有机材料处理词汇汇编(英文版)

11/11材料英语证书考试(PEC)-有机材料处理词汇TermExplanationActinomycetes:Anyofagroupofgenerallylow-oxygen–utilizingbacteriaidentifiedbyabranchinggrowthpatternthatresultinlargethreadlikestructures.Manyspeciesoccurinsoilandareharmlesstoanimalsandhigherplants.Adjuvant:Aningredientthatimprovesthepropertiesofaformulationtowhichithasbeenadded.Aerate/aeration:Tosupplywithairorexposetothecirculationofair:

aeratesoil

or

soilaeration.Forcedaerationreferstotheuseofblowersinacompostpile.Aerobic:Tobe"withoxygen."Lifeorbiologicalprocessesthatcanoccuronlyinthepresenceofoxygen,suchasthedigestionof

organicmatter

bybacteria.Agriculturalmaterial:Materialofplantoranimalorigin,whichresultfromtheproductionandprocessingoffarm,ranchagricultural,horticultural,aquacultural,silvicultural,floricultural,vermicultural,orviticulturalproducts,includingmanures,orchardandvineyardprunings,andcropresidues.Anaerobic:Tobe"withoutoxygen."Abiologicalprocessoccurringintheabsenceofoxygen,markedbyafoulodor.Theseodorsmayincludeaceticacid,butyricacid,orputrescine.Arthropod:

(Greek--jointfoot)Anyofnumerousinvertebrateanimalsofthephylum(family)Arthropoda,includingtheinsects,crustaceans,arachnids,and

myriapods,thatarecharacterizedbya

chitinous

exoskeleton

andasegmentedbodytowhichjointedappendagesarearticulatedinpairs.Ash:Theresiduethatremainsafterasolidwastehasburned.Alsoreferredtoasbottomashandflyash.Bacteria:Microscopicsingle-celledorganismslackinganucleus.Theyarestructuredaseitherrod-shaped,sphere-shaped,orspiral-shaped.Theycanbeaerobicoranaerobic,orfacultativeanaerobic.Backyardcomposting:Theon-siteprocess(typicallysmallscale)wherethebiological

decomposition

oforganicmaterialssuchasleaves,grassclippings,brush,andfoodscrapsisprocessedintoasoilamendment.Beetlemites:

(Acari)Heavilyarmoredfungus-andneedle-eaters.Bestmanagementpractices:Themosteffectiveandpracticablemethodofpreventingorreducingtheamountofpollutiongeneratedbypollutionsources.OftenabbreviatedasBMPs.Bioaerosols:Airborneparticlesofbiologicaloriginincludingbacteria,viruses,fungiandyeasts,pollens,and

organicmatter.Bioassay:Appraisalofthebiologicalactivityofasubstancebytestingitseffectonanorganismandcomparingtheresultwithsomeagreedstandard.Biodiversity:ThevariabilityamonglivingorganismsonEarth,includingthevariabilitywithinandbetweenspeciesandwithinandbetween

ecosystems.Biofiltration:Theharnessingofnaturalprocessesfor

volatileorganiccompounds

(VOC)andodorcontrol.Example:anairstreamispassedthroughabiofiltercontainingmicroorganisms,whichmetabolizetheVOCs,turningthemintocarbondioxideandwater.Bioremediation:Theuseofplantsormicroorganismstocleanupcontaminationandpollutionortosolveotherenvironmentalproblems,andreturntheenvironmenttoitsoriginalcondition.Biosolids:Thenutrient-richorganicbyproductmaterialresultingfromthetreatmentofsewagesludgeandwastewater.CAFO:Combinedanimalfeedingoperation(CAFO).Animalfeedingoperations(AFOs)arelivestock-raisingoperations,suchashog,cattleandpoultryfarms,whichconfineandconcentrateanimalpopulationsandtheirwastes.CAFOisthelargestcategoryofAFOwithgreaterthan1,000"animalunits"andisasignificantcontributortothepollutionofwatersintheU.S.Casinglayer:Amoistlayerofpeatmossmixedwithasmallamountofcalciumcarbonatethatgrowersapplyover

mycelium

toretainmoistureandprovideagrowingsurfaceformushrooms.Catchment:a)Acatchingorcollectingofwater,especiallyrainwater,b)Astructure,suchasabasinorreservoir,usedforcollectingordrainingwater,c)Theamountofwatercollectedinsuchstructure,d)Acatchmentarea.Cellobiose:A

