.Revised:Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Revised:Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.CoherenceFaulty:Wehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.Revised:Wehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.Somemoreincoherentsentences:Shetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlike.Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecanreach.Onenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”Togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.Somemoreincoherentsentences:Ireadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.Sheboughtseveralpicturebooksandputthemintoherbag,whichsheintendedtogivetoherchildren.Theideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood.Animportantthingforthestudentstorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize.ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.Studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsindependently.Don’trelyonyourteachers’help.Shereviewedthelessontaughtlastweekandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.ConcisenessWordy:Itwasblueincolor.Itwassmallinsize.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Concise:Itwasblue.Itwassmall.Maryisquietandcareful.HereturnedinearlyAugust.ConcisenessRepetitionissometimesnecessaryforemphasis,butunnecessaryrepetition,eitherofthesamewordsorofdifferentwordswiththesamemeaning,shouldbeavoided.Hegavemanyreasonsforthefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Thismachinewasjointlydesignedbytheoldengineerincollaborationwithsomeofhisyoungercolleagues.ConcisenessConcisenesscansometimesbeachievedbychangingthesentencestructure.Therewasapinetreethatstoodlikeagiantonthetopofthemountain.Ittoweredoverthetreesaroundit.Mr.SmithusuallylikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.EmphasisEmphaticSentencesShortsentences.Sentencefragments.Invertedsentences.Parallelconstructions.Periodicsentences.Imperativeandexclamatorysentences.Rhetoricalquestions.Negative-positivestatements.Sentenceswithrepeatedwordsorphrases.EmphasiswithintheSentencePlacing.Repetition.Theverbandtheactivevoice.Subordination.Emphaticwordsandphrases.All