专业英语中的常见语法现象分析

20/20HYPERLINK"/"专业英语中的常见语法现象人称、时态和语态科技英语中主要使用第三人称，但第一人称也经常出现，主要是：（1）叙述某个实验、现象或结论时，告诉读者我们以前也报道过，这里不在叙述；（2）为了引导读者按照作者的思路去思考问题，此时we等第一人称是指作者和读者双方。另外在文章的开头和结论部分有事也使用we，如inthispaper,wereport…或者weconcludedthat…等时态主要使用三种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时在叙述一般的科学原理、公式推导、计算过程和结论时，常用一般现在时；如当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时Thispaperdescribes……Thefocusofthispaperis……Figure1shows……MostofthecommoncondensationpolymersarelistedinTable1-1.在叙述某种实验操作、试剂配制时，常使用一般过去时；例如：Novozym-435(2.0g)wassuspendedin25mLofnanopurewaterina100mLround-bottomedflaskfittedwithawatercooledcondenser.Thelipasesuspensionwasrefluxedfor14h.Thesuspensionwasthenallowedtocooltoroomtemperature,andwaterwasremovedbyfreezedrying….Thereactionvialswerecappedtightlyandshakenvigorouslyforafewminutes.Thereactionvialswerethenplacedinaconstant-temperaturewaterbathmaintainedat37°Cfor3hwithmagneticstirring….在叙述已经发生的并且延续到现在的事情时使用现在完成时，如描述研究进展使用Inrecentyears作时间状语时，通常使用完成时Inrecentyears,Pleschandcoworkershaveconcludedthatmanyso-calledcationicpolymerizationsdonotproceedthroughintermediatesofanionicnature.时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握，需要注意的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃。科技英语使用被动语态比较多，但也可使用主动语态，特别是强调自己的观点时，在学术会议交流时也使用主动语态，这种语态的句子简洁，意思准确。例：Theoscillatorstrengthsofcertain4f-4ftransitionsinlanthanide(Ⅲ)complexesexhibitanespeciallystrongsensitivitytothestructuraldetailsandchemicalnatureoftheligandenvironment.TheextractionbehavioroftrivalentlanthanideionshasbeenstudiedwithDBM.TheratioofLn:DBMintheextractedspecieswasdeterminedtobe1:3bytheslopeanalysismethod.二数数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可以下是需要注意的语法不规则变化的单复数单数 复数criterion criteria依据phenomenon phenomena现象medium media介质radius radii半径index indices指数appendix appendices附录stimulus stimuli刺激basis bases基础synthesis syntheses合成matrix matrices基体Novelbiomaterialswithimproved,specificbiologicalactionarebeingdevelopedusingpolymersthatareresponsivetoenvironmentalstimuli.一些数有特殊性的名词data,kinetics通常作复数名词research,work:不可数名词ThedatainTable1areobtainedfromthereactionsatdifferenttemperatures.Thekineticsofpolymerizationwithineachdropletarethesameasthoseforthecorrespondingbulkpolymerization.Muchresearchhasbeendonetoredirectthetropismofretrovirusesbyengineeringtheenvelopeglycoprotein.Mostresearchonpoly(orthoesters)hasfocusedonthesynthesisofpolymers.一些结构的数<主谓的统一>oneof复数名词:单数noneof复数名词:复数noneof单数名词/不可数名词:单数no复数名词:复数no单数名词/不可数名词:单数akindof单数名词:单数this/thatkindof单数名词:单数thesekindsof复数名词:复数复数名词ofthis/thatkind：复数sort与kind类似atypeof单数名词：单数aseriesof复数名词：复数aclassof复数名词：复数thenumberof复数名词：单数anumberof复数名词：复数Ara-Cisoneofmostimportantantitumoragents,especiallyusedinthetreatmentofvariousleukaemias.Oneofpossibilitiesforenhancingthepharmacologicalpropertiesistolinkittoacarrier.Biocompatibilityisoneofthemaincriteriafortheselectionofaparticularbiomaterial.Controlleddrugdeliverytechnologyrepresentsoneofmostrapidadvancingareasofscienceinwhichchemistsarecontributingtohumanhealthcare.Severalmodelshavebeenproposedbutnoneappeartobegenerallyapplicable.Noneofthepresentlyusedonesareappliedrigorously.Thusfarnostudieshaveconclusivelydemonstratedlong-termvalueofanyofthecardiacgenetherapapproaches.Thistypeofterminationisoftenreferredtoasspontaneoustermination.Anumberofpolymerbackbonesthatarepotentiallydegradablearedetailedinthetext.ThenumberofmechanismswhichhavebeenproposedtoexplainthestereopecificityofZiegler-Nattacatalysts.*Thenumberof复数名词:整个做主语时谓语应为单数;但此句的动词have是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如:Oneofthemechanismswhichhavebeen……Aseriesoftelomersreportedintable1werethensynthesized.Adiverserangeofmechanismshavebeendeveloped.Polymersareapromisingclassofbiomaterialsthatcanbeengineeredtomeetspecificend-userequirements.Themostimportantclassofpoly(amides)forcontrolledreleasearethepoly(aminoacids).Themajorityofpoly(anhydrides)arepreparedbymelt-condensationpolymerization.Awidevarietyofnaturalandsyntheticpolymershavebeenusedtofabricatetissue-engineeringmatrices.