disaccharide

obtainedbythe

hydrolysis

of

cellulose

by

cellulase.Formula:C12H22O11Cellulase:Anyenzymethatconvertscellulosetothe

disaccharide

cellobiose.Cellulose:Themainsubstanceinthecellwallsofplants,whichisusedinmakingpaper,artificialfibers,andplastics.Chitin,(pronouncedktin):Maincomponentofthecellwallsofarthropods,foundintheouterskeletonofinsects,crabs,andlobstersandintheinternalstructuresofotherinvertebrates.CNMP:ComprehensiveNutrientManagementPlanisaconservationplanthatisuniquetoanimalfeedingoperationsandwhichincorporatesenvironmentalpracticestoutilizeanimalmanureandorganicby-productsasabeneficialresourcetoensurethatbothproductionandnaturalresourceprotectiongoalsareachieved.Co-composting:Theprocessofblending

biosolids

withmanureorothergreenwastematerialstoproducecompost.Co-compostingincludesboththeactiveandcuringphasesofthecompostingprocess.Compaction:Insoil,compactionoccurswhenweightofgrazinganimals/livestockorheavymachinerycompressesthesoil.Thesoilthenislessabletoabsorbwater.Compost:Theproductresultingfromthe

decomposition

oforganicmaterial.Materialusedtomakecompostincludeslandscapetrimmings,agriculturalcropresidues,paperpulp,foodscrap,woodchips,manure,andbiosolids.Thesearetypicallyreferredtoasfeedstock.Composting:Thebiological

decomposition

processoforganicmaterialssuchasleaves,gardenwaste,coffeegrounds,grassclippings,brush,andfoodwasteintoasoilamendment.Constructionanddemolitionwaste:Wastefrombuildingmaterialssuchasrubble,lumber,wire,sheetmetal,andmiscellaneousmetalparts.Conversiontechnology:Termusedforthetechnologiesthatconvertunwantedorganicmaterialsintohigh-valueproductssuchasenergy,alternativefuels,solvents,andotherproducts.Covercrop:Acrop,suchasclover,plantedbetweenperiodsofregularcropproductiontocontrolweeds,preventsoilerosion,andprovidehumusornitrogentothesoil.Crown:Thejunctionofrootandstem,usuallyattheleveloftheground.Decomposer:Anorganismthatfeedsonandbreaksdownorganicmaterialsintosimplerchemicalcompounds.Decomposition:Theprocessbywhichorganicmaterialschemicallybreakdownintosimplercompounds.Dewatering:Removalofwaterfromsolidwasteandsludgeviamechanicalorthermalmeans.Disaccharide:Anyofaclassofsugars,suchasmaltose,lactose,andsucrose,havingtwolinked

monosaccharide

unitspermolecule.Ecosystem:Allthelivingthingsinanareaandthewaytheyaffecteachotherandtheenvironment.Exoskeleton:Anexternalsupportivecoveringofananimalsuchasacraborinsect(asan

arthropod).Feedstock:Therawmaterialusedforchemicalorbiologicalprocesses.Forexample,feedstockusedformakingcompostcouldincludegrassclippings,leaves,foodscraps,planttrimmings,straw,andanimalbedding.Foliage:Theleavesofplantsortrees.Foodmaterial:Materialacquiredforanimalorhumanconsumption,isseparatedfromthemunicipalsolidwastestream,anddoesnotmeetthedefinitionof“agriculturalmaterial.”Foodscraps:Allexcessfood,includingsurplus,spoiled,orunsoldfoodsuchasvegetablesandculls(lowerqualityvegetablesortrimmingssuchasonionpeelsorcarrottops),aswellasplatescrapings.Foodscrapsalsoarecommonlycalledfoodremnants,foodresiduals,orfoodwaste.Foodwaste:Referstoallsurplusfoodscraps.Thetermhasfallenoutoffavorwithsomecomposters,whoprefertoviewthismaterialasaresourceratherthanaswastematerial.However,thistermisinterchangeablewithfoodscraps.FoodWeb:Thetotalityofinteractingfoodchainswithinanecosystem.Fulvicacid:Ayellowtoyellow-brownhumicsubstancethatissolubleinwaterunderallpHconditions.Fungi:Saprophytic

and

parasitic

plantsthatlackchlorophyllandincludemolds,rusts,mildews,smuts,andmushrooms.Grasscycling:Thenaturalrecyclingofgrassbyleavingclippingsonthelawnwhenmowing.Grassclippingswillquicklydecompose,returningvaluablenutrientstothesoil.Greenmaterial:Greenmaterialincludes,butisnotlimitedto,yardtrimmings,untreatedwoodwastes,naturalfiberproducts,andconstructionanddemolitionwoodwaste.Greenmaterialdoesnotincludefoodmaterial,biosolids,mixedsolidwaste,materialprocessesfromcommingledcollection,woodcontaininglead-basedpaintorwoodpreservative,andmixedconstructionormixeddemolitiondebris.Greenwaste:Atermusedtorefertourbanlandscapewastegenerallyconsistingofleaves,grassclippings,weeds,yardtrimmings,woodwaste,branchesandstumps,homegardenresidues,andothermiscellaneousorganicmaterials.HazardousWaste:Thisincludesradioactivesubstances,toxicchemicals,explosives,biologicalwaste(e.g.fromhospitals),andflammablewaste.HeavyMetals:Acommonlyhazardouswastethatcandamageorganismsatlowconcentrations,includingcadmium,mercury,andlead,andwhichcanbefoundinthewastestreaminbatteries,televisions,paints,andink.Homopteran:Anyofanorderorsuborderofinsects(ascicadas,aphids,andscaleinsects)thathavesuckingmouthparts,abletopierceplanttissueandsuckliquidout.HumicAcid:Anyofvariousorganicacidsobtainedfromhumus.Humus:Theorganiccomponentofsoilformedbythedecompositionofanimalorvegetablematter.Hydrolysis:Acatch-alltermforanyreactioninwhichthewatermoleculeissplit.Hyphae:Thepluralofhypha,whichisanyofthefilamentsthatconstitutethebody(mycelium)ofa

fungus.Industrialsludge:Sludgefromfactories,manufacturingfacilities,andrefineries.Thistypedoesnotincludeanysubtypes.Forexample,thistypeincludespaperpulpsludgeandwatertreatmentfiltercakesludge.Inoculate:Toimplantmicroorganismsontoorintoaculturemedium.Inorganicmatter:Referstonon-livingsourcesuchasrocks,mineralsorsand,ofnonbiologicalorigin.Integratedpestmanagement(IPM):Integratedpestmanagement(IPM)isanecosystem-basedstrategythatfocusesonlong-termpreventionofpestsortheirdamagethroughacombinationoftechniquessuchasbiologicalcontrol,habitatmanipulation,modificationofculturalpractices,anduseofresistantvarieties.Pesticidesareusedonlyaftermonitoringindicatestheyareneededaccordingtoestablishedguidelines,andtreatmentsaremadewiththegoalofremovingonlythetargetorganism.Invertebrate:Anorganismlackingaspinalcolumn.Laminarinase:A

polysaccharide

thatisfoundinvariousbrownalgaeandyieldsonlyglucoseonhydrolysis.Leachate:Awaterthathaspercolatedthroughasolidwaste,suchasalandfill.Leftovers:Intermsoffoodscrapsorfoodwaste,mayrefertofoodpreparedinexcessthathasnotbeenservedbutmaybecollectedforahumanfooddonationorrecoveryprogram.

Leftovers

canalsorefertoplatescrapingsthatarenotappropriateforhumanconsumption.LerpPsyllid:Aplant-moisturesucking

homopterans

intheinsectfamilyPsyllidae.Redgumlerppsyllidnymphs(immature)formacovercalleda"lerp,"whichisasmallwhite,hemisphericalcapcomposedofsolidifiedhoneydewandwax.The

UCBerkeleyBiologicalControloftheRedGumLerpPsyllid

pageprovidesadditionalinformationonLerpPsyllid.Lignin:Acomplexpolymer,thechiefnon-carbohydrateconstituentofwoodthatbindsto

cellulose

fibersandhardensandstrengthensthecellwallsofplants.Manure:Agriculturalmaterialandmeansaccumulatedherbivoreoravianexcrement.Thisincludesfecesandurine,andanybeddingmaterial,spilledfeed,orsoilthatismixedwithfecesorurine.Mesophilic:

