新标准大学英语四UNIT3市公开课一等奖省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件

TextFiftyYearsofFashion

1Nohistoryoffashionintheyears1960tocanoverlookorunderestimatetwoconstantfactors:theubiquitousjeansandtheriseandfallofhemlinesforwomen'sskirtsanddresses.Text2

Denim,thematerialwhichjeansaremadeof,was

knowninFranceinthelate16thcentury,butitwasLevi

StrausswhosawthatminersintheCaliforniangold

rushinthemid-19thcenturyneededstrongtrousers,

whichhereinforcedwithmetalrivets.

Bluedenimjeans

remainedpopularintheUSasworkclothesuntilthe

1950s,butthenbecameassociatedwithyouth,new

ideas,rebellionandindividuality.WhenLeviStrauss&

CobegantoexportbluejeanstoEuropeandAsiain

thelate1950s,theywereboughtandwornwithhuge

enthusiasmbyyoungpeopleandrecognizedasa

symboloftheyoung,informalAmericanwayoflife.

Text

3

Hemlineshaveamorepeculiarsignificanceduring

thisperiod.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthereisa

precisecorrelation,withonlyafewexceptions,

between

thelengthofwomen'sskirtsandtheeconomy.Asthe

stockmarketrises,sodohemlines,andwhenitfalls,

sodothey.Exactlywhywomenshouldwanttoexpose

moreorlessoftheirlegsduringperiodsofeconomic

boomandbustremainsamystery.Butthegeneral

trendisinescapable.Whenevertheeconomicoutlook

isunsettled,bothmenandwomentendtowearmore

conservativeclothes.Text

4

Perhapsthemostimportantdevelopmentinfashion

inthe1960swastheminiskirt,inventedbytheBritish

designer

MaryQuant.BecauseQuantworkedintheheartofSwingingLondon,theminiskirtdevelopedintoamajorinternationalfashion.ItwasgivengreaterrespectabilitywhenthegreatFrenchdesigner,Courrèges,developeditintoanitemofhighfashion.Butitwouldnothaveachievedsuchinternationalcurrencywithoutthedevelopmentoftights,insteadofstockings,becausetheriseinhemlinesmeantthestockingtopswouldbevisible.Text5

Thehippiemovementofthemid-1960sandearly

1970sinfluencedthedesignofjeans,withthetrouser

legdevelopingaflared"bell-bottom"style.Bythemid-1970s,astheeconomydeteriorated,hemlinesdropped

tomidi(mid-calflength)andmaxi(anklelength),while

jeanswerenolongerexclusivelyblue.6

Jeansremainedfashionableduringtheperiodof

punk,usuallywornripped,oftenwithchainsand

studdedbelts.Thelooklastedforseveralyears,

althoughbecamemoreandmorerestrictedtosmall

groupsofinner-cityyoungpeople,andhadlittle

influenceonotheragegroups.Text7

Asabacklashtotheanarchyofpunk,theNew

Romanticswasafashionmovementwhichoccurred

mainlyinBritishnightclubs.Itwasglamorousand

courageous,andfeaturedlavish

frilledshirts.Jeans

weredefinitelynotacceptable.Text8

Themid-1980ssawtheriseofanumberofdifferent

styles.Powerdressingwascharacterizedbysmart

suitsand,forthenewly-empoweredwomen,shoulder

padsandknee-lengthskirts.Notsurprisingly,the

economywasunstable,andpeopletooklessrisksinwhattheywore.Formen,theMiamiVicestyle,named

afterthetelevisionseries,madeuseofsmartT-shirts

underdesignerjackets,anddesignerstubble–three

orfourdaysofbeardgrowth.Butasalways,denim

remainedpopularwiththeyoung.Inparticular,heavy

metalmusicfansworebleachedandrippedjeansand

denimjackets.Text9

Graduallyhemlinesstartedtoriseagain...untilthe

worldstockmarketcrashin1987.Sothelate1980s

intheUSsawtheriseofthemoreconservativestyle

calledPreppystyle,withclassicclothesbyRalph

LaurenandBrooksBrothersformen,button-down

shirts,chinosandloafers,withasweatertiedloosely

aroundtheneck.Theyalsoworejeans,buteither

brand-neworcleanandsmartlypressed–notatall

whatLeviStraussoriginallyintended.Text

10

Astheworldeconomiesimprovedagaininthe1990s,

fashionforyoungpeoplebecamemoredaring.Boots

andConverseorNike

trainersremainedpopular,but

the

predominantcoloursbecameolivegreenandoatmeal.

