2021年12月英语四级真题试卷一(凡人英语版)

年12月英语四级真题试卷一凡人英语版）PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesofstartingacareeraftergraduation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthenquestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)，B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Landaspacevehicleonthemoonin2021.Designanewgenerationofmobilephones.Setupamobilephonenetworkonthemoon.Gatherdatafromthenoonwithatinydevice.A)Itisstable.Itisdurable.Itisinexpensive.Itissophisticated.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Itlastedmorethansixhours.Noinjurieswereyetreported.Nobodywasinthebuildingwhenitbrokeout.Ithadburnedfor45minutesbythetimefirefightersarrived.A)Recruitandtrainmorefirefighters.Pulldownthedesertedshoppingmall.Turntheshoppingmallintoanamusementpark.Findmoneytorenovatethelocalneighborhood.Questions5and6arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.A)Shrinkingpotatofarming.Heavyrelianceonimport.Widespreadplantdisease.Insufficientpotatosupply.A)Itintendstokeepitstraditionaldiet.Itwantstoexpanditsownfarming.Itisafraidofthespreadofdisease.Itisworriedaboutunfaircompetition.A)Globalwarning.Ever-risingprices.Governmentregulation.Diminishinginvestment.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Informative.Inspiring.Dull.Shallow.A)Shetypesonakeyboard.Shedoesrecording.Shetakephotos.shetakenotes.A)Itkeepshermindactive.Itmakesherstayawake.Itenableshertothinkhard.Ithelpsherkilltime.A)Itenableshertoimproveherpronunciation.Ithelpsherbetterrememberwhatshelearns.Itturnsouttobeanenjoyablewayoflearning.Itprovestobefarmoreeffectivethanwriting.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Tospendherhoneymoon.TotryautbenticIndianfood.TotakephotosoftheJajMahal.Totracetheoriginofalovestory.A)Inmemoryofaprincess.Inhonorofagreatcmperor.Tomarkthedeathofanemperorofthe1600s.Tocelebratethebirthofaprincess's14thchild.A)Itlooksolderthanexpected.Itisbuiltofwoodandbricks.Itstoreslotsofpricelessantiques.Ithaswallsdecoratedwithjewels.A)Theirstreetsarenarrow.Eachonhasauniquecharacter.Theyaremostlycrowded.Lifecanbetediousinsomeplaces.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Theyhelpspreadthelatesttechnology.Theygreatlyenrichpeople'sleisurelife.TheyprovideresidentswiththeTheyallowfreeaccesstodigitalbooksandvideos.A)Byhelpingthemfindjobs.Bykeepingthemoffthestreets.Byinspiringtheircreativity.Byprovidingaplaceofrelaxation.A)Theirinteractionwithteenagersprovedfruitful.Theyusedlibrarieslessoftenthanteenagers.Theytendedtovisitlibrariesregularly.Theirnumberincreasedmodestly.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Itisthecleverestcatintheworld.Itisanunusualcrossbreed.ItisthelargestcatinAfrica.Itisalarge-sizedwildcat.A)Theyareasloyalasdoges.Theyarefondofsleepingincabinets.Theyhaveunusuallylongtails.Theyknowhowtopleasetheirowners.A)Theyshaketheirfrontpaws.Theyshowerwiththem.Theyteachthemtodive.Theyshoutatthem.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Contentedandrelieved.Anxiousanddepressed.Proudbutabitnervous.Excitedbutsomewhatsad.A)Itstartsthemomenttheyareborn.Itdependsontheirparentsforsuccess.Itisgainingincreasingpublicattention.Itisbecomingparents'biggestconcern.A)Choosetherightschoolforthem.Helpthemtolearnbythemselves.Readbooksandmagazinestothem.Setagoodexampleforthemtofollow.A)Theirintelligence.Theirhomelife.Thequalityoftheirschool.Theefforttheyputinlearning.PartHIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce．Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Millionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26occurringinthedevelopingworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27withairpollution.Lostincomealoneamountsto$225billionayear.Thereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28likehomeheatingandcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30itasan“urgentcalltoaction.”“Oneoftheriskfactorsfor

prematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31,”hesaid.Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedevelopingworld,whereinsomeplaceslost-laborincome32nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesliveinplaceswherethey33experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.Buttheproblemisnotlimited34tothedevelopingworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel(柴油)35havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.abilityassociatedconsciouslyconstantcontroldamagedescribedequalsSectionBI)exclusivelyJ)innovatedK)regularlyrelatesI)exclusivelyJ)innovatedK)regularlyrelatesM)sourcesN)undermineO)vehiclesFood-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgressSeveraltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph'smarketinHuntingtonBeach,California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy.“Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”heasksher.“Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter's"ShopwithYourDoc"programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni（通心粉）-and-cheeseboxesinScott'sshoppingcartandsuggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese.“SoI'dhavetomakeit？”sheasks,herenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsrejectit.“I'mnotsurethey'deatit.Theyjustwon'teatit.”Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.“InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,”Nadeautellsher.“Andonly5percentofourfoodisplant-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat.”Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofordiabetes.NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondevelopingacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butit'smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications（药物）.Byprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas‘ShopwithyourDoc',theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.“There'snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,”Nadeausays.Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfable,CEOandpresidentofST.JosephHoagHealth,medicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchtobecomingahealthorganization,notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood,”saysDr.RitaNguyen,thehospital'smedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives.“Wewantpeopletounderstandwhatthey'reeating,howtoprepareit,therolefoodplaysintheirlives.”InSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine—thatisaformalspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolution,orthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietarychanges.Nonetheless,physicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation'shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure,tobaccouse,elevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.“It'sadifferentparadigm（范式）ofhowtotreatdisease,”saysDr.BrendaRea,whohelpsrunthefamilyandpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients'nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenforpatients.Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.Manypeopledon'tknowhowtocook,Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuallytransformapatient'slife.Andbeyondthat,itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient'sfamily.“Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,”Reasays.“Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termdisease.”Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinflammation（炎症）,forexample,ormakethebodyinhospitabletocancercells.Ingeneral,manylifestylemedicinephysiciansrecommendaplant-baseddiet—particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinflammatoryconditions.“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswillrequireaculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,”saysNguyen.“Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-produced.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousillnesses.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandeasily.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirlife.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.Scottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherself,thinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteoftime.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmoreplant-basedfood.Usingfoodasmedicineisnonovelidea,butthemovementismakingheadwaythesedays.Americans'highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheyeat.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Californiahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwaterhundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumpingpractices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted（抽取）.TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers（地下蓄水层）belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1,000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepinthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinating（脱盐）theoceanwaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationplantsexistwherefeasible,buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniaishopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.HowcouldCalifornia'sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeresearchers?Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepaquifers?Itwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterproblem.Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.Itmaynotprovidequalityfreshwater.Itisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalpeople.Whatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepunderground？Thesinkingoflandsurface.C)Thedamagetoaquifers.

Theharmtotheecosystem.D)Thechangeoftheclimate.Theharmtotheecosystem.D)Thechangeoftheclimate.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepwells?Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.Theyareentirelyfreefrompollutants.Theyaretheultimatesolutiontodroughts.Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswatersources?People'shealthmayimprovewithcleanerwater.People'swaterbillsmaybeloweredconsiderably.Thecostmaygoupduetodesalination.Theymaybeexhaustedsoonerorlater.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheAlphaGoprogram'svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputershavebecome.Butcanartificialintelligence(AI)machinesactethically,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?OneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,theywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatiftheonlyriskisdamagetothecaritself,nottothepassengers?Perhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper-intelligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreintelligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo'striumph,Microsoft's"chatbot"tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-24.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoftturnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo'svictoryandTaylor'sdefeathappenedataboutthesametime.Thisshould