FPGA的英文文献及翻译

BuildingProgrammableAutomationControllerswithLabVIEWFPGAOverviewProgrammableAutomationControllers(PACs)aregainingacceptancewithintheindustrialcontrolmarketastheidealsolutionforapplicationsthatrequirehighlyintegratedanaloganddigitalI/O,floating-pointprocessing,andseamlessconnectivitytomultipleprocessingnodes.NationalInstrumentsoffersavarietyofPACsolutionspoweredbyonecommonsoftwaredevelopmentenvironment,NILabVIEW.WithLabVIEW,youcanbuildcustomI/Ointerfacesforindustrialapplicationsusingadd-onsoftware,suchastheNILabVIEWFPGAModule.WiththeLabVIEWFPGAModuleandreconfigurableI/O(RIO)hardware,NationalInstrumentsdeliversanintuitive,accessiblesolutionforincorporatingtheflexibilityandcustomizabilityofFPGAtechnologyintoindustrialPACsystems.YoucandefinethelogicembeddedinFPGAchipsacrossthefamilyofRIOhardwaretargetswithoutknowinglow-levelhardwaredescriptionlanguages(HDLs)orboard-levelhardwaredesigndetails,aswellasquicklydefinehardwareforultrahigh-speedcontrol,customizedtimingandsynchronization,low-levelsignalprocessing,andcustomI/Owithanalog,digital,andcounterswithinasingledevice.YoualsocanintegrateyourcustomNIRIOhardwarewithimageacquisitionandanalysis,motioncontrol,andindustrialprotocols,suchasCANandRS232,torapidlyprototypeandimplementacompletePACsystem.TableofContentsIntroductionNIRIOHardwareforPACsBuildingPACswithLabVIEWandtheLabVIEWFPGAModuleFPGADevelopmentFlowUsingNISoftMotiontoCreateCustomMotionControllersApplicationsConclusionIntroductionYoucanusegraphicalprogramminginLabVIEWandtheLabVIEWFPGAModuletoconfiguretheFPGA(field-programmablegatearray)onNIRIOdevices.RIOtechnology,themergingofLabVIEWgraphicalprogrammingwithFPGAsonNIRIOhardware,providesaflexibleplatformforcreatingsophisticatedmeasurementandcontrolsystemsthatyoucouldpreviouslycreateonlywithcustom-designedhardware.AnFPGAisachipthatconsistsofmanyunconfiguredlogicgates.Unlikethefixed,vendor-definedfunctionalityofanASIC(application-specificintegratedcircuit)chip,youcanconfigureandreconfigurethelogiconFPGAsforyourspecificapplication.FPGAsareusedinapplicationswhereeitherthecostofdevelopingandfabricatinganASICisprohibitive,orthehardwaremustbereconfiguredafterbeingplacedintoservice.Theflexible,software-programmablearchitectureofFPGAsofferbenefitssuchashigh-performanceexecutionofcustomalgorithms,precisetimingandsynchronization,rapiddecisionmaking,andsimultaneousexecutionofparalleltasks.Today,FPGAsappearinsuchdevicesasinstruments,consumerelectronics,automobiles,aircraft,copymachines,andapplication-specificcomputerhardware.WhileFPGAsareoftenusedinindustrialcontrolproducts,FPGAfunctionalityhasnotpreviouslybeenmadeaccessibletoindustrialcontrolengineers.DefiningFPGAshashistoricallyrequiredexpertiseusingHDLprogrammingorcomplexdesigntoolsusedmorebyhardwaredesignengineersthanbycontrolengineers.WiththeLabVIEWFPGAModuleandNIRIOhardware,younowcanuseLabVIEW,ahigh-levelgraphicaldevelopmentenvironmentdesignedspecificallyformeasurementandcontrolapplications,tocreatePACsthathavethecustomization,flexibility,andhigh-performanceofFPGAs.BecausetheLabVIEWFPGAModuleconfigurescustomcircuitryinhardware,yoursystemcanprocessandgeneratesynchronizedanaloganddigitalsignalsrapidlyanddeterministically.Figure1illustratesmanyoftheNIRIOdevicesthatyoucanconfigureusingtheLabVIEWFPGAModule.Figure1.LabVIEWFPGAVIBlockDiagramandRIOHardwarePlatformsNIRIOHardwareforPACsHistorically,programmingFPGAshasbeenlimitedtoengineerswhohavein-depthknowledgeofVHDLorotherlow-leveldesigntools,whichrequireovercomingaverysteeplearningcurve.WiththeLabVIEWFPGAModule,NIhasopenedFPGAtechnologytoabroadersetofengineerswhocannowdefineFPGAlogicusingLabVIEWgraphicaldevelopment.Measurementandcontrolengineerscanfocusprimarilyontheirtestandcontrolapplication,wheretheirexpertiselies,ratherthanthelow-levelsemanticsoftransferringlogicintothecellsofthechip.TheLabVIEWFPGAModulemodelworksbecauseofthetightintegrationbetweentheLabVIEWFPGAModuleandthecommercialoff-the-shelf(COTS)hardwarearchitectureoftheFPGAandsurroundingI/Ocomponents.NationalInstrumentsPACsprovidemodular,off-the-shelfplatformsforyourindustrialcontrolapplications.WiththeimplementationofRIOtechnologyonPCI,PXI,andCompactVisionSystemplatformsandtheintroductionofRIO-basedCompactRIO,engineersnowhavethebenefitsofaCOTSplatformwiththehigh-performance,flexibility,andcustomizationbenefitsofFPGAsattheirdisposaltobuildPACs.NationalInstrumentsPCIandPXIRSeriesplug-indevicesprovideanaloganddigitaldataacquisitionandcontrolforhigh-performance,user-configurabletimingandsynchronization,aswellasonboarddecisionmakingonasingledevice.Usingtheseoff-the-shelfdevices,youcanextendyourNIPXIorPCIindustrialcontrolsystemtoincludehigh-speeddiscreteandanalogcontrol,customsensorinterfaces,andprecisetimingandcontrol.NICompactRIO,aplatformcenteredonRIOtechnology,providesasmall,industriallyrugged,modularPACplatformthatgivesyouhigh-performanceI/Oandunprecedentedflexibilityinsystemtiming.YoucanuseNICompactRIOtobuildanembeddedsystemforapplicationssuchasin-vehicledataacquisition,mobileNVHtesting,andembeddedmachinecontrolsystems.TheruggedNICompactRIOsystemisindustriallyratedandcertified,anditisdesignedforgreaterthan50gofshockatatemperaturerangeof-40to70°C.NICompactVisionSystemisaruggedmachinevisionpackagethatwithstandstheharshenvironmentscommoninrobotics,automatedtest,andindustrialinspectionsystems.NICVS-145xdevicesofferunprecedentedI/Ocapabilitiesandnetworkconnectivityfordistributedmachinevisionapplications.NICVS-145xsystemsuseIEEE1394(FireWire)technology,compatiblewithmorethan40cameraswithawiderangeoffunctionality,performance,andprice.NICVS-1455andNICVS-1456devicescontainconfigurableFPGAssoyoucanimplementcustomcounters,timing,ormotorcontrolinyourmachinevisionapplication.BuildingPACswithLabVIEWandtheLabVIEWFPGAModuleWithLabVIEWandtheLabVIEWFPGAModule,youaddsignificantflexibilityandcustomizationtoyourindustrialcontrolhardware.BecausemanyPACsarealreadyprogrammedusingLabVIEW,programmingFPGAswithLabVIEWiseasybecauseitusesthesameLabVIEWdevelopmentenvironment.WhenyoutargettheFPGAonanNIRIOdevice,LabVIEWdisplaysonlythefunctionsthatcanbeimplementedintheFPGA,furthereasingtheuseofLabVIEWtoprogramFPGAs.TheLabVIEWFPGAModuleFunctionspaletteincludestypicalLabVIEWstructuresandfunctions,suchasWhileLoops,ForLoops,CaseStructures,andSequenceStructuresaswellasadedicatedsetofLabVIEWFPGA-specificfunctionsformath,signalgenerationandanalysis,linearandnonlinearcontrol,comparisonlogic,arrayandclustermanipulation,occurrences,analoganddigitalI/O,andtiming.YoucanuseacombinationofthesefunctionstodefinelogicandembedintelligenceontoyourNIRIOdevice.Figure2showsanFPGAapplicationthatimplementsaPIDcontrolalgorithmontheNIRIOhardwareandahostapplicationonaWindowsmachineoranRTtargetthatcommunicateswiththeNIRIOhardware.Thisapplicationreadsfromanaloginput0(AI0),performsthePIDcalculation,andoutputstheresultingdataonanalogoutput0(AO0).WhiletheFPGAclockrunsat40MHztheloopinthisexamplerunsmuchslowerbecauseeachcomponenttakeslongerthanone-clockcycletoexecute.AnalogcontrolloopscanrunonanFPGAatarateofabout200kHz.Youcanspecifytheclockrateatcompiletime.ThisexampleshowsonlyonePIDloop;however,creatingadditionalfunctionalityontheNIRIOdeviceismerelyamatterofaddinganotherWhileLoop.UnliketraditionalPCprocessors,FPGAsareparallelprocessors.AddingadditionalloopstoyourapplicationdoesnotaffecttheperformanceofyourPIDloop.Figure2.PIDControlUsinganEmbeddedLabVIEWFPGAVIwithCorrespondingLabVIEWHostVI.FPGADevelopmentFlowAfteryoucreatetheLabVIEWFPGAVI,youcompilethecodetorunontheNIRIOhardware.Dependingonthecomplexityofyourcodeandthespecificationsofyourdevelopmentsystem,compiletimeforanFPGAVIcanrangefromminutestoseveralhours.Tomaximizedevelopmentproductivity,withtheRSeriesRIOdevicesyoucanuseabit-accurateemulationmodesoyoucanverifythelogicofyourdesignbeforeinitiatingthecompileprocess.WhenyoutargettheFPGADeviceEmulator,LabVIEWaccessesI/OfromthedeviceandexecutestheVIlogicontheWindowsdevelopmentcomputer.Inthismode,youcanusethesamedebuggingtoolsavailableinLabVIEWforWindows,suchasexecutionhighlighting,probes,andbreakpoints.OncetheLabVIEWFPGAcodeiscompiled,youcreateaLabVIEWhostVItointegrateyourNIRIOhardwareintotherestofyourPACsystem.Figure3illustratesthedevelopmentprocessforcreatinganFPGAapplication.ThehostVIusescontrolsandindicatorsontheFPGAVIfrontpaneltotransferdatabetweentheFPGAontheRIOdeviceandthehostprocessingengine.ThesefrontpanelobjectsarerepresentedasdataregisterswithintheFPGA.ThehostcomputercanbeeitheraPCorPXIcontrollerrunningWindowsoraPC,PXIcontroller,CompactVisionSystem,orCompactRIOcontrollerrunningareal-timeoperatingsystem(RTOS).Intheaboveexample,weexchangethesetpoint,PIDgains,looprate,AI0,andAO0datawiththeLabVIEWhostVI.Figure3.LabVIEWFPGADevelopmentFlowTheNIRIOdevicedriverincludesasetoffunctionstodevelopacommunicationinterfacetotheFPGA.ThefirststepinbuildingahostVIistoopenareferencetotheFPGAVIandRIOdevice.TheOpenFPGAVIReferencefunction,asseeninFigure2,alsodownloadsandrunsthecompiledFPGAcodeduringexecution.Afteropeningthereference,youreadandwritetothecontrolandindicatorregistersontheFPGAusingtheRead/WriteControlfunction.OnceyouwiretheFPGAreferenceintothisfunction,youcansimplyselectwhichcontrolsandindicatorsyouwanttoreadandwriteto.YoucanenclosetheFPGARead/WritefunctionwithinaWhileLooptocontinuouslyreadandwritetotheFPGA.Finally,thelastfunctionwithintheLabVIEWhostVIinFigure2istheCloseFPGAVIReferencefunction.TheCloseFPGAVIReferencefunctionstopstheFPGAVIandclosesthereferencetothedevice.NowyoucandownloadothercompiledFPGAVIstothedevicetochangeormodifyitsfunctionality.TheLabVIEWhostVIcanalsobeusedtoperformfloating-pointcalculations,datalogging,networking,andanycalculationsthatdonotfitwithintheFPGAfabric.Foraddeddeterminismandreliability,youcanrunyourhostapplicationonanRTOSwiththeLabVIEWReal-TimeModule.LabVIEWReal-TimesystemsprovidedeterministicprocessingenginesforfunctionsperformedsynchronouslyorasynchronouslytotheFPGA.Forexample,floating-pointarithmetic,includingFFTs,PIDcalculations,andcustomcontrolalgorithms,areoftenperformedintheLabVIEWReal-Timeenvironment.RelevantdatacanbestoredonaLabVIEWReal-TimesystemortransferredtoaWindowshostcomputerforoff-lineanalysis,datalogging,oruserinterfacedisplays.ThearchitectureforthisconfigurationisshowninFigure4.EachNIPACplatformthatoffersRIOhardwarecanrunLabVIEWReal-TimeVIs.Figure4.CompletePACArchitectureUsingLabVIEWFPGA,LabVIEWReal-TimeandHostPCWithineachRSeriesandCompactRIOdevice,thereisflashmemoryavailabletostoreacompiledLabVIEWFPGAVIandruntheapplicationimmediatelyuponpowerupofthedevice.Inthisconfiguration,aslongastheFPGAhaspower,itrunstheFPGAVI,evenifthehostcomputercrashesorispowereddown.Thisisidealforprogrammingsafetypowerdownandpowerupsequenceswhenunexpectedeventsoccur.UsingNISoftMotiontoCreateCustomMotionControllersTheNISoftMotionDevelopmentModuleforLabVIEWprovidesVIsandfunctionstohelpyoubuildcustommotioncontrollersaspartofNIPAChardwareplatformsthatcanincludeNIRIOdevices,DAQdevices,andCompactFieldPoint.NISoftMotionprovidesallofthefunctionsthattypicallyresideonamotioncontrollerDSP.Withit,youcanhandlepathplanning,trajectorygeneration,andpositionandvelocityloopcontrolintheNILabVIEWenvironmentandthendeploythecodeonLabVIEWReal-TimeorLabVIEWFPGA-basedtargethardware.NISoftMotionincludesfunctionsfortrajectorygeneratorandsplineengineandexampleswithcompletesourcecodeforsupervisorycontrol,position,andvelocitycontrolloopusingthePIDalgorithm.SupervisorycontrolandthetrajectorygeneratorrunonaLabVIEWReal-Timetargetandrunatmillisecondlooprates.ThesplineengineandthecontrolloopcanruneitheronaLabVIEWReal-TimetargetatmillisecondloopratesoronaLabVIEWFPGAtargetatmicrosecondlooprates.ApplicationsBecausetheLabVIEWFPGAModulecanconfigurelow-levelhardwaredesignofFPGAsandusetheFPGAswithininamodularsystem,itisidealforindustrialcontrolapplicationsrequiringcustomhardware.Thesecustomapplicationscanincludeacustommixofanalog,digital,andcounter/timerI/O,analogcontrolupto125kHz,digitalcontrolupto20MHz,andinterfacingtocustomdigitalprotocolsforthefollowing:BatchcontrolDiscretecontrolMotioncontrolIn-vehicledataacquisitionMachineconditionmonitoringRapidcontrolprototyping(RCP)IndustrialcontrolandacquisitionDistributeddataacquisitionandcontrolMobile/portablenoise,vibration,andharshness(NVH)analysisConclusionTheLabVIEWFPGAModulebringstheflexibility,performance,andcustomizationofFPGAstoPACplatforms.UsingNIRIOdevicesandLabVIEWgraphicalprogramming,youcanbuildflexibleandcustomhardwareusingtheCOTShardwareoftenrequiredinindustrialcontrolapplications.BecauseyouareusingLabVIEW,aprogramminglanguagealreadyusedinmanyindustrialcontrolapplications,todefineyourNIRIOhardware,thereisnoneedtolearnVHDLorotherlow-levelhardwaredesigntoolstocreatecustomhardware.UsingtheLabVIEWFPGAModuleandNIRIOhardwareaspartofyourNIPACaddssignificantflexibilityandfunctionalityforapplicationsrequiringultrahigh-speedcontrol,interfacestocustomdigitalprotocols,oracustomI/Omixofanalog,digital,andcounters.使用LabVIEWFPGA（现场可编程门阵列）模块开发可编程自动化控制器综述工业控制上的应用要求高度集成的模拟和数字输入输出、浮点运算和多重处理节点的无缝连接。因为它对这些应用的理想解决方案，在工业控制市场上，可编程自动化控制器（PAC）正逐渐被接受。通过一种普通的软件开发环境NILabVIEW，国家仪器公司提供各种可编程自动化控制器的解决方案。有了LabVIEW，你可以用像NILabVIEWFPGA模块一样的附加软件为工业应用开发自定义输入输出界面。为将FPGA技术的灵活性和可定制性并入工业PAC系统，国家仪器公司利用LabVIEWFPGA模块和实时输入输出（RIO）硬件提供了一种直观、容易理解的解决方法。无须了解低级的硬件描述语言（HDL）或广泛的硬件设计细节，你可以定义嵌入含有RIO硬件对象家族的FPGA芯片里的逻辑，也可以快速地为超高速控制、定制的定时和同步、低级的信号处理、用模拟或数字定制的输入输出、一个单独设备的计数器来定义硬件。你也可以将得到的图像、分析、运动控制、比如 CAN和RS232一样的工业协议集成到你的定制NIRIO（实时输入输出）硬件，这样就可以快速地事先并标准一个完整的PAC系统。目录简介PAC（可编程自动化控制器）的NIRIO（实时输入输出）硬件使用LabVIEW和LabVIEWFPGA模块开发PAC（可编程自动化控制器）FGPA开发流程利用NISoftMotion来开发自定义运动控制器应用结束简介你可以使用LavVIEW和LavVIEWFPGA模块的图形编程功能在NIRIO器件上配置FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）。将LabVIEW图形编程功能和FPGA融合在NIRIO硬件上的就是RIO技术。它为开发复杂的测量和操作系统提供了灵活的平台，而这些你以前只能用定制设计的硬件来做。FPGA是一种包含许多未配置逻辑门的芯片。不像那些 ASIC（专用集成电路）的芯片只有固定的厂家定制好的功能，你可以为你的特殊的应用配置或重新配置 FPGA上的逻辑关系。无论是开发制作 ASIC（专用集成电路）的成本有限还是一大硬件投入使用就要重新配置都可以使用FPGA。由于FPGA的灵活和可软件编程的架构，使得定制算法的高精度实施、精准的定时和同步、快速决策和多功能同时运行更容易。今天，FPGA正出现在仪器、消费电子产品、汽车、航天器、复印机和专用的计算机硬件上。虽然FPGA经常用于工业控制产品，它先前的功能在工业控制器械上是不容易应用的。由于定义FPGA需要使用硬件描述语言和复杂设计工具的专门技术，自古就是硬件设计工程师比控制工程师用FPGA的多。图1.LabVIEWFPGA的VI（一种文本图形编辑器）方框图和 RIO硬件平台有了LabVIEWFPGA模块和NIRIO硬件，你可以用为测量和控制应用特殊设计的LabVIEW这种高级的图形开发环境来开发PAC了，开发具有FPGA的专门化、灵活性及高精确性的PAC。因为LabVIEWFPGA模块将定制的电路配置到硬件中，所以你的系统可以快速而精确地处理和产生同步的模拟和数字信号。图