Hairwaswornlong,orcutspikyshortanddyedblue,

greenorred.Hoodies,baseballcapsandbaggyjeans,whichwereoftenwornlowbelowthebuttocks,werecommononthestreets.Text11

TheninJanuarytheNew

Yorktechnologystockmarket

collapsed.Asusual,sodid

hemlines,

whichweredescribedbyone

commentatoras"theprim

andproperlookisin.Skirts

shouldbebelowtheknee.”Butmerelyoneyearlater,

thestockmarketbeganto

recover,andthemicrominiskirt

returned.Hemlineswerehigher

thantheyhadbeenformany

years.Text12

Duringthisperiod,itwas

unusualtowearformalclothes

unlessyouwereatwork.

Designerjeansgainedhuge

popularity.Text

suchasArmani,HugoBossandMoschino,whountilrecently

hadonlyconcernedthemselveswiththesmartestfashion

lines.SkinnyjeansalsobecamepopularinBritainandmost

ofEurope.Skirtlengthisuncertain,rangingfrommicroto

"sensible"–knee-lengthorjustbelow.

Thesewere

madeofthetraditional

denim,perhapswith

somelycraadded,but

cutandmarketedunder

well-knownbrandsText13

Sometimesthehemlineindicator,asit'scalled,caneven

precedeandpredictachangeinthemoodofthestockmarket

longbeforeitactuallyhappens.InSeptember,atthe

NewYorkfashionshows,whichweredisplayingtheirstylesfor

spring,thetrendwasformuchlongerdressesandskirts,

manytomid-calforevendowntotheankles.Text

Somepeoplefelt

thisshowedthatthehemlineindicatorwasnolongerreliable,

andthatdesignersnolongerdictatedwhatpeoplewouldwear.

DuringtheLondonandNewYorkfashionshowsinSeptember

,hemlinescontinuedtodrop.Butsureenough,inthefall

of

,thestockmarketindexesfelldramaticallywhenthe

bankingcrisishittheUS,Europeandthentherestoftheworld.

Hemlineswerenolongerfollowingthestockmarket–theywere

showingthewayandindicatingfutureeconomictrends.Text14Duringthewholeperiod,fashionstyleshaverangedwidely,and

haveusuallybeensparkedoffbyadesiretoidentifypeopleas

belongingtoaparticularsub-culture.Buttheconstantfactorsover

thisperiodaredenimandhemlinesandthegreatestinfluences

havebeena19th-centuryCalifornianclothesmanufactureranda

youngdesignerintheSwingingLondonofthe1960s.时装时尚50年11960至间时装史存在两个不可忽略或不可低估不变原因：一是无处不在牛仔裤，二是女装裙摆长度改变。

Text2牛仔裤是用粗斜纹布做，早在16世纪末法国就有了这种布料。19世纪中叶，李维·施特劳斯发觉在加州淘金矿工很需要用这种耐用布料做成牛仔裤，他还用铆钉来加固裤子。今后一直到20世纪50年代，蓝色粗斜纹布做牛仔裤一直只是流行工装，不过以后牛仔裤变成了青春、新思想、反叛及个性标志。50年代末，利惠企业开始向欧亚出口蓝色牛仔裤。年轻人趋之若鹜，视其为美国年轻人随意生活方式象征。Text3裙摆在这一时期有着特殊意义。人们时常会注意到，女人裙摆和经济之间存在一个颇为准确关联性，且鲜有例外。股市升时裙摆也跟着提升；股市跌时裙摆就跟着降低。在经济繁荣和萧条时期女性到底为何要多暴露或少暴露双腿至今依然是个谜。但总趋势必定是这么：每当经济前景不明朗时，男人和女人都倾向于比较保守服装。Text

