河南大学英语语言学教案

课课程名称院（部）教研室授课班级主讲教师职称使用教材河南人学教案2009—2010学年第一学期英语语言学外语学院英语系第三教研室2006级英语专业刘辰诞教授新编语言学教程河南大学教务处制

二OO九年九月

教案（首页）程称课名英语语言学总计：36学时课程类别专业必修课学分2讲课：36学时实验：0学时上机：—学时课师任教刘辰诞职称教授课象授对专业班级：英语专业2006级要参考资料基本教材和主基本教材：刘润清文旭，2006,《新编语言学教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社参考资料：1.Fromkin,etal,2003,IntroductiontoLanguage.Mass.:Thomson..Hudson,1989,InvitationtoLinguistics,Oxford:Blackwell..Lyons,J.LanguageandLinguistics,Cambridge:CUP..Poole,2000,AnIntroductiontoLinguistics,Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress..胡壮麟，2001,《语言学教程》，北京：北京大学出版社.张克定，1991,《英语语言学导论》，郑州：河南人民出版社.杨信彰，2005,《语言学概论》，北京：高等教育出版社和要求教学目的“语言学”课程的教学要求学生基本掌握语言学的基本知识，激发学生对语言学学习的兴趣，启发学生对语言问题的额思考，培养学生的创新意识，为学生分析、解决语言问题打下良好的基础，使其具备从事语言学研究及相关问题研究的初步能力。学重-,点及难点本课程重点为：语言的基本特征、语音和音位学、形态学和句法学、语义学、语用学和语篇分析领域的有关概念和理论。难点在于语言学内容比较抽象，增加了讲授和理解的难度，这就要求教师在内容选择、先后编排、课堂讲解等方面精心安排、仔细讲解、深入浅出，并尽可能地使比较抽象的内容生动有趣，便于学生接受、理解和掌握。教师在讲授的时候一般采用图表、练习和实际应用分析的方式、偶尔也使用逻辑学上的真价值条件、日常生活的事例以及数学中拓扑图形的方式来进行讲解。课次1-3授课方式（请打J）理论课（含实践）口］讨论课口实验课口习题课□其他□课时安排3授课题目：内容简介教学目的、要求：使学生初步了解有关语言学和语言的基本概念教学重点及难点：语言学的研究范围和语言的特性教学基本内容方法及手段Whatislinguistics?ThescopeoflinguisticsSomeimportantdistinctioninlinguistics.Designfeaturesoflanguage举例讲解/课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：Whyislanguagedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication?Whatarethemaindesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?What'sthedifferencebetweenF.deSaussure'stermslangueandparole?课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念Whatislinguistics?DefinitionLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.ThescopeoflinguisticsPhonetics:thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunication.Phonology:thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords.Syntax:thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordarecombinedtoformsentences.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse.Sociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.Appliedlinguistics:thestudyoflanguageapplicationindefinitefields.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.Someimportantdistinctioninlinguistics.Prescriptivevs.DescriptiveIfalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior,i.e.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive;ifalinguisticstudydescribeandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.Synchronicvs.DiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime,forexample,astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare*stimewouldbeadiachronicstudy.SpeechandWritingModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedformthespokenformoflanguage.LangueandParole.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Competenceandperformance.CompetencewasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950rsindistinctionwithperformance,itreferstotheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,accordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthislanguage,thisenableshimtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguousandperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Whatislanguage?Definitionsoflanguage.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.DesignfeaturesDesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Bycomparinglanguagewithanimalcommunicationsystems,wecanhaveabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflanguage.ThedesignfeaturesproposedbytheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockettincludearbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmissionetc.ArbitrarinessThearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Iflanguagewerenotconstructedaccordingtocertainrules,itcouldnotbelearnedorusedconsistently.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenawordandthethingweusetowritewith.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Allevidencepointstothefactthatwritingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenformsandthattheyareonlyattemptstocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper.Finally,theterm"human"inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedance.ProductivityLanguageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.DualityThedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.DisplacementItmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.CulturaltransmissionSeveralquestionsWhyislanguagedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication?Shortasitis,thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Iflanguagewerenotconstructedaccordingtocertainrules,itcouldnotbelearnedorusedconsistently.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenawordandthethingweusetowritewith.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Allevidencepointstothefactthatwritingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenformsandthattheyareonlyattemptstocapturesoundsandmeaningonpaper.Finally,theterm"human”inthedefinitionismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,suchasbirdsongsandbeedance.Whatarethemaindesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Therearemanydefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,hereonlyfewtomention:arbitrarinessmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds;thisnatureenableslanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.Productivitymakesitsuserspossibletoconstructandinterpretanynewsignals,bymeansofwhichtheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Dualitymeanslanguageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels;atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,buttheycanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Displacementdesignatesthatlanguageusersmayrefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realerimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Atlast,culturaltransmissionimpliesthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.What*sthedifferencebetweenF.deSaussure'stermslangueandparole?Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlangueusersallhavetoabideby,andparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Paroleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.课次4-7授课方式（请打J）理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课□其他□课时4安排授课题目：语音和音位学教学目的、要求：使学生掌握有关语音和音位学的基本概念教学重点及难点：英语的发音方式和英语音标的分类教学基本内容方法及手段Whatisphonetics?ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsPhone,phonemeandallophonePhonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpairSomerulesinPhonologySuprasegmentalfeatures-一stress,tone,intonation举例讲解/课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：WhyisEnglishveryparticularaboutthree-consonantclustersatthebeginningofaword,givetenwordswhichdonotviolateanyofthethreeconditionsoftherule.Distinguishwithexamplesamongphones,phonemeandallophones.AccordingtothegeneralprinciplesguidingtheformationoftheEnglishconsonantclusters,iftheinitialconsonantisa)/n/or/z/or/r/or/1/b)/t/or/p/or/k/Whatsoundscannotfollowasthesecondconsonant?why?课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念1Thephoneticmediumoflanguage2PhoneticsWhatisphonetics?Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages,therearethreebranchesofphonetics,whicharearticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphonetics.OrgansofspeechThepharyngealcavityTheoralcavityThenasalcavityOrthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds-broadandnarrowtranscriptionsThetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbookisbroadtranscription.Narrowtranscriptionreferstothetranscriptionwiththehelpofthediacritics,sothattheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryforthepurposeofthephoneticians*researchwork.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsClassificationofEnglishconsonantsAccordingtomannerofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops,fricatives,affricatives,liquids,nasalsandglides.Accordingtoplaceofarticulation,theycanbeclassifiedintobilabial,labiodental,dental,andalveolar,palatal,velarandglottal.ClassificationofEnglishvowelsAccordingtoplaceofarticulation,theycanbeclassifiedintofrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.Accordingtohowwidethemouthisopened,vowelsareclassifiedintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.Thelongvowelsarealltensevowelsandtheshortvowelsarealllaxvowels.Monophthongsanddiphthongs..PhonologyPhonologyandphoneticsPhonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechsoundsthoughtheyhavedifferentemphasises.Phone,phonemeandallophonePhonesarethespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Itdosenotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.Aphonemeisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpairPhoneticcontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Complementarydistributionistwoallophonesofthesamephonemes.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonewoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsareaminimalpair.SomerulesinPhonologySequentialrulesSequentialrulesaretherulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.AssimilationrulesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying“afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.DeletionruleIttellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Suprasegmentalfeatures・・・stress,tone,intonationThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeaturesStressWordstressandsentencestress.ToneTonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordIntonationWhenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.SeveralQuestionsWhyisEnglishveryparticularaboutthree-consonantclustersatthebeginningofaword,givetenwordswhichdonotviolateanyofthethreeconditionsoftherule.thepossiblethree-consonantclustersatthebeginningofawordmustfollowthefollowingrule:thefirstphonememustbe/s/,thesecondmustbeavoicelessstopsuchas/p/or/t/or/k/,andthethirdmustprobablybealiquidsuchas/1/or/r/or/w/..forexample,spring,splash,straight,scramble,spurious,squirrel,squad,squalid,spread,squeeze.Distinguishwithexamplesamongphones,phonemeandallophones.Allthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguagearephones,aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment,itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning:somedo,somedon't,forexample,[s]and[t]do,asin[si:m]andwhile[tland[th]don't,asin[sthCp]and[stCp].Bothphonesandallophonesarerepresentedasphonesinaphoneticsystem,tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound,itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeaturesofdistinctivevalue,inoneword,itisanabstractunit.