2022年GRE考试模拟卷三

2022年GRE考试模拟卷三（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为!80分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名: 考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分ー、单项选择题（共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）（{BllSet6BiologyCardiacMuseIe{{/B}}Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:TointroducethetopicofcardiacmuscleTofindouthowmuchthestudentsalreadyknowTotellthestudentswhatwillbeonthenexttestTopointoutaquestionthathasnoclearanswer{{BllSet5{{/B}}THEDOMESTICATIONOFANIMALSThedomesticationofwiIdspeciesleddirectlytodenserhumanpopuIationsbyyieldingmorefoodthanthehunter-gathererIifestylecouldprovide.Insocietiesthatpossesseddomesticanimals,IivestockheIpedtofeedmorepeopIebyprovidingmeat,miIk,andfertiIizer,andbypullingplows.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties1mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwiIdgame,andtheyalso{{U}}furnished{{/U}}woolvleather,andlandtransport.Humanshavedomesticatedonlyafewspeciesoflargeanimals,withHlarge"definedasthoseweighingover100pounds(45kilograms).Fourteensuchspeciesweredomesticatedbeforethetwentiethcentury,alIofthemterrestrialmammaIsandherbivores.Thefivemostimportantofthesearesheep,goats,pigs,horses,andcattIeoroxen.SmalIanimalssuchasducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,andsiIkwormshavealsobeendomesticated.ManyofthesesmalIanimalsprovidedfood,cIothing,orwarmth.However,noneofthempulledplowsorwagons,nonecarriedriders,andnoneexceptdogspulledsleds.Furthermore,nosmalIdomesticanimalshavebeenasimportantforfoodashavelargedomesticanimals.EarlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalIlargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.Thereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.ThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaIdomestication.HavingthemostspeciesofwiIdmammaIstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinetioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.DomesticationinvolvestransformingwiIdanimalsintosomethingmoreusefultohumans.TrulydomesticatedanimalsdifferinmanywaysfromtheirwiIdancestors.Thesedifferencesresultfromtwoprocesses:humanseIectionofindividualanimalsthataremoreusefultohumansthanotherindividualsofthesamespecies,andevolutionaryresponsesofanimalstotheforcesofnaturalseIectionoperatinginhumanenvironmentsratherthaninwildenvironments.Tobedomesticated,awiIdspeciesmustpossessseveralcharacteristics.{{U}}Acandidatefordomesticationmustbeprimarilyaherbivorebecauseittakeslessplantbiomasstofeedaplanteaterthanitdoestofeedacarnivorethatconsumesplanteaters{{/U}}.Nocarnivorousmammalhaseverbeendomesticatedforfoodsimplybecauseitwouldbetoocostly.Acandidatemustnotonlyweighanaverageofover100poundsbutaIsogrowquickIy.ThateIiminates{{U}}goriIlasandelephants{{/U}},eventhoughtheyareherbivores.Moreover,candidatesfordomesticationmustbeabletobreedsuccessfullyincaptivity.Sincealmostanysufficientlylargemammalspeciesiscapableofkillingahuman,certainquaIities{{U}}disquaIify{{/U}}awildanimalfordomestication.Theanimalcannothaveadispositionthatisnasty,dangerous,orunpredictable-characteristicsthateliminatebears,Africanbuffaloes,andsomespeciesofwiIdhorses.Theanimalcannotbesonervousthatit{{U}}panics{{/U