北清华考研英语真题及答案(,考研必备)清华

2011年英语考研必备opqopqopqopqopqopqopqopq2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题opqopqopqopqSectionI UseofEnglishopqopqopqopqDirections:opqopqopqopqReadthefollowingtext〇Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1。(10points)opqopqopqopqln1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago〇Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workers'productivity〇Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect",theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior。opqopqopqopqTheideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplantoAccordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed〇Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityroseoA(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behaviorU)itselfoopqopqopqopqAfterseveraldecades,thesamedatawereHtoeconometrictheanalysis〇Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingoopqopqopqopqltturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14interpretationofwhathapped〇159lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday〇WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand

17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays〇18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoffoThissuggeststhatthealleged''Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown〇opqopqopqopqlc[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restoredopqopqopqopq2〇[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]offopqopqopqopq3〇 [A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proofopqopqopqopq4〇[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguousopqopqopqopq5〇 [A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessmentsopqopqopqopq6〇[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]workopqopqopqopq7o[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongasopqopqopqopq8o[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusionopqopqopqopq9o [A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundantopqopqopqopqlOo [A]about[B]for[C]on[D]byopqopqopqopqllo[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyedopqopqopqopql2o[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiartoopqopqopqopql3c[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]sourceopqopqopqopql4o[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleadingopqopqopqopql5〇[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D] Asusualopqopqopqopql6o[AJduly[B]accidentally[C] unpredictably[D]suddenlyopqopqopqopql7o[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continuedopqopqopqopq20〇[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingopqopqopqopqSectionIIReadingComprehensionopqopqopqopqPartAopqopqopqopqDirections:opqopqopqopqReadthefollowingfourtexts〇Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]oMark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1〇(40points)opqopqopqopqTextlopqopqopqopqOfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage〇opqopqopqopqltisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers〇Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews〇Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies〇opqopqopqopqWeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared〇!nthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered〇Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout〇Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress〇"Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism/9Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare〇'"opqopqopqopqUnfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten〇NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket〇Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller〇Hewasknightedin1967,thefirst

musiccritictobesohonored〇Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists〇opqopqopqopqlsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote〇Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized〇Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat〇opqopqopqopq21〇!tisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatopqopqopqopq[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers〇opqopqopqopq[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews〇opqopqopqopq[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders〇opqopqopqopq[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies〇opqopqopqopq22〇NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbyopqopqopqopq[A]freethemes〇opqopqopqopq[B]casualstyle〇opqopqopqopq[C]elaboratelayout〇opqopqopqopq[D]radicalviewpoints〇opqopqopqopq23〇WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?opqopqopqopq[A]Itiswriters*dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals〇opqopqopqopq[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists〇opqopqopqopq[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism〇opqopqopqopq[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting〇opqopqopqopq24。WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?opqopqopqopq[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday〇opqopqopqopq[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute〇opqopqopqopq[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists〇opqopqopqopq[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition〇opqopqopqopq25〇Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?opqopqopqopq[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysopqopqopqopq[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapersopqopqopqopq[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalismopqopqopqopq[DJProminentCriticsinMemoryopqopqopqopqText2opqopqopqopqOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengranted

forwhatarecalledbusinessmethods〇Amazon〇comreceivedoneforitsHone-clickMonlinepaymentsystem〇MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy〇Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox〇opqopqopqopqNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago〇Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU。SocourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents〇InreBikki,asthecaseisknown,israverybigdeal”,saysDennisDoCrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw〇!t"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents〇"opqopqopqopqCurbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets〇Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactionsoLater,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch〇In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem〇Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice〇opqopqopqopqTheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket〇TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourfsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankrulingoopqopqopqopqTheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme

Courtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders〇LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious〇ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitareMreactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",saysHaroldCoWegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchoo!〇opqopqopqopq26〇Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseofopqopqopqopq[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinessopqopqopqopq[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocationopqopqopqopq[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingopqopqopqopq[D] the controversy overauthorizationopqopqopqopq27〇WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?opqopqopqopq[A]Itsrulingcomplieswith thecourtdecisionsopqopqopqopq[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionopqopqopqopq[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitopqopqopqopq[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU。Soopqopqopqopq28oTheword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeansopqopqopqopq[A]lossofgoodwillopqopqopqopq[B]increaseofhostilityopqopqopqopq[C]changeofattitudeopqopqopqopq[D]enhancementofdignityopqopqopqopq29〇Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsopqopqopqopq[A]areimmunetolegalchallengesopqopqopqopq[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissuedopqopqopqopq[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholdersopqopqopqopq[D]increasetheincidenceofrisksopqopqopqopq30〇Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?opqopqopqopq[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsopqopqopqopq[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersopqopqopqopq[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsopqopqopqopq[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatentsopqopqopqopqText3opqopqopqopqlnhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluential,whoare

unusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected〇Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread〇opqopqopqopqThesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse0Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem〇Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoodsoInmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention〇Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrendsopqopqopqopqlntheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed〇Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofalLopqopqopqopqTheresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers〇Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly〇Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluentia!〇Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople〇opqopqopqopqBuildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthe

dynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced〇Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades"-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighboroRegardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction〇opqopqopqopq31〇BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendstoopqopqopqopq[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsopqopqopqopq[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideasopqopqopqopq[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsopqopqopqopq[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentialsoopqopqopqopq32〇Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory"opqopqopqopq[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblemsopqopqopqopq[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendsopqopqopqopq[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentialsopqopqopqopq[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidityopqopqopqopq33oWhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatopqopqopqopq[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsopqopqopqopq[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediaopqopqopqopq[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicopqopqopqopq[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattentionopqopqopqopq34oTheunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswhoopqopqopqopq[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluenceopqopqopqopq[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceopqopqopqopq[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersopqopqopqopq[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluentialopqopqopqopq35〇whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?opqopqopqopq[A]Theeagernesstobe

acceptedopqopqopqopq[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothersopqopqopqopq[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluencedopqopqopqopq[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersopqopqopqopqText4opqopqopqopqBankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublicoBehindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters〇Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit*sjustnotfairoTheserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch〇opqopqopqopqUnfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking〇Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised〇And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifTicultoopqopqopqopqAfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges〇Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement〇BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives〇"Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagemento"opqopqopqopqEuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise〇TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong〇CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules〇opqopqopqopqltwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets〇Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebtsoThetruthwillnotbeknownforyears〇Butbank's

sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical〇Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains〇opqopqopqopqTogetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwithoAmerica'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive〇Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters〇TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests〇Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions〇opqopqopqopq36〇Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedtoopqopqopqopq[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrulesopqopqopqopq[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdpartiesopqopqopqopq[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagersopqopqopqopq[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets〇opqopqopqopq37〇Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultinopqopqopqopq[A]thediminishingroleofmanagementopqopqopqopq[B]therevivalofthebankingsystemopqopqopqopq[C]thebanks'long-termassetlossesopqopqopqopq[D]theweakeningofitsindependenceopqopqopqopq38〇AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB*sattempttoopqopqopqopq[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences〇opqopqopqopq[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers〇opqopqopqopq[C]actontheirowninrule-setting〇opqopqopqopq[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform〇opqopqopqopq39oTheauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet'*inthattheyopqopqopqopq[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsopqopqopqopq[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassetsopqopqopqopq[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts〇opqopqopqopq[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets〇opqopqopqopq40oTheauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneofopqopqopqopq[A]satisfaction〇opqopqopqopq[B]skepticism〇opqopqopqopq[C] objectivenessopqopqopqopq[D]

sympathyopqopqopqopqPartBopqopqopqopqDirections:opqopqopqopqForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext〇ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced〇Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext〇MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETlo(10points)opqopqopqopq[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005〇Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent〇Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious〇Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative〇opqopqopqopq[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrowoMostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad〇Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed〇opqopqopqopq[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot〇Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers〇Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy〇Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold〇opqopqopqopq[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence〇Retailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalingin

Europemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby〇Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole〇Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories〇BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors〇Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo〇opqopqopqopq[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined-France,Germany,Italy,andSpain一aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks〇Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome〇Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes〇Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends〇opqopqopqopq[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000—morethan40percentofretailsales〇Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate〇opqopqopqopq[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains〇opqopqopqopql41卜|42卜|43卜|441Ef財opqopqopqopqPartCopqopqopqopqDirections:opqopqopqopqReadthefollowingtextcarefullyand

thentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese〇YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2O(10points)opqopqopqopqOnebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue。Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance〇opqopqopqopqWhenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit〇Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance〇Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing〇(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem〇theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid〇opqopqopqopqltispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday〇Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous〇opqopqopqopqAparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds〇(48)Timewaswhen somewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon''worthless"species〇opqopqopqopqSomespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops〇(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason。opqopaoDaoDqTosumup:asystemof