后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言variousdifferentmostallmanyseveraloneofmanyofkindsofanumberofthenumberofa(wide)varietyofaclassofaseriesofawiderangeofDozensofdifferenttypesofreceptorsarepresentontheaveragemammaliancell.Inanumberofspecialapplications(e.g.contactlensesandskin-graftingmaterials),additionalrequirementssuchastransparencyshouldbeconsideredwhenselectingapolymer.Manyofthesetransmembraneproteinsarereceptors.Somepolymersarehighlycrystallineprimarilybecausetheirstructureisconductivetopacking,whileothersarecrystallineprimarilybecauseofthesecondaryforces.Forstillotherpolymers,bothfactorsmaybefavorableforcrystallization.形容可数名词的量词afew，many，anumberof形容不可数名词的量词agreat/small/certainamountof，agreat/gooddealof形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词alotof，lotsofAlthoughafewpolymersmaybecompletelyamorphousandafewcompletelycrystalline,mostpolymersarepartiallyorsemi-crystallineincharacter.TheuseofIPNshasreceivedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsanddifferentkindsofIPNhavebeensynthesizedwithdifferentcompositions.Themajoramountofworkonsizedistributionshasbeenonpolyestersandpolyimides.Asizeableamountworkhasbeenpublishedonthecopolymerizationsofvariouscyclicmonomers.以下结构的谓语的数由前一个决定,aswellas……由较靠近谓语动词的决定notonly……butalso……either……or……neither……nor……◆当含意上强调复数时建议用复数。Thecatalystconcentrationsforthedifferentreactionsaredifferent.Ourresearchfocusesonthesynthesesandcharacterizationsofaseriesofpolycarbonateswithdifferentchemicalstructures.Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthiscompoundhavebeenstudied.Thechainlengthsoftheoligomerswithdifferentmolecularweightsaredifferent.当含意上不强调复数时可用单数或复数。Ourresearchfocusesonthesynthesisofpolycarbonates.Thepropertyofthecompoundsingroup1isdifferentfromthepropertyofthecompoundsingroup2.Thechainlengthoftheoligomersincreaseswithincreasingreactiontime.◆在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等时：当提到具体物质时常用复数。2-1PolyestersPolymersaremacromoleculesbuiltupbylargenumbersofsmallmolecules.Thesmallmoleculeswhichcombinewitheachothertoformpolymermoleculesaretermedmonomers.在标题、小标题中或描述一类事物、现象等时：当提到抽象概念时可用单数、也可用复数。2-11StepCopolymerization2-12NewerTypesofStepPolymerizationsThischapterwillconsiderthecharacteristicsofsteppolymerizationindetail.学术论文、有关学术的科普文章中的名词的可数或不可数特性的划分区别于非学术文章<非学术文章中的可数或不可数特性可从字典查到>。以下是在学术文章中通常视为可数名词的单词：<但在一般字典中它们或它们做某种含义解时可能被划归不可数名词。>applicationdevelopmentconsiderationcompositionconcentrationdistributionstructurelengthweight☆当同时提及几个图、表、方程式时要用复数（分别单个地提及则不用）：ThereactionrateconstantcanbecalculatedfromEquations2and3.ThereactionrateconstantcanbecalculatedfromEquation2andEquation3.Figs.4and5show……三冠词冠词最普通的规则如下：单数名词前一般要加冠词a,the等但有些情况可不加复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the,these,those.Themolecularweightofapolymerisofprimeimportanceinitssynthesisandapplication.TherateconstantcanbeexpressedbyanArrheniustyperelationshipK=Ae-E/RTWhereAisthecollisionfrequencyfactor,EtheArrheniusactivationenergy,andTtheKelvintemperature.AplotoflnKversus1/TallowsthedeterminationofbothEandAfromtheslopeandintercept,respectively.Whenawater-insolubleoronlyslightlywater-solublemonomerisadded,averysmallfractiondissolvesandgoesintosolution.Alargebutstillsmallportionofthemonomerenterstheinteriorhydrocarbonpartofthemicelles.Thelargestportionofthemonomerisdispersedasmonomerdroplets.被修饰的名词前要加the:Therehasbeenarapidlyincreasingeffortinthelasttentofifteenyearstowardthesynthesisofnewpolymerswithmarkedlyhighertemperatureresistancethanthosepreviouslyavailable.Thecatalystsusuallymustbepreparedatthelowtemperaturessincemostofthembecomeheterogeneouswhenpreparedatorwarmeduptothetemperaturesaboveabout-40.☆单数名词前一般要加冠词：a,the等；但以下情况可不加：表示不特指的、较抽象的概念：Thischapterwillconsiderthecharacteristicsofsteppolymerizationindetail.Anunderstandingoftherelativeeaseofcyclizationorlinearpolymerizationcomesfromavarietyofsources.Differentpolymersaresynthesizedtoyieldvariousmechanicalbehaviorsbytheappropriatecombinationsofcrystallinity,crosslinking,Tg,andTm.但需注意这些单词前加冠词也是经常见到的，这是由它在句中的含义决定的<如有一定的特指意义>：Polyisopreneisatypicalelastomer–itisamorphous,easilycrossed,hasalowTg(-73°C)andahighTm(14°C).☆目录、标题中通常省略冠词：IntroductionTypesofPolymersandPolymerizations…1-4MolecularWeight1-5PhysicalState☆图、表的题目中有时可省略冠词：Fig.2-2Secondord