}}aroundhumans.LargeherbivorousmammaIspeciesreacttodangerfrompredatorsorhumansindifferentways.Somespeciesarenervous,fast,andprogrammedforinstantfIightwhentheyperceivedanger.Othersarelessnervous,seekprotectioninherds,anddonotrununtiInecessary.MostspeciesofdeerandanteIopeareoftheformertype,whilesheepandgoatsareofthelatter.AImostalIdomesticatedlargemammaIsarespecieswhosewiIdancestorssharethreesociaIcharacteristics:Iivinginaherd,maintainingadominancehierarchyintheherd,andhavingherdsthatoccupyoverIappinghomerangesinsteadofmutuaIIyexclusiveterritories.Humanshavetakenadvantageofthesecharacteristicsinkeepingdomesticanimalstogetherwithothersoftheirspeciesandincloseproximitytootherspeciesofdomesticanimals.Glossary:terrestrial:Iivingonlandratherthaninwaterherbivores:animalsthatfeedmainlyonplantsTheworddisquaIifyinparagraph6isclosestinmeaningtoidentifydisplayrejectD.punish3.{{BUSet2{{/B}}POLITICALSYSTEMSOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURYMonarchyisaformofgovernmentinwhichauthorityisheldbyasingleperson,amonarch,whoserighttoruleisgenerallyhereditaryandIifeIong.Atthestartofthetwentiethcentury,monarchsruledovermostoftheworld,butbythemiddleofthecentury,onlyahandfuIremained.AseriesofrevoIutionsintheprecedingcenturieshadweakenedtheEuropeanmonarchies,andwhilemonarchsremainedsymboIsofnationaIunity,realpowerhadpassedtoconstitutionalassemblies.MonarchysurvivedasaforminEuropeonlywherethekingorqueenfunctionedasthesymboIicheadofaparIiamentarystate,asinBritain,theLowCountries,andScandinavia.ItlastedlongerinthefewsmalIstatesofAsiaandAfricathathadnevercomeunderdirectcolonialrule.Bythe1960s,autocraticmonarchyhadbecomeanoutdatedformofgovernment.Throughoutmostoftheworld,peopIewereconsideredcitizens,notsubjects,andthetotalityofthepeopIewereseenasconstitutingthestate.Inmoststateswheremonarchicalauthoritywasremoved,someformofIiberaldemocracytookitsplace.AIiberaldemocracyisastatewherepoliticalauthorityrestsinthepeopIeactingthrougheIectedrepresentativesandwhereaneIectedexecutiveisresponsibletothewiIIofthepeopIeasawhole.{{U}}Theterm{{/U}}appliestoabroadgroupofstateswithaparIiamentaryorrepresentativepoIiticaItradition.LiberaIdemocraciesdifferfromthecommuniststatesknownas{{U}}peopIe'sdemocracies{{/U}},inwhichtheCommunistpartyholdstheu11imateauthority.GeneraIly,IiberaIdemocraciesfollowtheparIiamentary{{U}}pattern{{/U}},withtheexecutivepowervestedinacabinetresponsibletotheparIiamentanddrawnfromthemajoritypartyorcombinationofparties.IntheUnitedStates,anindependentIyeIectedexecutive,thepresident,functionsseparatelyfromthelegislativeauthority,thecongress.ThedoctrinethatalIofthepeopIehadeffectiveauthority,orsovereignty,becamethebasisforthefunctioningofdemocraticstates.ThisdoctrineofpopuIarsovereigntybecameall-inclusiveascitizenshiprightswereextendedtoclassesformerlyexcIudedandtowomen.TheIiberaldemocraticstateclaimedtherighttocontroleveryaspectofhumanIifeaccordingtothewiIIofthepeople,exceptwhereIimitsonstatecontrolweredirectlystatedinabillofrightsinademocraticconstitutionandrecognizedinpractice.AlIdemocraticstates,bothparIiamentaryandpresidentiaI,changedinformduringthetwentiethcentury.Tomeettheneedsofanurbanindustrialsociety,statesgenerallyenlargedtheirscopeofactivitytocontroleconomicpowerandtoprovidecommonservicestothepeople.TheexpansionofstateactivityandextensionofstateservicesinvoIvedanewviewoflegislationanditsroleinsociety.Thepassingoflawscametobeseenasawaytopromotethewe11beingofthepeople.Withthisnewconceptoflegislation,thenumberofnewlawsincreasedimmensely,particuIarIyintheareasofsociaIweIfare,education,healthandsafety,andeconomicdevelopment.ThetrendtowardIiberaldemocracycontinuedthroughoutthecentury,butatvarioustimestherewasalsoatendencytowardarevivalofauthoritarianrule.Inanumberofstates,democraticgovernmentscouldnotcopewiththecrisesofthetime.{{U}}Inthesecases,someformoftotalitariandictatorshipemerged,replacingpopularsovereigntywiththetotalpowerofthestate.{{/U}}Insomeinstances,monarchygavewaydirectlytodictatorship.Inothers,dictatoriaIregimestookoverdemocraticallyorganizedstates,notabIyinEasternEuropeintheyearsbetweenthetwoworIdwars,innewstatesofAsiaandAfricainthe1950s,andsporadicallyinCentralandSouthAmerica.Authoritariangovernmentsshowedthreeprinciplecharacteristies.First,therewasaheadofstateorleaderwithexceptionalpowers,withapartytosupporthim.Second,thelegislativebodywaseIectedbyasystemthatprohibitedpartiesopposedtotheregime,andthird,therewasabureaucraticadministrationthatwasinnowaysubjecttopopularcontrol.ThemostextremepositiononthesepointswastakenbyHitler'stotalitarianNationaISociaIistStateinthe1930s.Glossary:autocratic:characterizedbyuniimitedpowerautocratic:characterizedbycompleteobediencetoauthority,IackingindividualfreedomWhichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighIightedsentenceinparagraph5Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Dictatorshipsweremorepopularincountrieswherethemajorityofpeoplewantedthestatetohavetotalpower.Inatotalitariandictatorship,thegovernmentreplacedauthoritarianrulewithpopularsovereignty.Totalitariandictatorshipstookoversomedemocracieswiththeideathatthestate,notthepeople,heldallpower.Somedictatorshipsgavethestatetotalauthoritytorule,whileothersmaintainedtheconceptofpopularsovereignty.4.READINGSECTIONDIRECTIONSTheReadingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytoreadandunderstandpassagesinEnglish.Youwi11readfivepassagesandanswerquestionsaboutthem.Answera11questionsbasedonwhatisstatedorimpIiedinthepassages.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Thelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.Forthisquestion,thedirectionswillindicatehowmanypointsyoucanreceive.Somepassageshaveoneormorewordsinboldtype.Fortheseboldedwords,youwiIIseeadefinitioninaglossaryattheendofthepassage.AIIow20minutestoreadeachpassageandanswerthequestionsaboutit.Youmaynowbeginthefirstpassage.{{B}}Set1{(/B})NORTHAMERICANGRASSLANDSInNorthAmerica,nativegrasslandsoccurprimarilyintheGreatPlainsinthemiddleofthecontinent.TheNorthAmericanprairiebiomeisoneofthemostextensivegrasslandsintheworld,extendingfromtheedgeoftheRockyMountainsinthewesttothedeciduousforestintheeast,andfromnorthernMexicointhesouthtoCanadainthenorth.AverageannualrainfalIrangesfromabout40cm(16inches)inthewestto80cm(31inches)intheeast.Averageannualtemperaturesrangebetween10degreesand20degreesCelsius(50to68degreesFahrenheit).InthemoistregionsoftheNorthAmericangrasslands,especiallyinthenorthernGreatPlains,rainfa11isdistinetIyseasonaI,andtemperaturescanvarywidelyfromveryhotinsummertobittercoldinwinter.Onehundredyearsago,theGreatPlainsgrasslandswereonevast,unbrokenprairie.MuchoftheprairieisnowfarmIand,themostproductiveagriculturalregionintheworld,dominatedby{{B}}monocuItures{{/B}}ofcerealgrains.Wheat,barley,soybeans,corn,andsunflowersoccupythelandthatwasonceprairie.InareasgivenovertograzinglandsforcattIeandsheep,virtuallyalIthemajornativegrasseshavebeenrepIacedby{{11}}aIien{{/U}}species.AnimportantfeatureofthenorthernGreatPlainsgrasslandsisthepresenceofmiIIionsofgIaciaIdepressionsthatarenowsmaIIpondsknownasprairiepotholes.TheywereformedduringthemostrecentIceAge,whenstreamsfIowedintunnelsbeneathglaciallyformedsandyridges.WhentheIceAgeendedaround12,000yearsago,theretreatingglacierscreatedabout25milliondepressionsacrossa300,000-square-miIelandscape-about83potholespersquaremiIe.Astheiceblocksmelted,muchofthewaterwasleftbehind,formingwetlandsranginginsizefromatenthofanacretoseveralacres.ThewetIandsweresoonsurroundedbyflutteringwavesofgrasses:shortgrass,mixedgrass,andtaiIgrass.{{U}}TodaythesesmaIIwetIandsstillcovertheprairies,althoughmuchofthelandscape-includingbothnativegrassesandpotholes-hasbeentransformedtocroplandandgrasslandforgrazing.{{/U}}Whatdoesremainofthewetlands,however,stillservesasanimportantbreedingareaformorethan300birdspecies,includinglargenumbersofmigratingshorebirdsandwaterfowl.Thepotholesfillupwithwaterduringspringrainsandusuallydryoutbylatesummer.Everyspring,birdsarriveingreatnumbers-northernpintaiIs,maIlards,coots,andpied-biIIedgrebes-4to6millionstrong,tomateintheseasonaIwetlandsthatdotportionsofMinnesota,Iowa,NorthandSouthDakota,Montana,Alberta,Saskatchewan,andManitoba.PrairiepothoIecountryproduceshalfofNorthAmerica1s35to40miIIionducksandisrenownedworldwideasaM{{U}}duckfactory{{/U}}."RecentlybiologistshavediscoveredthattheprairiepothoIeregionispotentiaIIyavastcarbonsink:anaturalspongethatabsorbscarbondioxideemissionsfromcars,factories,andpowerplants.CarbondioxideisthemostcommonofalIthepollutantsactingasgreenhousegasesthatheatuptheatmosphere.Fortunately,however,carbondioxideiscapturednaturallyandstoredintrees,soil,andplants.Scientistshavetermed{{U}}this{{/U}}Mcarbonsequestration.MTheyhavedeterminedthatprairiepotholesholdanaverageof2.5tonsofcarbonperacreperyearwhennotbeingfarmed.ThismeansthatiftheentirepothoIeregionintheUnitedStatesandCanadaweretostopbeingfarmed,theregionwouldstoreabout400milliontonsofcarbonover10years-theequivalentoftakingalmost4miIIioncarsofftheroad.Thus,preservingthepotholescouldbeawayto{{U}}offset{{/U}}greenhousegasemissionsthatarewarmingtheplanet.Glossary:biome:oneoftheworld1smajornaturalcommunities,classifiedbypredominantvegetationmonoculture:cultivationoflargelandareaswithasingleplantvarietyTHETRICKSTERFIGUREINMYTHOLOGYInthestudyofmythology,thecharacterknownasthetricksterisagod,spirit,human,oranimalwhobreakstherulesofthegodsornature,sometimesmaIiciouslybutusuallywithresultsthatarepositive.Therulebreakingoftentakestheformof{{B}}mischief{{/B}}or{{B}}thievery{{/B}}.ThetricksterisusuallymalebutoccasionallydisguiseshimselfinfemaIeform.Hecanbecunningorfoolish,orboth,andoftenveryhumorous.Hiscuriosityleadshimintotrouble,butherescueshimselfwithhisslywit.