2018高考英语语法专题名词

专题一名词第q步勉识梳理考点一名词的固定搭配［2016•天津］Thedietionaryisoutofdate：manywordshavebeenaddedtothelanguagesinceitwaspublished.这本词典过时了：自从它出版以来，这种语言已经增加了许多单词。［2015・江苏］Someschoolswillhavetomakeadjustmentsinagreementwiththenationalsoeeerreform.这些学校将不得不作出一些调整来和国家足球改革保持一致。动词have,keep,take,make,get,pay,play,give,put等加名词构成的短语haveagoodreputation有个好的名声haveanideaof了解haveasenseof有意识haveafeelingof有感觉haveaccessto可以获得haveanadvantageover胜过，优于keepabalance保持平衡oaccount考虑takeadvantageof利用；趁之机makefunof取笑，嘲弄makethebestof充分利用；妥善处理get/losecontactwith与取得/失去联系getrelief得到缓解giveasolution给出解决方案opractice将付诸行动介词后加名词构成的短语ingreatdemand需求量很大inquantity大量，大批inprogress在进行中inproduction在产量方面outofone'sreach某人够不到outoftouch失去联系outofsight看不见beyondrecognition辨认不出来withoutpermission未经允许考点二名词的单复数［2015・江苏］一GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketo，butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmyapology/apologies.一一戴夫，去向你妈妈道歉。一一我想去，但是我怕她对我的道歉并不会感到满意。Leavesturngreeninspring.春天树叶变绿了。1．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则一般情况加一s,以s,x,sh,ch等结尾，加一es,例如：buses,boxes,dishes,watches等(stomachs例外)。以辅音字母加一y结尾的名词，将一y变为一i再加一es,例如:families,butterflies,dictionaries,stories等。以一o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加一s,但中学英语中下列名词要加一es,它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes,heroes,・・・・・・・・・・・echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以一o结尾的名词既可以加一es,也可以加一S,它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以一彳或一fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加一s,例如：roofs和believes等。但下列以一f或一fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加一ves,它们是：为了自．己．活命．,小．偷．和他的妻．子．手里拿着刀．子．和树．叶．站在架．子．上,把狼．・・・・・・・・・・・・・・劈成两半．,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但下列以一f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加一ves,也可以直接力口一s,它们是：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs(scarves)围巾。合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：sons—in—law女婿；passers—by过路人；story—tellers讲故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主妇。2．常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人；Japanese日本人；sheep绵羊；deer鹿；series系列；means方式;works工厂；fish鱼；fruit水果；crossroads十字路口；horsepower马力；jin斤等。其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾，即fishes,fruits。色2018高考一轮总复习教师用书•英语第二部分语法专题讲析出考点三抽象名词具体化［2014•辽宁］Yourcontributionwillcertainlymaketheeventahugesuccess.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。一TheherobusdriverinHangzhoudiedyesterday.—Yes，newscameasashocktome.一一杭州英雄司机昨天去世了。一一是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。考点总结单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人咼兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或美好的事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人咼兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情第因步高考应用♦名词与语法填空在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类变换。[典题试做1]用括号内所给词的正确形式填空[2016・全国I]Butfortouristslikeme，pandasareitstop(attract).[2016•全国I]Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle－fed...[2016・全国II]Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou'llfeelarealsenseof(achieve).[2016・全国II]Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.[2016•四川]Anysmellmightattractnatural(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.答案：studies[应对策略1]首先要弄清数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词类转换。这就要求考生要搞清楚名词在句中作什么成分，近几年常考名词作主语、宾语、表语的情况。♦名词与短文改错短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格。汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数变化，而是通过在其前加数词或量词等方式来表示。而英语则不同，除了在名词前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须用其名词复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形式。