4

20世纪60年代时装史上一个最主要发展或许就是英国时装设计师玛丽·匡特创造超短裙。因为匡特在“摇摆伦敦”中心地带工作，超短裙很快就风靡全球。当法国出色时装设计师库雷热把超短裙变成一件高级时装时，超短裙得到了人们更多认可。不过，假如只有长筒袜而没有创造裤袜话，超短裙是不可能在全球流行，因为裙摆提升会让人看见长筒袜袜口。Text560年代中、70年代初嬉皮士运动影响了牛仔裤设计，牛仔裤裤腿发展成了扩张“喇叭形”。到了70年代中期，伴随经济恶化，裙摆降低到了小腿中部甚至脚踝部，而牛仔裤则不再是清一色蓝色了。6

牛仔裤在朋克时期依然很时髦，裤腿通常有撕裂口子，并配有铁链及打着装饰钉皮带。这种样式牛仔裤流行了几年，但流行范围越来越小，仅限于内城区少多年轻人群体，对其它年纪段群体影响不大。

Text

7

作为对朋克无序状态一个抗拒，新浪漫派是英国夜总会主要时装时尚。这种时装大胆创新、魅力十足：衬衫装饰有很多褶边，而牛仔裤是绝对不被认可。

Text880年代中期兴起了几个格调各异服装。“权威装”以雅致套装为特色，带肩垫上衣配及膝短裙，受到新近得势女士欢迎。此时经济不太稳定，难怪人们不想在穿着上太冒险。男士流行以电视剧《迈阿密风云》命名“迈阿密风云”式样时装，名牌短外套配时髦T恤，蓄着有型短胡须——长三四天样子。和往常一样，粗斜纹布依然受到年轻人欢迎。尤其是重金属音乐迷，爱穿漂白、装饰有裂口牛仔裤及牛仔夹克。Text

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在1987年全球股市崩盘之前，裙摆也开始逐步地提升。美国在80年代末兴起了一个较为保守格调，称为“学院风”。男士穿拉尔夫·劳伦和布克弟兄品牌经典服装，衣领带纽扣衬衫、斜纹棉布裤和平底便鞋，脖子上随意搭着一件毛衣。他们也穿牛仔裤，不过新，或者是洁净、熨平牛仔裤，完全不是李维·施特劳斯最初所构想那种牛仔裤。Text1090年代，伴随世界经济再次复苏，年轻人时装也变得愈加大胆起来。靴子、匡威和耐克运动鞋都很流行，不过流行色变成了橄榄绿和米灰色。人们头发要么留得很长，要么是染成蓝色、绿色或红色刺猬头。帽衫、棒球帽及松垮低腰牛仔裤在街上随地可见。Text111月，纽约科技股市崩盘。和往常一样，裙摆也对应地降低了，正如一位评论家所说，“循规蹈矩、一本正经式样开始流行了。裙摆应该长及过膝。”但仅仅过了一年，股市开始复苏，超短迷你裙又回来了，裙摆比多年以来高度都要高一些。Text

12

这段时期，除非在工作时，人们通常不穿正式服装。名牌牛仔裤享受很高著名度。Text

用传统粗斜纹布制作，可能还加了点莱卡，不过由著名服装品牌，如阿玛尼、胡戈·伯斯及莫斯奇诺设计、销售。这些品牌企业以前都只做最优雅时装。紧身牛仔裤在英国及欧洲大部分地域很流行。裙子长短不一，现有超短裙，也有长度比较“理性”裙子——即及膝或刚才过膝裙子。Text13有时候，所谓裙摆标志甚至能够预示股市行情。9月纽约时装展展示了年春季流行式样，时尚转向了长衣、长裙，裙摆长及小腿中部，甚至到了脚踝。Text有些人以为这表明裙摆标志靠不住了，服装设计师已经丧失了对时装主宰权。9月，在伦敦和纽约时装展中，裙摆高度继续降低。果然，秋天金融危机攻击欧美，并涉及全球，股指急剧下跌。这时，裙摆不再被动地追随股市改变，而是预示股市行情及未来经济趋势。Text14在整个这段时期内，时装格调各种多样，而且往往源于人们希望归属于某种亚文化愿望。不过，这个时期不变原因是粗斜纹布和裙摆。影响力最大当属19世纪加利福尼亚州一个服装制造商以及20世纪60年代工作在“摇摆伦敦”一位年轻时装设计师。TextWords&PhrasesunderestimateubiquitoushemlinedenimminerrivetrebelliontightsrespectabilityswingingdesignerminiskirtunsettledinescapablerippunkexclusivelymaxicalfmidideteriorateindividualityinformalbusttrouserhippievisiblebacklashrestrictedstuddedWords&Phrasesanarchynightclubglamorouscourageouslavishfrilledempowerlooselyloaferchinosbutton-downpreppybleachstubblemicroprimbuttockbaggyhoodiespikyoatmealpadknee-lengthunstablepredominanttrainerdaringskinnylycraformalWords&Phrasesdictateindexdramaticallycrisis