{{U}}Whenheplaystricks,heperformsimportantculturaltasksthatbenefithumans,andforthisreasonthetricksterisasignificantfigureinworldmythology.{{/U}}Indifferentcultures,thetricksterandtheheroarecombinedinvariousways.InGreekmythology,PrometheussteaIsfirefromthegodsandgivesittohumans,afeatmakinghimmoreofaherothanatrickster,andheisusuallyportrayedasaninteIIectuaI.InmanyNativeAmericanstories,CoyotealsosteaIsfirefromthegods,butCoyoteisusuallymoreofajokesterorapranksterthananinteIIectuaI.Thetricksterisbothcreatoranddestroyer,giverandtaker,onewhotricksothersandistrickedinreturn.The{{U}}pranks{{/U}}ofthetricksterarecompuIsiveanduncontroIIable.HedoesnotactconsciousIy;heactsoutofpassionandimpulse.Heknowsneithergoodnorevil,yetheisresponsiblefor{{U}}both{{/U}}.Hepossessesnomorals,yetthroughhisbehaviormoraIitycomesintobeing.AccordingtopsychologistCarIJungtthetricksteris“aprimitivecosmicbeingofdivine-animaInature,ontheonehandsuperiortomanbecauseofhissuperhumanquaIities,andontheotherhandinferiortohimbecauseofhisunreasonandunconsciousness.HInNativeAmericanmythology,themajorityoftrickstermythsconcernthecreationortransformationoftheearth.Suchstorieshaveatricksterwhoisalwayswandering,whoisalwayshungry,whoisnotguidedbynormalideasofgoodandevil,andwhopossessessomemagicaIpowers.Insomestoriesheisadeity,andinothersheisananimalorhumansubjecttodeath.SeveralofthesemythsfeatureRavenorCoyoteasthetrickster-hero.InmanycreationmythsofthePacificNorthwest,RaveniIlustratesthetransformationalnatureoftricksters.RavenisthegreatestshapeshifterofalIandcanchangeintoanythingtogetwhathewants.Inonestory,thereisdarknessatthebeginningoftheworld,soRavendecideshewillfindIight.Hefliesfarfromtheearth,searchinginthedarkness,untiIhespotsaglimmerofIightcomingfromawindowinthehouseofthegods.Ravenknowsthegodsareprotectiveoftheirpossessions,sohedevisesatrick.Heperchesonapinebranchnexttothehouseandwatcheseachdayasthechiefgod'sdaughterdrawswaterfromanearbylake.HemagicaIIytransformshimselfintoa{{B}}pinyonseed{{/B}}andfallsintothegirl'sdrinkingcup.ThegirlswaIIowstheseed,whichgrowswithinherbody,andsheeventuallygivesbirthtoaboy.Thechilddelightshisgrandparents,andhislaughtertrickstheeldergodsintorevealingwheretheyhideashiningbaIIofIight.ThegodsgivethechildthebaIItoplaywith,andthenRaventransformsbacktoabirdandfliesoffcarryingthebaIIofIightinhisbeak.HehangsthebaII-thesun-inthesky,bringingIighttotheworld.Coyote'scharacterissimilartothatofRaven's,andbothappearinstoriescarryingoutsimilarroles.InseveralstoriesfromtheAmericanSouthwest,CoyotesteaIsfirefromagroupofMfirebeings"andgivesittohumans.InsometalesCoyotewantstomakehumanIifemoreinteresting,soheintroducessickness,sorrow,anddeath.HeoftenteachesthroughnegativeexampIebyempIoyingthehumanvicesoflying,cheating,andsteaIing.HistricksoftenbringaboutdestructivenaturaIphenomena,suchasagreatfloodthatdestroystheearth.However,bycausingtheflood,CoyoteleadsthehumanracetoanewandbetterworId.Coyoteshowsusthatattheheartofthetricksterisa{{U}}savior{{/U}}whosegreatgifttohumansisshowingthemnewwaysofknowinganddoing.Glossary:mischief:tendencytoplaytricksorcauseminortroublemischief:theactoftheft;steaIingpinyonseed:theseedofapinetree;pinenutTheauthortellsastoryaboutRaveninwhichthetrickstergiveshumansthegiftoffirechangesintoayounggirlstealsthesunfromthegodscausesadestructiveflood{{BUSet3{{/B}}THESENSEOFSMELLSmelIisthemostdirectofalIthesenses.Itisthoughttobetheoldestsenseintermsofhumanevolution,whichmayexplainwhysmelIis{{U}}hard-wired{{/U}}intothebrain.Theolfactorynerve,whichmanagestheperceptionofsmeIIs,isessentiallyanextensionofthebrain.TheolfactorynerveprovidesadirectIinkfromreceptorsatthetopofthenosetotheportionofthebrainthatcontrolsmemory,emotion,andbehavior.Theolfactorysystem{{II}}detects{{/U}}certainairbornechemicalsthatenterthenoseandthentransmitsthischemicaIinformationtotheIimbicsysteminthebrain.TheolfactoryregionattheupperendofeachnostriIisyeIIow,moist,andfulIoffattysubstances.TheshadeofyeIlowindicatesthestrengthofthesenseofsmelI:thedeepertheshade,thekeenerandmoreacuteitis.AnimalshaveaverystrongsenseofsmeII,sotheirolfactoryregionsaredarkyellowtoreddishbrown,whilethoseofhumansareIightyeIIow.Whenanodoroussubstanceentersthenose,itbindstoolfactoryreceptorcells,theneuronsliningtheyeIlowupperportionofthenasalcavity.OlfactoryreceptorcellscontainmicroscopichairscalledciIiathatextendintothelayerofmucuscoatingtheinsideofthenose.Odormolecules{{U}}diffuse{{/U}}intothisregionandareabsorbedbytheciliaoftheolfactoryreceptorcelIs.Whatthismeansisthatwhenweholdarosetoournoseandinhale,odormoleculesfloatupintothenasalcavity,wheretheyareabsorbedbyfivemiIIionolfactoryreceptorcelIs.Thereceptorcellsalerttheolfactorynerve,whichsendsimpulsestothebrain1solfactorybulb,orsmelIcenter.Thus,olfactoryinformationabouttheroseentersthebrain1sIimbicsystem,where,inmostofus,itstimulatesafeeIingofpleasure.TheIimbicsystemofthebrain{{U})integrates{{/U})memory,emotion,andbehavior.ThesystemiscomposedofagroupofrelatednervoussystemstructuresthatarethefunctionaIcenterofemotionssuchasanger,fear,pleasure,andsadness.ThecomponentsoftheIimbicsystemareIinkedtothecerebralcortex,thepartofthebraininvoIvedincompIexlearning,reasoning,andpersonality.ThecerebralcortexmakesdecisionsabouttheemotionaIcontentoftheseuniquehumanquaIitiesafterMconsulting"theIimbicsystemandotherbraincentersinprocessingandretrievingmemories.Itmay,inturn,usememoriestomodifybehavior.Scentmaybethestrongesttriggerofmemoryandemotions.Whenweinhaleascent,receptorsinthebrain'sIimbiccentercomparetheodorenteringournosetoodorsstoredinourmemory.Alongtheway,memoriesassociatedwiththoseodorsarestimuIated.AsmeIIcanbeoverwheImingIynostalgicbecauseittriggerspowerfulimagesandemotions.Thewaxyfragranceof{{U}}crayons{{/U}}caninstantlytransportustooursecond-gradeclassroom,orthescentof{{U}}freshlymowngrass{{/U}}canflooduswiththejoyofsummerfreedom.{{11}}Whatweseeandhearmayfadequicklyinshort-termmemory,butwhatwesme11issentdirectlytolong-termmemory.{{/U}}SmeIIscanincreaseaIertnessandstimuIateIearningandretention.Inonestudy,chiIdrenmemorizedawordIist,whichwaspresentedbothwithandwithoutaccompanyingscents.ThechiIdrenrecalledwordsontheIistmoreeasilyandwithhigheraccuracywhentheIistwasgivenwithscentsthanwithout,showingtheIinkbetweensmeIIandtheabilitytoretaininformation.Inanotherstudy,researchersexaminedhowvarioussmeIIscanincreasealertnessanddecreasestress.TheyfoundthatthescentofIavendercouIdwakeupthemetaboIismandmakepeopIemoreaIert.TheyalsofoundthatthesmelIofspicedapplescouldreducebloodpressureandavertapanicattackinpeopIeunderstress.Glossary:nostalgic:causingadesireforthings,persons,orsituationsofthepast;causinghomesicknessretention:theactofretaining;keeping,holding,ormaintainingWhydoestheauthormention{{U}}crayons{{/U}}and{{U}}freshlymowngrass{{/U}}inparagraph5. To