1列举了许多你可以用LabVIEWFPGA

模块来配置的

NIRIO器件。为可编程自动化控制器的 NIRIO硬件在以前，FPGA编程仅限于熟习 VHDL或其他低端设计工具的工程师，也就是说他需要征服艰难的学习过程。有了 LabVIEWFPGA模块，NI公司让更多领域的工程师能使用FPGA技术，他们能用LabVIEW图形开发功能定义FPGA的逻辑。测量和控制工程师就可以只关注他们所擅长的测试与控制的应用，而不是专注于将逻辑转换成芯片单元的低级语义。LabVIEWFPGA模块模型之所以有如此有用，是因为它将LabVIEWFPGA模块与FPGA的商业的未定制（COTS）硬件结构、周围输入输出元件紧密结合在一起。NI的可编程自动化控制器为你的工业控制应用提供了标准的、未定制的平台。有了RIO在PCI、PXI、紧凑型视觉系统平台和基于RIO的紧凑的RIO引入，工程师们正受益于一个具有FPGA的高性能、灵活性、专用化优势的商业未定制平台，结果是能随心所欲地开发PAC。NI的PCI和PXI的R系列的插件设备提供了模拟和数字数据获取，针对高性能、用户可配置的定时和同步、在单个设备上的板载决定等功能。利用这些未定制设备，你可以将你的NIPXI或PCI工业控制系统，扩展为具有高速离散和模拟信号控制、自定义传感器接口、精确定时和控制的系统。NI紧凑RIO—一个以RIO技术为核心的平台，提供了一个小的，工业上半成品的标准PAC平台。它能在系统定时方面带给你高性能输入输出和空前灵活性。你可以用NI紧凑的RIO为诸如车载数据采集、汽车NVH（噪声振动和声振粗糙度NoiseVibrationHarshness）测试和内置机械控制系统的应用，开发内置系统。半成的紧凑RIO系统是工业评估与鉴定的，是为在大于