boomandbust

nameafter

primandpropersparkoff

LeviStrauss李维·施特劳斯MaryQuant玛莉·匡特（

英国设计师）Courrèges库雷热（

法国设计师）MiamiVice

《迈阿密风云》Words&PhrasesRalphLauren拉尔夫·劳伦（美国服装设计师）BrooksBrothers布克弟兄（美国男装品牌）Converse

匡威（美国帆布鞋品牌）Nike

耐克（美国运动品牌）Armani

阿玛尼（意大利服装品牌）HugoBoss

胡戈·伯斯（德国著名品牌）Moschino

莫斯奇诺（意大利服装品牌）underestimatevt.1)thinkorguessthatsth.issmaller,lessimportantetc.thanitreallyis

低估（某物大小或主要性等）e.g.Tobesuccessfulinlife,wemustneitherunderestimatenoroverestimateourownabilities.

想要取得成功，我们一定不能低估或者高估自己能力。

2)thinkthatsomeonehaslesspowerorabilitythantheyreallyhave

小看，轻视e.g.Neverunderestimateyouropponent.

千万不要轻视对手。

Antonym:overestimateWords&Phrasesubiquitousa.(fml)

presenteverywhere

普遍存在；无处不在e.g.1.

Nobodyatthetimewouldeverhaveconceivedofthetelephoneasbeingaubiquitouspersonalobject.那时人们不会想到电话会成为无处不在私人物品。2.Generally,thelocalpeoplestayupuntilverylate,buttheyhavelimitedoptionsinspendingthenighthoursbesidesdiningoutintheubiquitouseatingcenters.

当地人睡觉时间通常很晚，但这里夜生活除了无处不在美食场所外，人们似乎并没有太多选择。

Wordfamily:ubiquityn.[U]

Words&Phraseshemlinen.[C]thebottomedgeofadressorskirtwhichhasbeenturnedupandsewninplace

（衣裙下摆）底边，底缘e.g.1.

Shewaswearing

ashortskirtwithahemlinethatfallsabovetheknee

她穿一条底边在膝盖以上短裙。2.Theshorterdresssetwithahemlineabovethekneewillbeyourwardrobestapleforspringandsummer.

今年春夏裙边在膝盖以上短装必将成为你衣橱主角。

Words&Phrasesdenimn.1)[U]

thickcottoncloththatisusuallyblueandisusedespeciallytomakejeans

粗斜棉布；劳动布

e.g.Sheworepalebluedenimshortsandawhitedenimworkshirt.

她穿着一条淡蓝色斜纹粗棉布短裤，一件白粗布工作服上衣。

2)(pldenims)apairoftrousersmadefromdenim牛仔裤e.g.Shedoesn'twearglassesandatthemomentshe'swearingawhitesweaterwithbluedenims.

她不戴眼镜，此刻正身穿白色毛衣和蓝色牛仔裤。

Words&Phrasesminern.

[C]someonewhosejobistodigcoal,goldetc.fromtheground

矿工

e.g.1.

Theminer'sfamiliesfearforthelivesofthementrappedunderground.

矿工家眷为困在地下人生命而担心。

2.Hewascoveredfromheadtotoeincoaldust,likeaminercomingupfromthepit.

他从头到脚全是煤灰，就象一个矿工刚从矿井里出来一样。Wordfamily:mine

n.&v.Words&Phrasesrivetn.

[C]ametalpinusedforjoiningpiecesofmetaltogether

铆钉e.g.1.

CanIfastenthesemetalplateswithrivets?

我能够用铆钉把这些金属板固定在一起吗？2.Toomuchpressureonthehandlesofthescissorsshearedoftherivetholdingthebladestogether.

用在剪刀把上力太大，把剪刀上铆钉都弄断了。

Words&Phrasesrebellionn.

[C,U]anattempttoremoveagovernmentorleaderbyforce;theactionorprocessofresistingauthority,control,orconvention

反抗；反叛e.g.1.

Therebellionwassoonstampedonbythearmy.

军队很快平息了叛乱。2.Toorigidparentalcontrolfostersrebellionofchildren.

父母管教过严会促使儿女反抗。

3.Thisisatypicalactofteenagerebellion.这是一个经典青少年反抗行为。Wordfamily:rebelv.

Words&Phrasesindividualityn.

[U]thethingsthatmakesomeoneorsth.differentfromallothers个性；特征e.g.1.

Becomingpartofateamshouldnotmeanthesuppressionofindividuality.加入团体并不意味着要压抑个性。2.Productswithemphasisonindividualbeautyattractcustomersbytheirindividuality.

强调个性美产品，以其独特个性吸引用户。Wordfamily:individuala.

Words&Phrasesinformala.1)relaxedandfriendly

随意；轻松友好e.g.1.

Bothpicnicsandbarbequesarefriendly,informalsocialeventsthatofferanopportunitytoenjoyamealoutsideinpleasantsurroundings.

野餐和烧烤餐都是友好、不拘礼节社交活动，跟大家提供一个机会，在户外怡人环境里高高兴兴地就餐。

2.AlthoughAmericansareveryinformal,ifyouprefertobemoreformalinsocialsituations,youmayfreelyactinyourownway.

美国人当然不拘礼节，不过你在社交场所中假如愿意守点礼节话，尽管照你自己方式做。

Words&Phrases2)informaltalksormeetingsarerelaxed,donotinvolvemanypeople,anddonotneedtoproduceanofficialresult（谈话或会议）非正式e.g.Thepresidentinvitedhimintohisprivatestudyforaninformalchat.

总统邀请他到他私人书房里进行一次非正式会谈。Antonym:formal

Words&Phrasesbustn.

[sing]

(infml)aperiodofeconomicdifficultyordepression经济萧条（不景气）时期

e.g.1.Theboomwasfollowedbythepresentbust.

经济繁荣后是当前萧条。

2.Bankersconsidertheregion'sdiversifiedeconomytobegoodprotectionagainstapossiblerealestatebust.

银行家们认为地域经济多样性将是预防可能房地产萧条时期到来良好保障。

Seealso:

boomandbust.

Words&Phrasesinescapablea.

impossibletoavoidorignore

无法防止；难免e.g.1.

Theconflictsofloveandmarriage,ofromanceandrealityinhumanlifeareinescapable.

爱情与婚姻，浪漫与现实冲突在人类生活中是无法防止。

2.Itistheinescapabledutyofmanagementtofireincompetentpeople.

解聘能力不足人是管理阶层不可回避责任。Antonym:escapableWordfamily:escapev.&n.Words&Phrasesunsettleda.

anunsettledplace,situation,orperiodoftimeisoneinwhichpeoplefeelnervousbecausethingsareoftenchanging

不稳定；动荡e.g.1.

Conditionsonthestock-marketwereunsettled.

证券市场行情不稳定。

2.Ourfutureplansareunsettled;everythingisinastateofflux.

我们未来计划未定，一切都改变莫测。Antonym:settledWordfamily:settlev.

Words&Phrasesminiskirtn.

[C]averyshortskirt

超短裙；迷你裙e.g.1.

Iwanttobuyapairoftallbootstogowiththisminiskirt.

我想买一双高筒靴来配这件迷你裙。2.Aspeechisjustlikeaminiskirt:theshorter,thebetter.

演说好比超短裙，越短越精彩。

Words&Phrasesdesigner1)

n.

[C]someonewhosejobistodecidehowtomakethingsortodecidetheirshapeorappearance

设计师

e.g.1.Heisafamousfashiondesigner.他是一名著名时装设计师。2.Theybroughtinaninteriordesignertosuggestcolorschemesforthehouse.他们请来室内设计师提供房子色彩配置方案。2)

a.