giveexamplesofsmellsthatcan triggermemories andemotions. To comparetypicalresponsestotwo commonsmells. To explainwhysmellsarelikelyto affectapersonJ sbehaviorToidentifysmellsthatcanincreasealertnessandworkefficiency{{B}}Set6BiologyCardiacMuseIe{{/B}}Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:TocorrectoneofherpreviousstatementsTomakesurethestudentsarepayingattentionToreviewmaterialtheclasshasalreadystudiedTogivethestudentstimetowritedownwhatshesays{{B}}Set5Economics{{/B}}Listenagaintopartofthediscussion.Thenanswerthequestion.Whydoestheprofessorsaythis:TostatehisopinionabouttheroleofgovernmentTodescribeacontroversialgovernmentpolicyToshowthatcorporationshavepoliticalpowerToexplaintheoriginsofgovernmentregulation{{BUSet5{{/B}}THEDOMESTICATIONOFANIMALSThedomesticationofwiIdspeciesleddirectlytodenserhumanpopuIationsbyyieldingmorefoodthanthehunter-gathererIifestylecouldprovide.Insocietiesthatpossesseddomesticanimals,IivestockheIpedtofeedmorepeopIebyprovidingmeat,miIk,andfertiIizer,andbypullingplows.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties1mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwiIdgame,andtheyalso{{U}}furnished{{/U}}woolvleather,andlandtransport.Humanshavedomesticatedonlyafewspeciesoflargeanimals,with“large“definedasthoseweighingover100pounds(45kilograms).Fourteensuchspeciesweredomesticatedbeforethetwentiethcentury,alIofthemterrestrialmammaIsandherbivores.Thefivemostimportantofthesearesheep,goats,pigs,horses,andcattIeoroxen.SmalIanimalssuchasducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,andsiIkwormshavealsobeendomesticated.ManyofthesesmalIanimalsprovidedfood,cIothing,orwarmth.However,noneofthempulledplowsorwagons,nonecarriedriders,andnoneexceptdogspulledsleds.Furthermore,nosmalIdomesticanimalshavebeenasimportantforfoodashavelargedomesticanimals.EarlyherdingsocietiesquicklydomesticatedalIlargemammalspeciesthatweresuitablefordomestication.Thereisarchaeologicalevidencethatthesespeciesweredomesticatedbetween10,000and4,500yearsago,withinthefirstfewthousandyearsoftheoriginsoffarming-herdingsocietiesafterthelastIceAge.ThecontinentofEurasiahasbeentheprimarysiteoflargemammaIdomestication.HavingthemostspeciesofwildmammaIstobeginwith,andlosingthefewesttoextinetioninthelast40,000years,Eurasiahasgeneratedthemostcandidatesfordomestication.Domesticationinvolvestransformingwildanimalsintosomethingmoreusefultohumans.TrulydomesticatedanimalsdifferinmanywaysfromtheirwiIdancestors.Thesedifferencesresultfromtwoprocesses:humanseIectionofindividuaIanimalsthataremoreusefultohumansthanotherindividualsofthesamespecies,andevolutionaryresponsesofanimalstotheforcesofnaturalseIectionoperatinginhumanenvironmentsratherthaninwildenvironments.Tobedomesticated,awiIdspeciesmustpossessseveralcharacteristies.{{U}}Acandidatefordomesticationmustbeprimarilyaherbivorebecauseittakeslessplantbiomasstofeedaplanteaterthanitdoestofeedacarnivorethatconsumesplanteaters{{/U}}.Nocarnivorousmammalhaseverbeendomesticatedforfoodsimplybecauseitwouldbetoocostly.Ac