(Conventionallyphonesareplacedwithinsquarebracketsandphonemesinslashes.),Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme,forexamplethephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedaseitheradarkoneoraclearone.AccordingtothegeneralprinciplesguidingtheformationoftheEnglishconsonantclusters,iftheinitialconsonantisa)/n/or/z/or/r/or/1/b)/t/or/p/or/k/Whatsoundscannotfollowasthesecondconsonant?why?accordingtothesequentialruleaboutthethree-consonantclustersintheEnglishlangue,asforthecaseA,thesecondmustnotbeastop/asibilant/anaffricate/aliquid/anasal;asforcaseB,thesecondmustnotbeanotherstop,fortheyviolatethesequentialrulesinEnglish,andmoreover,theydonotworkinthephysicalorgansofourhumanbeingsifsequencedthatway.课次8—12授课方式（请打J）理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课口其他□课时,安排授课题目：形态学和句法学教学目的、要求：使学生掌握有关形态学和句法学的基本概念并具备分析能力教学重点及难点：重点介绍英语词汇构成方式和词素等概念，以及句子的构成方式，难点为词素的分类和句法学.教学基本内容方法及手段DefinitionofmorphologyMorphemeCompoundingSyntaxasasystemofrulessentencestructureSyntacticcategoriesGrammarrelationsCombinationalrulesSyntacticmovementandmovementrulesTowardatheoryofuniversalgrammar举例讲解/课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：HowmanymorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Statewhattheyareandillustratehowtheywork.Giveexamplestotellthedifferencebetweenderivationandcompounding.Giveexamplestoillustratethedistinctionbetweendeepstructureandsurfacestructure.课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念DefinitionofmorphologyMorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed,whichhastwoparts:inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology..MorphemeItisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.typesofmorphemeFreemorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.BoundmorphemeBoundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Arootoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword,whichisaverycommonwaytocreatenewwordsinEnglish.Affixescanbeclassifiedintoprefixandsuffix.MorphologicalrulesCompoundingTypesofcompoundwordsFeaturesofcompoundsorthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasonewordwithorwithoutahypheninbetween,orastwoseparatewords.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofthecompoundisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement.Semantically,themeaningofacompoundisoftenidiomatic,notalwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.SyntaxasasystemofrulesSyntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.sentencestructureThebasiccomponentsofasentenceTypesofsentencesThesimplesentenceThecoordinateclauseThecomplexsentenceAcomplexsentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother,withtheformer(embeddedclause)subordinatingthelatter(matrixclause).ThelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofsentencesThelinearwordofasentenceThestructureofanEnglishsentenceiscomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinalinearorder.ThehierarchicalstructureofasentenceInthestructrualistapproachtolinguisticstudy,theresearchersanalyzesentencesbyfollowingaparticularhierarchicalorder.TreediagramsofsentencestructureSyntacticcategoriesLexicalcategoriesPhrasalcategoriesGrammarrelationsCombinationalrulesPhrasalstructurerulesTherecursivenessofphrasestructurerulesSignificantly,thephrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperties.X-bartheoryX-bartheoryisasystemusedtoanalyzethesyntacticstructuresofsentences;itmaybeexpressedinatreediagramorinaformula.Itiscapableofreducingtheredundanciesofindividualphrasalstructurerulesandmaywellcapturecertainbasicpropertiessharedbyallphrasalcategoriesacrossthelanguagesoftheworld.Underthisapproach,linguistsareabletodescribeandexplainexplicitlysomeuniversalpropertiesofnaturallanguages.SyntacticmovementandmovementrulesSyntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.NP-movementandWH-movementOthertypesofmovementD-structureandS-structureDeepstructureisanabstractlevelrepresentingthebasisforthemeaningofasentence.Itconsistsofastructuregeneratedbyphrase-structurerulesandcontainslexicalitemsfromthelexicon,butnottransformationshaveyetappliedtoit.TowardatheoryofuniversalgrammarUniversalgrammar,alsoknownastheprinciples-and-parameterstheory,isasystemoflinguisticknowledgeandahumanspecies-specificgiftwhichexistsinthemindorbrainofanormalhumanbeing.Itsgeneralprinciplesincludecaseconditionandadjacencycondition,theformerrequiresthatanounphrasemusthavecaseandcaseisassignedbyverborprepositiontotheobjectposition,orbyauxiliarytothesubjectposition;thelatterstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother,whichexplainswhynootherphrasalcategorycanintervenebetweenaverbanditsdirectobject.Theparametersontheotherhandincludeadjacencyparameteranddirectionalityparameter.Theformeraccountsforthespecificwordorderpatternsofacertainlanguage,andthelatterconcernthedirectionalityofcaseassignment.QuestionsHowmanymorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