(onlybeforenoun)designerclothesaremadebyafamousdesignerandareusuallyexpensiveandfashionable

（衣服）由著名设计师设计；名贵e.g.Sheiswearinganauthenticdesignerdress.

她穿是正品名牌女装。

Wordfamily:design

v.

Words&Phrasesswinginga.

(infml)

excitingandfashionable.Thiswordwasusedmainlyinthe1960s.

时髦放纵（该词主要用于20世纪60年代）e.g.1.

Heledaswingingsociallifewhenhewasyoung.他年轻时过着时髦放纵社交生活。2.NewYorkistheplacedescribedasthemostswingingcityintheworld.

纽约被描绘是全世界最时髦放纵城市。Wordfamily:swingv.

Words&Phrasesrespectabilityn.

[U]thequalityofobeyingthemoralorsocialstandardsthatareacceptedbymostpeople

体面；可敬e.g.1.

Asilkhat,ablackcoatandahardwhitecollararesaidtobesignsofrespectability.

听说丝质大礼帽，黑上装和白硬领是体面标志。2.Thetheoryhasnowgainedscientificrespectability.该理论现在已经取得了科学上认可。Wordfamily:respectv.

respectablea.

Words&Phrasestightsn.

(pl)

apieceofwomen’sclothingthattightlycoversthefeetandlegsuptothewaist

（女用）裤袜e.g.1.

Legwarmersareusuallywornovertightsortrousersforwarmth.

暖腿套通常套在紧身袜或裤子上穿以保暖。2.Haveyouanytightsthatwon'tladder?

你们有没有不易抽丝裤袜?

Words&Phrasesvisiblea.

1)abletobeseen

看得见；可见e.g.1.

Theoutlineofthemountainswasclearlyvisible.

群山轮廓清楚可见。

2.Thesestarsarevisibletothenakedeye.

这些星星是肉眼能看得见。2)clear,obvious,ornoticeable

清楚；显著e.g.Therehasbeenavisiblechangeinhisattitude.

他态度有显著转变。Antonym:invisible

Words&PhrasesChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Insteadofaphysicalcatalog,e-commercearrangesforcatalogstobe______ontheInternet.

(CET4--06-74)A)visibleB)responsibleC)feasibleD)sensible

Words&PhrasesAhippien.

[C]someoneinthe1960swhowasopposedtowarandthetraditionalattitudesofsociety,andwhoshowedthisbyhavinglonghairandwearingveryinformalclothes

嬉皮士（20世纪60年代反对战争、反对社会习俗、蓄长发、着奇装异服人）e.g.1.Asthehippiemovementtookhold,thenaturalgirl-next-doorhairstylebecamepopular.Bothmenandwomenworetheirhairlongandloose.

伴随嬉皮运动成为主流，自然邻家女孩发型流行起来。不论是男人还是女人都会留着涣散长发。

Words&Phrases2.

Newagehippieslovefashionbutdonotwanttobefashionvictims.

新时代嬉皮式喜爱时尚，不过不愿意成为时尚受害者。Words&PhrasesSeealso:

TheHippieMovement.

trousera.

(onlybeforenoun)relatingtotrousers

裤子e.g.1.

Hedrewoutahandkerchieffromhistrouserpocket.

他从他裤袋中拉出手帕来。2.Thesoupspilledoverandstainedhistrouserlegs.

汤溢出来弄脏了他裤脚。Wordfamily:trousersn.

Words&Phrasesdeterioratevi.

becomeworse

恶化；变坏e.g.1.

Leathercandeteriorateindampconditions.

皮革受潮可变质。2.Fromweektoweekwecouldseehishealthdeteriorate.

我们看到他身体一周一周地恶化。

Wordfamily:deteriorationn.

Words&Phrasesmidin.

[C]askirt,dressetc.thatcomestothemiddleofthelowerleg

中长裙

e.g.1.

Amidiskirtisbetterforthisoccasion.

这种场所穿中长裙比较适当。

2.Herplainblackmididresswastoosevereforsuchacheerfuloccasion.

她穿着普通黑色长裙，在这种欢乐场所未免太素了。

Words&Phrasescalfn.

[C]1)thethickbackpartofyourlegbetweenyourkneeandyourankle腓；小腿肚e.g.Mr.Smithhadasuddencrampinhisleftcalf.