其次名词的考查还会涉及词性转换方面的错误。[典题试做2]单句改错（每小题1处错误）[2016・全国I]Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessis[2016•全国II]Ifwegoonatripabroa，dwecanbroadenourviewandgainknowledgeswecannotgetfrom[2016•全国III]Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimefor[2016•四川]Momhasafull-timejob,butshehastodomostofthe答案：一honesty—knowledgeyearfyears—housework[应对策略2]遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。♦书面表达中名词易错点聚焦写作中对于复数名词易疏漏一s或一es，如：（误）I'dlovetomakefriendwithyou.（误）Allthepicturedisplayedareofgeatvalue.部分名词的复数变化错误，如：familys,knifes,difficultys,pianoes,heros，womandoctors，tooths，childrens，medias。部分词性易混作名词,如：动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4•可数与不可数名词混淆。如:不可数可数takeactiontakemeasuressomeadvicesomesuggestionstakeexerciseeyeexercisesmakeprogressinformation单句语法填空1.[2017・广东汕头二模[Withoutthepropertreatment,minor(injury)orburnscouldleadtomoresufferingandevenlossoflives.[2017・山东青岛一模]TheywerethekindthatIdidnothaveinmy(collect)soIplacedthemcarefullyinmybag.[2017・山东烟台3月诊断]Threemonthslater,Zejdwasabletocommunicatehappilywithallhisclassmatesaboutregularthingslikehomeworkand(game).[2017・江苏泰兴质检]Forsustainabledevelopment,thegovernmenthasdecidedtogive(prefer)tothoseenergy－conservingandenvironment－friendlybusinessesinmanyaspects.[2017・江苏运河中学一调]—MrWangisamanoffewwords,butquickinmind.—Astilltonguemakesawise,youknow.答案:解析:句意:如果得不到妥善治疗,轻伤或轻度烧伤可能会导致更大的痛苦甚至死亡。形容词后需加名词作主语，injury为可数名词，minor没有不定冠词，故需用injury的复数形式injuries表示泛指。2．collection解析：句意：因为它们是我收藏中没有的那种，因此我把它们小心地放在了我的包里。形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式，故答案为collection。3．games解析：句意：三个月后，Zejd能够和他的同班同学很愉快地对诸如家庭作业、游戏等常规事情进行交流了。介词like后需用名词形式，game为可数名词，在本句中表示泛指，故用其复数形式。4．preference解析：句意：为了可持续发展，政府已经决定在很多方面给那些节能环保企业优惠。givepreferenceto...给以优惠。5．head解析：句意：——王先生寡言少语但思维敏捷。——你知道：寡言者智。Astilltonguemakesawisehead.为谚语，意为：寡言者智。II.单句改错[2017・福建南平3月质检]0ftenshebuyssometoyforhimtoplaywith，especiallyonhis[2017・河北邯郸一模[Duringthenextfewdays,wevisitedtheworld－famoussight，suchastheGreatWall，theSummerPalace，andtheForbiddenCity，whichcontainalargenumberofprecious[2017•河南焦作一模]WhileIwaswalkingonmywaytoschool，Inoticedtwocleanersweepingthe[2017・湖北黄冈3月质检]AndthenIwenttoadepartmentstorenearthehospitalsandcontactedher[2017・江西八所重点中学4月联考]Weweretouchedbysuchanactofkindonahot答案：一toys—sights—cleaners—hospital—kindnessIII•语法填空A(名词专练)Itwaslateat(German)weresleepingintheirroomwhensuddenl，yoneofthem，Mrs.Green，waswokenupandfoundathiefslippingintotheirroomtotryhishadthree(thousand)dollarsinherpocket.“WhatshouldIdo？Many(thief)usuallybring(knife)withthem，”shethoughtin(silent)．Andatthesametimethethiefhappenedtotoucha(sport)seemedasifhefoundtherewassomeoneintheroom，sohewentouttothenextroomwheretwo(Frenchman)werehewaslookingfor(money)orsome(jewel)inthenextroom，wokeupherhusbandquicklyandcalledthe(policeman)．Andthenthethiefknewwhathadwassoscaredthathetookoutathenthepoliceshowedthethiefranaway，thepolicecaughtMrs.Green，itwasreallyanunusualexperience.答案：4．knivesjewelryB［2017•河北石家庄高三调研］WethinkthatlifeinChinesehighschoolisanadventureinwhichwehavetosurvivemountainsofhomeworkandwoulditbe(surprise)ifItellyouthathighschoollifeintheUSisalmostasstressfulanddemandingasitisinChina?InUShighschool，everything(record)andgraded，includingyourgradesonquizzes，testsandfinal(turn)inyourhomeworkontimewilldirectlyaffectyourgradeforacertaincontrarytousedtothinkoftheUShighschoolstudents，theypaygreatattentiontotheir(academy)performancetotrytogetintodistinguished，they'llbedisappointedaftergraduationfromhighschool.Likeuniversitystudents，theUShighschoolstudentshavethe(free)tochoosethecoursesthatmostinterest(they．)Evena9th－gradercansitsameclassroomas