(Gr.--Coldloving)Describesbacteriawhichareactiveinthetemperaturerangebetween40-110degreesFahrenheit,butthrivebetween70-90degreesFahrenheit.Mostofthedecompositionthattakesplaceinacompostpileismesophilic.Methane:Agascreatednaturallyinmarshesandbogs,aswellaslandfills.Consideredapotentgreenhousegas.Microbialsporesuspensions:Microscopicallyvisibleparticlesdispersedthroughoutalessdenseliquidfromwhichtheyareeasilyfilteredbutnoteasilysettledbecauseofsystemviscosityormolecularinteractions.Microorganisms:Microscopiclivingorganismsthatdigestorganicmaterialthroughmetabolicactivity.Mold:Asuperficial(oftenwoolly)fungusthatgrowsespeciallyondampordecayingorganicmatteroronlivingorganisms.Monosaccharides:Asugarthatisnotdecomposabletosimplersugarsby

hydrolysis.Thesimplestformofsugar.Morphology:TheformandstructureofanorganismoranyofitspartsMulch:Alayeroforganicmaterialthatisspreadoverthebaresurfaceofsoiltoblockthelossofmoistureandtodiscouragethegrowthofweeds.Typicallyappliedaroundplantstominimizemoistureevaporation.Mulchisthetermfornon-compostedmaterials,suchasshreddedorchippedbark.Municipalorganicmaterials:Organicmaterialsgeneratedbyresidential,business,institutional,andagriculturalsources,whicharethencollectedandsenttocityandcountywastefacilities.Municipalsolidwaste

(MSW):

Garbage.Refusewiththepotentialforenergyrecovery;includesresidential,commercial,andinstitutionalwastes.Meansthematerialpartofthemunicipalsolidwastestreamandismixedwithorcontainsnonorganic,processedindustrialmaterials,orplastics.Compostablematerialthatcontainsmixeddemolitionormixedconstructiondebrisshallbeconsideredmixedsolidwaste.Mycelium:Thebodyofa

fungus,composedofmanythreadsoftissue.Mushroomsdonotreproducebyseed,butbyspores.Thesporesgerminatetoproducethreadlikestructuresknownas

hyphae.Collectively,amassof

hyphae

areknownasthemycelium.Myriapoda:Anyofagroupofarthropodshavingthebodymadeupofnumeroussimilarsegmentsnearlyallofwhichbeartruejointedlegsandincludingthemillipedesandcentipedes.Nativeplant:ThenativeplantsofagivenareaarethosethatgrewtherepriortoEuropeancontact.Nativeplantshaveco-evolvedwithanimals,

fungi,andmicrobestoformacomplexnetworkofrelationships.Theseplantsarethefoundationofnative

ecosystems,ornaturalcommunities.Nematode:Anyun-segmentedwormoftheclass

Nematoda,

havingatoughoutercuticle.Thegroupincludesfree-livingformsanddisease-causing

parasites,suchasthehookwormandfilaria.

Alsocalled:

nematodeworm,

roundwormNitrates:Acompoundcontainingnitrogenandoxygenthatcanexistintheatmosphereorinwaterandthatcanhaveharmfuleffectsonhumansandanimalsathighconcentrations.Non-Aerated:Noairorcirculationofair.Nonpointsourcepollution:Diffusedischargesofwastethroughoutthenaturalenvironmentwhichareamajorcauseofwaterpollution.Difficulttopinpointphysically,butcanbeclassifiedbytype:urbanrunoff,agriculture,mining,septictankleachfields,and

silviculture.Organicmatter:Materialthatcomesfromorganismsthatwereoncealive,orderivedfromorproducedthroughthebiologicalactivityofalivingthing.Oldcorrugatedcontainer(OCC):Afabricatedcontainermadefromlinerboardplacedaroundacorrugatedmedium.Parasite:Anorganismthatinhabitsalivinghostinasymbioticrelationship,forexistenceorsupport.Typicalexamplesincludehookworms,tapeworms,andsomemites.Inplants,aparasiticplantisonethatgetsitssustenancefromanestablishedhostplant.Pathogen:Anyorganismorinfectiousagent,capableofcausingdiseaseorinfection.Inthecompostingprocess,(foundinanimalwastematerial),pathogensarekilledbythehightemperatures(131degreesFahrenheitorhigherforthreedays).Phyllosphere:Thethree-dimensionalmicro-environmentalspacesurroundingaleaf.Phylloxera:ScientificName:

Daktulosphairavitifoliae--atinyaphid-likeinsectthatfeedson

Vitisvinifera

graperoots,stuntinggrowthofvinesorkillingthem.Phylum:Aseriesofanimalsorplantsgeneticallyconnectedbyoneormorefundamentalcharacteristicsthatsetthemapartfromallotheranimalsandplantsandformingaprimarycategoryoftheanimalorplantkingdom.Phytophthoracinnamomi:Adestructive

parasitic

fungi

causingrootrotinplants.Phytophthoraramorum:Anewlyidentifiedplant

pathogen

thatcausesSuddenOakDeathinavarietyofhosts.Polysaccharide:Acarbohydratethatcanbedecomposedby

hydrolysis

intotwoormoremoleculesof

monosaccharides

especially:

anyofthemorecomplexcarbohydrates(ascellulose,starch,orglycogen).Postconsumerfoodscraps:Foodthathasbeenservedtodinersbutisnoteaten;alsocalledplatescrapings.Thismayincludevegetables,saladdressings,sauces,cheese,meat,andbones,aswellasnonfooditems,suchasnapkins.Ifthenonfooditemsarenotseparatedfromthefood,theseandothernonfoodcontaminantslikestraws,cups,andplasticutensilswillbecomeapartofthisblend.Preconsumerfoodscraps:Preconsumerscrapsmayincludefoodprocessingwastessuchasvegetableculls,breweryby-products,coffeegrounds,orkitchenpreparationwastes.Restaurants,forexample,oftencutoffinedibleportionsofvegetablesinfoodpreparation.Thiscanincludecarrottops,potatopeels,lettuceleaves,broccolistems,orsimilarscraps.Protozoa:Unicellularorsingle-celledanimalswhichhavevaried

morphology

andphysiology,andoftencomplexlifecycles.Representedinalmosteverykindofhabitat.Psychrophilic:

(Gr.--Warmthloving)Describesbacteriawhichareactiveinalowtemperaturerange(below65degreesFahrenheit),butthrivearound55degreesFahrenheit.Putrescine:Producedbythebreakdownofaminoacidsasorganismsbreakdown.Rendering:Relatedtoanimalwaste,aprocessthatbreaksdownandconvertsanimaltissueintoausablecommodity.Renderingoperationscanmakeedibleproductssuchascannedpetfood,ornon-edibleproductslikebonemeal.Rhizome:Anunderground,horizontalplantstemthatproducesshootsaboveandrootsbelow,andisdistinguishedfromatruerootinpossessingbuds,nodes,andusuallyscale-likeleaves.Examplesofplantswithundergroundrhizomesincludegingerandbamboo;plantswithrhizomesthatgrowabovegroundincludesomeirisspeciesandferns.Rhizosphere:Thebelow-groundareathatsurroundstherootsurfaceofplants,whererootsecretionsoccurandmicroorganismsconsumesugarsreleasedbytheroots.Saprophages:Alsoknownasdetritusfeeders.Referstoorganismthatcontributestodecomposition,obtainingfoodbyabsorbingdissolvedorganicmaterial.Sidedressing:Theapplicationoffertilizerororganicmatteraroundaplant,thematerialbeingleftonthesoilsurfaceratherthanbeingdugin.Alsoknownastopdressing.Silviculture:Thecareandcultivationofforesttrees;forestry.Soilamendment:Amaterial,suchasorganicmatterorsand,mixedintosoiltoimprovegrowingconditions.Soilbiology:Thestudyoftheorganismsandtheiractivityinsoil,thisincludesbacteria,worms,fungi,andnematodes.Soilfoodweb:Agroupofplants,soil,organicmatter,andorganismsthatthrivewithinasystem.Soluble:Susceptibletobeingdissolvedinorasifinaliquidandespeciallywater.Spawn:Thetermusedforthecombinationof

mycelium

and

substrate

isspawn.Thiscanbethoughtofasthevegetativepartofthemushroom.Stolon:Ahorizontalstematorjustbelowthesurfaceofthegroundthatrootsatthenodesandproducesnewplants.Alsocalled"runners."Substrate:Anycombinationofmaterialsthatprovidesupport,waterretention,

aeration,ornutrientretentionforplantgrowth.Inthisinstance,

substrate

iscompostintowhichmushroom

spawn

isdistributed.SuddenOakDeath:AdiseaseinfectingoaksandseveralotherornamentalplantsthatwerenoticedinrecentyearsincoastalCaliforniaandasmallgeographicareaofOregon.The

UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture

websiteprovidesadditionalinformationonPhytophthoraramorum.Textiles:Itemsmadeofthread,yarn,fabric,orcloth.Thisincludesclothes,fabrictrimmings,draperies,andallnaturalandsyntheticclothfibers.Thisdoesnotincludecloth-coveredfurniture,mattresses,leathershoes,leatherbags,orleatherbelts.Thatch:Amatofundercomposedplantmaterial(asgrassroots)ac