史密斯先生左小腿突然抽筋。

2)ayoungbovineanimal,especiallyadomesticcoworbullinitsfirstyear小牛；牛犊e.g.Eachcownormallyproducesonlyonecalfatatime.

在普通情况下，一头母牛每次只能产一头牛犊。

Words&Phrasesmaxin.

[C]alongskirt,dress,orcoatthatreachesyourfeet（长至脚踝）长裙，连衣裙

Words&Phrasese.g.Shewearsalongdressjustlikeapopularmaxiin1960s.

她穿了一条长裙，很像60年代流行那种连衣裙。

exclusivelyad.

usedforemphasizingthatsth.isavailabletoorlimitedtoonespecificperson,thing,orgroup

仅仅；单独地；专门地e.g.1.

Thisspecialofferhasbeenexclusivelydesignedforreadersofthismagazine.

这一特价优惠是专为本杂志读者提供。

2.Forseveraldecadesthereaftercontrolofinfectiousdiseasewasbasedexclusivelyontheuseofantiserumsandvaccines.

今后几十年间，传染病全靠抗血清及疫苗来控制。Antonym:inclusively

Words&Phrasespunkn.

[U]atypeofmusicthatdevelopedinthe1970sfromrockandroll,consistingofsimpletunesplayedquicklyandloudlyonelectronicinstrumentsandwordsthatoftenexpressangeragainstsociety

朋克摇滚乐

e.g.Iwilldroptheboyahintandsuggestthathemightfinditeasiertofindajobifhegotridofthegreenpunkhairstyle.

我会暗示那男孩，假如他理掉那绿色朋克式发型，他可能会发觉找工作轻易些。

Words&Phrasesripvt.

1)tearsth.quicklyandwithalotofforce

撕破；扯裂；撕裂e.g.1.Irippedmystockingonanail.

一个钉子挂破了我袜子。2.Theposterhadbeenrippedtopieces.

那张广告画已被撕得粉碎。2)removesth.quicklybypullinghard

撕掉；扯掉e.g.Herippedoutasheetofpaperfromhisnotebook.

他从笔记本上撕下一页纸。Words&Phrasesstuddeda.

1)

decoratedwithmetalstuds

饰有金属饰钉；缀有饰钉e.g.Heworeabeltstuddedwithbrassnails.

他系了一根饰满铜钉腰带。2)coveredorfilledwithalotofsth.充满……e.g.Theskywasstuddedwithtwinklingstars.

天空满布着闪烁星星。

Wordfamily:studvt.

Words&Phrasesrestricteda.

1)

(~to)onlyfortheuseoforonlyincludingparticularpeopleorpurposes

限制使用；限于某人（或某种目标）e.g.Eligibilityforfiveweeks’holidayisrestrictedtoseniormanagement.

只有高级管理人员才有资格享受五周假期。2)limitedinwhatitispossibletodo（活动、能做到事）有限，受限制

e.g.Theaccidentleftherwithrestrictedmovementinherrightleg.事故造成她右腿行动不便。

Words&Phrasesbacklashn.[C]astrong,negative,andoftenangryreactiontosth.thathashappened,especiallyapoliticalorsocialchange（尤指对政治或社会变化）强烈反应e.g.1.Themanagementfearabacklashfromfansovertheteam’spoorperformances.管理层担心球迷会对球队拙劣表现作出强烈反应。2.The1970ssawthefirstbacklashagainstthewomen’smovement.20世纪70年代妇女运动首次遭遇强烈抵制。3.Suchadecisionmayprovokeabacklashagainsttheincreaseofexpenditureonarmaments.这么决定可能会激起对增加军费开支强烈反对。Words&Phrasesanarchyn.

[U]asituationinwhichpeoplearebehavinginawaythatignoresnormalrulesandlaws,andareunabletobecontrolled

混乱状态；无序状态e.g.1.

Theclassroomwasinaconstantstateofanarchy.教室里永远是一片混乱。2.Thenationisindangeroffallingintoanarchy.

那个国家处于陷入无政府状态危险之中。

Words&Phrasesnightclubn.

[C]aplacewherepeoplegointheeveningtodance,drinkalcohol,orwatchentertainers

夜总会e.g.1.