50g震动和在-40到

70°C的温度范围内设计的。NI紧凑型视觉系统是一个半成的机器视觉包装，他需要经受在机器人技术中常见的苛刻的环境、自动化测试和工业检测系统。

NI

的CVS-145x设备为分布式的机器视觉应用提供了空前的输入输出能力和网络连接。

NI

的

CVS-145x系统应用

IEEE的1394（火线）技术，可以与 40多种有各种各样功能、性能和价值的照相机兼容。 NI的CVS-1455和NI的CVS-1456设备包含可配置的FPGA，所以你可以在你的机器视觉应用中实现计数器自定义、定时或电机控制。利用LabVIEW和LabVIEWFPGA模块开发可编程自动化控制器有了LabVIEW和LabVIEWFPGA模块，你就为你的工业控制硬件增加了重要的灵活性和专用化。因为许多PAC已经使用LabVIEW编程的，所以用LabVIEW为FPGA编程很容易，因为它也使用相同LabVIEW开发环境。当你把目标定为在NI的RIO（实时输入输出），LabVIEW就只显示可以在FPGA中实现的功能，这样进一步使得用LabVIEW为FPGA编程变简单LabVIEWFPGA模块功能版上包含典型的LabVIEW结构与功能，比如while循环、for循环、case结构、sequence结构、一系列专业的LabVIEW中FPGA专属的数学函数、信号产生于分析、线性与非线性控制、对比逻辑、数组和簇操作、Occurrence（意思是事件发生,Occurrence技术也用于控制相互独立的程序同步运行）、信号输入与输出和定时。你可以用这些功能的组合往你的NIRIO设备上定义逻辑和嵌入信息。图二展示了在NI的RIO硬件上实现PID（比例积分微分）控制算法的FPGA应用和一组在Windows机器或RT对象和NI的RIO硬件通信的应用。这种应用读取模拟输入操作（AIO），运行PID计算，并将结果数据输出到模拟输出操作上（AOO）。当FPGA时钟运行在40MHz时，这个例子中的循环运行的就很慢，因为每一组件需要长于一个时钟循环的时间来执行。模拟控制循环在

FPGA上能运行在大约

200kHz。你可以指定时钟频率为编译的时间。这个例子只展示了

PID的循环，然而，在

NI

的RIO设备上创造额外功能仅仅是增加另外一个while循环。不像传统的PC处理器，FPGA是并行处理器。在你的应用上增加额外循环不会影响你的PID循环的表现。图二.运用内置 LabVIEWFPGAVI与相应LabVIEWHostVI 的PID控制FPGA开发流程等你创建了LabVIEWFPGAVI后，应该编译将在 NI的RIO硬件上运行的代码。根据你的代码的复杂性和开发系统的规格，为一个

FPGAVI

的编译时间将从数分钟到数小时不等。为了是开发效能最大，利用 R系列的RIO设备，你可以用精确到 1比特的仿真模式，那样就可以在开始编译进程之前检验你设计的逻辑。当你用 FPGA仿真设备是，LabVIEW

由该设备进行输入输出，并且在

Windows电脑上执行

VI

的逻辑。在这种模式，你可以用 LabVIEW里的针对Windows的相同调试工具，比如重点执行、探针、断点。一旦LabVIEWFPGA的代码被编译，你就创建了一个 LabVIEW“主机”VI来将你的NIRIO硬件整合到了PAC系统。图三阐明了创建FPGA应用程序的开发过程。“主机”VI运用在FPGAVI面板的控制器和指示器来在RIO设备上的FPGA和“主机”处理机械之间传递数据。这些面板被描述为FPGA上的