Statewhattheyareandillustratehowtheywork.therearetwotypesofmorphemesintheEnglishlanguage:freemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvessuchashelp,table,room,etc.;boundmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword,itincludetwotypes:arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning,itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoforaword.forexample,therootngeo-nbearsthemeaningofMtheearth",whenitcombineswithanotherroot^^-ology,^^meaning*abranchoflearning",affixesaremorphemesthatareaddedtoanalready-existingmorphemetoformanewwordwhilechangingitsmeaningandgrammaticalrelations,itconsistsofbothinflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes.Giveexamplestotellthedifferencebetweenderivationandcompounding.They'rebothwaysofformingnewwordsintheEnglishlanguage.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,derivationcanbeviewedastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords,forexample,weaddaffix"-ly"toafreemorpheme'quick“andwewillgetaderivative"quickly".Whilecompoundingthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords,e.g.whentheadjective"dead"addedtoafreemorphemeTine",wegetacompound"deadline".Giveexamplestoillustratethedistinctionbetweendeepstructureandsurfacestructure.Deepstructurerepresentsthebasisforthemeaningorasentence.Thesurfacestructurerepresentswhatasentencesoundlike,mainlyconcernsthesemanticaspectsasthetopicandfocusofasentence.Onesurfacestructuremayrepresentseveralmeanings,whichareexpressedbydifferentdeepstructures.Onedeepstructuremayalsobeexpressedindifferentsurfacestructures.Forexamplethesamesurfacestructure"theshootingofhunteristerrible"mayhavetwodeepstructureswhichmaymeanthehunteristerriblyshotorthehunter,sshootingisterriblerespectively.课次13—15授课方式（请打J）理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课□其他□课时安排3授课题目：语义学教学目的、要求：使学生掌握有关语义学的基本概念并具备分析能力教学重点及难点：重点介绍英语词语的语义关系，难点为句子意义的分析方法.教学基本内容方法及手段Whatissemantics?SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningLexicalmeaningSenserelationsbetweensentencesAnalysisofmeaning举例讲解/课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：Whatispredicationanalysis?Giveexamplestoillustratehowitworksinsemanticanalysis.Inyourownview,whatdeservesourattentionincomprehendingthemeaningofasentence?Whatiscontextulism?Howcansynonymsbeclassifiedaccordingtothewaytheydiffer?课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念Whatissemantics?Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningThenamingtheoryTheconceptualistviewTheclassicsemantictrianglesuggestedbyOgdenandRichardsisknownastheconceptualistapproachtosemanticstudy.ContextualismContextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized:thesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext,theformerreferstothefactthateveryutteranceoccursinaparticularspationtemporalsituation,themaincomponentsofwhichinclude,apartfromtheplaceandtimeoftheutterance,thespeakerandthehearer,theactionstheyareperformingatthetime,thevariousobjectsandeventsexistentinthesituation.Thelatterisconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword'sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,whichformspartofthe“meaning”oftheword.BehaviorismBehavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe"situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.LexicalmeaningSenseandreferenceMajorsenserelationsSynonymySynonymyisaphenomenoninsemantics,referringtothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.dialectalsynonyms,whichareusedindifferentregionaldialectsstylisticsynonymswhichhavethesamemeaningbutdifferindegreeofformalityiii)synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaningcollocationsynonymswhichbearsimilarmeaningsbutdifferincollocationwithvariouswords.semanticallydifferentsynonymsonlydifferslightlyinwhattheymean.PloysemyThesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,thisphenomenonisknownaspolysemyinthefieldofsemantics.HomonymyHomonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.HyponymyHyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneralmoreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate,hyponymsandcohyponyms.AntonymyGradableantonymsComplementaryantonymsRelationalantonymsSenserelationsbetweensentencesAnalysisofmeaningComponentialanalysis—awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningComponentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Thisisparalleltothewayaphonemeisanalyzedintosmallercomponentscalleddistinctivefeatures.Plusandminussignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsentinthemeaningofawordandthesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Predicateanalysis—awaytoanalyzesentencemeaningPredicationanalysiswasproposedbytheBritishlinguistGelLeech.INgrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,anditisanalyzedintosuchgrammaticalcomponentsassubject,predicate,andattribute.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Theapplicationtoallformsofsentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogativeforms.Apredicationconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate.Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.