Sheearnedherlivingbysinginginanightclub.

她靠在夜总会唱歌谋生。

2.MyhusbandandIwanttogotothenightclubthisevening.Iwonderifyouhaveababysittingservice?

我和丈夫今晚要参加一个俱乐部活动，不知你们是否提供托婴服务。

Words&Phrasesglamorousa.

attractiveandinterestinginanexcitingandunusualway

极富魅力；非常吸引人e.g.1.

Ontelevisionshelookssobeautifulandglamorous.

她在电视上看起来尤其漂亮，魅力四射。

2.Suchaglamorousdressseemedoutofplaceinthatcheaprestaurant.

穿这么华丽礼服去那家低级饭店，未免有些不适当。Wordfamily:glamourn.

&v.

Words&Phrasescourageousa.verybraveanddetermined

勇敢；坚定

e.g.1.

Hewaswrong,andcourageousenoughtoadmitit.

他错了，但有勇气认可自己错了。2.Atimidpersonisfrightenedbeforeadanger,acowardduringthetime,andacourageouspersonafterwards.

胆小者在危险之前害怕，懦弱者在危险时害怕，勇者在事后害怕。Wordfamily:couragen.

encourage

vt.

Words&Phraseslavish1)

a.

sth.thatislavishexists,isspent,orisgiveninaverylargeamount,especiallyifitcostsalotofmoney

极其丰富；（尤指）奢华e.g.Thecountrygirlwasnotusedtotheirlavishmodeofliving.

这个乡下姑娘不习惯他们奢侈生活方式。2)

vt.

givesomeonealotofsth.,forexamplemoney,love,orattention

慷慨地给予（金钱、爱或关注等）e.g.Mymotheralwayslavishesuswithattention.

妈妈对我们关心得无微不至。Words&Phrasesfrilleda.

insewinganddressmaking,aruffleorfrillisastripoffabric,laceorribbontightlygatheredorpleatedononeedgeandappliedtoagarment,bedding,orothertextileasaformoftrimming

饰有褶边；带饰边e.g.Sheswepthimalowcurtsyandadazzlingsmileandhebowed,onehandonhisfrilledbosom.

她轻捷地给他一个低低屈膝礼和一丝娇媚微笑。他将手放在他穿着饰边衬衣胸口上鞠了一躬。Wordfamily:frilln.

&v.

Words&Phrasesempowervt.

givesomeonemorecontrolovertheirlifeormorepowertodosth.

给予（某人）权力；使自主e.g.1.

Thenewlawsempowerthepolicetosearchprivatehouse.

新法律使警察得以搜查私人住宅。2.Modernscienceandtechnologyempowerhumanbeingstocontrolnaturalforcesmoreeffectively.

当代科学技术使人类能更有效地制服自然。

Words&Phrasespadn.

[C]athickpieceofasoftsubstanceusedformakingsomethingbiggerorforchangingitsshape衬垫；垫布e.g.

1.Thetailorinsertedshoulderpadstosmoothandcontourthewholeshoulderarea.裁缝插入肩垫，使整个衣肩部位平顺并成型。2.

Elbowpadsandkneepadsareessentialonaskateboard.滑滑板时带护肘和护膝是必要。

Words&Phrasesknee-lengtha.

reachingyourknees

长及膝部e.g.Knee-lengthskirtsareverypopulousthisyear.及膝连衣裙今年很流行。

Words&Phrasesunstablea.

1)anunstablesystem,situation,orrelationshipoftenhasseriousproblems（体制、情况或关系）不稳定，常出问题e.g.Mostofthecountriesintheregionhaveunstableeconomies.

这个地域大多数国家经济都不稳定。2)anunstablepersonbecomesangryorupsetoftenandverysuddenly（情绪）多变，重复无常e.g.Heis

emotionallyunstableandhasdifficultycopingwithpersonalrelationships.

他情绪不稳定而且在处理人际关系上有困难。

Words&PhrasesChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Politicallythesenationstendtobe______,withveryhighbirthratesbutpooreducationandverylowlevelsofliteracy.

(CET4--12-45)A)unstable

B)reluctantC)rationalD)unsteadyAntonym:stable

W