北大实验心理学笔记(部分)（Notes on experimental psychology at Peking University (part)）

北大实验心理学笔记(部分)（NotesonexperimentalpsychologyatPekingUniversity(part)）NotesonexperimentalpsychologyatPekingUniversity(part)Chapter1ExperimentalMethodsSection1variablesThemastertestistheexperimenterwhopresidesovertheexperiment.Hegivesstimulitothesubjectsandcollectspsychologicaldatathroughexperiments.Subjectsweresubjectswhounderwentstimulationandrespondedtothetest.First,theindependentvariableisthestimulusvariable.Itisthevariablechosenbythemaintest,anditdeterminesthechangeofbehaviororpsychology.Typesofindependentvariables:1,stimuluscharacteristics,independentvariables:differentcharacteristicsofstimulicancausedifferentresponsesofsubjects.2,environmentalcharacteristicsofindependentvariables:theexperimentofenvironmentalcharacteristics,suchastemperature,whetherthereisaudiencepresence,whetherthereisnoise,dayornight,etc.,canbeusedasindependentvariables.Theindependentvariableoftimeissoimportantandabsentinmemoryresearch,youcanevensaythatthereishardlyanymemoryexperimentwithoutusingtimeasindependentvariable.3,thesubjectscharacteristicvariables:variousfeatures,suchasage,gender,occupation,education,extroversionpersonality,leftorrighthandedness,selfevaluationishighorlow,canbeusedasindependentvariables.4,thetemporarydifferencebetweenthesubjects:usuallycausedbythemaintesttodifferentinstructions.Two,thedependentvariableistheresponsevariableofthesubject,whichistheresultofindependentvariable,whichisthebehavioralvariableofthepilotobservationormeasurement.1,reliabilitymeansconsistency,andthesamesubjectsshouldgetsimilarresultsunderthesameexperimentalconditions.2,validity,whentheindependentvariabledoescausethechangeofthedependentvariable,butnotallotherfactorscausethechangeofthevariable,wesaythatthisdependentvariableisvalid.3,sensitivity:independentvariablescancausecorrespondingchangesindependentvariables,suchdependentvariablesaresensitive.Lhighlimiteffect:whenparticipantswereaskedtocompletethetaskistooeasy,alldifferentlevels(thenumberof)argumentsareobtainedverygoodresults,andthereisnodifferencebetweenwhatwesay,thehighlimiteffectexperiment.Llowlimiteffect:whenthetasksrequiredbythesubjectsaretoodifficult,andallthedifferentlevelsofindependentvariablesgetbadresults,andthereisnodifference,wesaythereisalowlimiteffectintheexperiment.Three,controlvariablesarevariablesthatshouldbekeptconstantintheexperiment.Ifthevariablesthatshouldbecontrolledarenotcontrolled,thenitwillleadtochangesinthetrappedvariables,inwhichcasetheindependentvariablechosenbytheresearcherisnotcontrolled.Thefactorsthatmakeupcausethechangeofdependentvariable,whichiscalledtheconfusionofindependentvariable.Four.ExperimentsinvolvingmorethanoneindependentvariableLdidanexperimentwiththreeindependentvariables,whichwasmoreefficientthanthreeexperiments.Second,anexperimentiseasiertokeepthecontrolvariableconstantthanthreeexperiments.Third,andmostimportantly,theexperimentalresultsoftheproposedexperimentaremorevaluablethanthoseobtainedfromseveralindividualexperiments,andareclosertotherealityoflife.Ltherearetwoormoreindependentvariablesinanexperiment.Whentheeffectofanindependentvariableisdifferentateachlevelofanothervariable,wesaythereisinteractionbetween(twovariables).Laddsafewpoints:1,theindependentvariableisatleasttwolevelsexist.2,whentheexperimentalresultsareplotted,thereisonlyoneindependentvariableexperiment,andtheindependentvariableisalwaysexpressedinahorizontalcoordinate,becausethevariablesarealwaysexpressedinordinate.Therestoftheargumentsaredrawnonthemap,3,theinteractionisreflectedinthegraph,showingthatthelinesinthegrapharecrossed.Ifthelinesinthediagramareparallel,thereisnointeractionintheexperiment.SecondsectionexperimentdesignGroupandgroupdesignBetweengroupsisthedesignofassigningthesamenumberofsubjectstodifferentlevelsorindependentvariablesofanindependentvariable;Ingroupdesignistheabilitytoassigneachsubjecttodifferentlevelsorindependentvariablesofanindependentvariable.Two.Designfeatureswithinthegroup:Thedesignofthe1.groupseliminatedtheeffectsofindividualdifferencesontheexperiment.TwoThedesignwithinthegroupisidealforstudyingthephasesoftheexercises.Inthe3.group,thedesigndoesnotrequiretoomanysubjects,becauseinthegroupdesign,researcherscanobtainseveraldifferentdatafromeachsubject.Three.DesignfeaturesbetweengroupsAnindependentvariabledoesnotaffectanotherindependentvariablebecauseeachsubjectreactsonlytoanindependentvariable.Ifweknowinadvance,differentindependentvariableswillinteract.Wemustusethegroupand,aftertheexperimentdesign;designandapplicationinthegroup,ifwesuspectthatavariablemightaffectanothervariable,wecanusethegroupredesignexperimentstoverifytheexperimentalresultswithingroupdesignisreliable.Four,theshortcomingsofgroupdesignandovercomeSubjectsassignedtovariousexperimentalconditionsmaynotbeequalinallrespects.1.thematchedparticipantswerematchedbythetestofallthesubjects.Thenatureofthetestwassimilartothatoftheformalexperiment,orrelated,andthenformedevenlyaccordingtothetestresults.2.randomlyassignedsubjects.Five,theshortcomingsofgroupdesignandovercomeTheoperationunderoneexperimentalconditionwillaffecttheoperationunderanotherexperimentalcondition,thatis,pletebalancemethod.2.Latinsquaremethod.SummaryofexperimentaldesignP21tableIntergroupdesigndefinesadvantages,disadvantages,andmethodsforovercomingshortcomingsAgroupofsubjectsweretestedunderonlyoneexperimentalcondition.Theexperimentalconditionsdidnotinterferewitheachother,andthedifferencebetweensubjectsindifferentgroupsmightbeconfusedwithindependentvariables.Howdoyouassignsubjects?MatchingandrandomizationInthegroupdesign,eachsubjectwastestedunderdifferentexperimentalconditions.Thedifferencebetweenthesubjectswillnotbeconfusedwiththeindependentvariables,andthesubjectswillbesaved.Theexperimentalorderresultsininterferenceofvariousexperimentalconditions.Howdoyouassigntheorderofindependentvariables?CompleteequilibriumandLatinmethodsSixmixeddesign,bothwithingroupandbetweengroupdesigningeneral,ifavariableislikelytoinfluenceanotherargument,thenarrangethesevariablesbetweenthegroupsaccordingtothedesign,therestofthevariablesingroupdesign.Inthethirdsection,wepayattentiontosomeproblemsintheexperiment1,preventconfusion,independentvariables2,topreventexperimentereffect3,severalinappropriateexperimentaldesigns(subjecttotheinfluenceofindependentvariablesaretestedtounderstandtheeffectofindependentvariables;thecontrolgroupandtheexperimentalgroupdonotbelongtothesamepopulation;thereisnocontrolvariable)FourthabridgedFifthnonexperimentalresearchmethodsLtwocharacteristics:first,wecannotmanipulatetheindependentvariables.Second,intheprocessofcollectinginformation,wehavetofacetherealityandmakecompromises.I.theruleofnaturalobservationisthatobserversmustobserveasoutsidersandmustnotinterferewithongoingactivities.Naturalobservationdoesnotprovideacausalexplanationofphenomena,butrecordsonlyaseriesofeventsthatoccurchronologically.Wecanaskquestions,makehypotheses,andtestthembyexperiment,ifpossible.Thisistheuseofnaturalobservation.Two.Thepurposeofthesurveyistodeterminehowpeoplefeelaboutaparticularproblem.Theeffectistoclarifythefactsandsweepawaythefalserumoursoftheepidemic.Payattentiontotwoquestions.Firstly,thesubjectsshouldbeselectedrandomly,otherwise,theinvestigationwillnotonlyfailtoachievethegoal,butwilldistortthefacts.Selectasyoulike.Second,investigatethedesignoftheproblem.Thequestionofinvestigationmustbeexpressedaccuratelyandnotambiguous.Three,relatedmethods.Correlationisnotnecessarilythecause"Four,individualcaselawemphasizesindividualdifferences.Thesecondchapter,psychophysicalmethod,thepioneerofpsychophysicsisFechner(G.T.Fechner,1801-1987).In1860,hepublishedacompendiumofpsychophysics.Laidthefoundationforthedevelopmentofpsychophysicalresearchmethods,hedefinedpsychophysicsasaprecisescienceofthefunctionalrelationbetweenmindandbodyorbetweenmindandmatter.Section1measurementofsensorythresholdsFirst,whatisthefeelingthreshold?Sensorythresholdistheintensityofthelineofsensationandsensation.Webb'slaw.Two.Measurementmethods:theyaretheminimumvariationmethod,theconstantstimulusmethodandthemeandifferencemethod.Learnersshouldpayparticularattentiontothestatisticalprocessingoftheexperimentalproceduresandexperimentalresultsofthethreemethods.1,thesmallestchangemethod,thesmallestchangemethodofstimulationconsistsoftwoseriesofincrementsandincrements,eachtimeafterthestimulus,letthesubjectsreportedwhetherhefelt.Theincreaseordecreaseofstimulusshouldbeassmallaspossible,inordertosystematicallyexploretheturningpointofthesubjectfromonekindofreactiontoanother,i.e.,whenthereisstrongstimulation,thereisnosenseofsensationfromsensationtosensation,orfromsensationtosensation.Lnoticethatthedescendingseriesisalternatingandthenumberisthesame.Thestartingpointofeachseriesisdifferent,soasnottoformaset;TongShangMorestimulating(CO).Herewehaveaturningpointfrom-to==,andthisturningpointisthelowerbound(L1),wherewehaveatransitionpointfrom+to+,andthisturningpointiscalledtheupperbound(Lu).Theupperandlowerboundsarecalled"IU"or"equal"zones,andthedifferencethreshold(DL)equalsthe"1/2"uncertaintyinterval.Themidpointofanuncertainpitchiscalledthesubjectiveequivalentpoint(PSE).Itsmeaningisthatthesubjectisactuallyastandardstimulus,andiscalledastandardstimulus,whenitisbeingcompared,soitiscalledasubjectiveequivalentpoint.Itisstatisticaldifferencethresholdvalueafterseveraltests,theupperlimitoftheaverage,6seriesofloweraverage,wecangetdifferencethreshold,thedifferencethresholdcalledabsolutedifferencethreshold.Thecaseofabsolutedifferencethresholdsandstandardstimuliiscalledrelative,whichistheWeberratioofvisuallength.Iusethemethodofminimalchangeexperiment,participantswillhavecustomerrorortheexpectederror.Afalsesenseofnewstimulus,asaresultofbeingaccustomedtothesensoryorsensorystatecausedbytheoriginalstimulus.Theexpectederrorissubjecttoanearlierstimulusthatwillleadtoerroneousjudgment.Inordertoeliminatetheerrorsofhabitandexpectation,theincrementanddecrementseriesofstimulishouldbeappliedwhenthethresholdismeasuredbytheminimumvariationmethod,andthenumberofthetwoshouldbeequal.2.Aconstantstimulususuallyconsistsof5-7componentsthatremainunchangedduringtheexperiment,sothismethodiscalledconstantstimulation.Themaximumintensityofthestimulusisaslargeastheprobabilitythatitisfelttobearound95%,andtheminimumintensityofthestimulusissmallerthantheprobabilitythatitissensedonlyaround5%.Thedistancesbetweenthestimuliareequal,andseveralformulationvaluesaredetermined,whichvaryfromthemaximumpitchtotheminimum.Thestimulusoftheconstantstimulusmethodisrandom,andthenumberofstimulipresentedisequal.AmethodforcalculatingtheexperimentalresultsofconstantstimulususingL.Theabsolutethresholdiscalculatedbyapplyingtheproportionalformulainthelinearinterpolationmethod.TheaverageZfractionmethodavoidstheshortcomingsofthelinearinterpolationmethod.Iftheleastsquaremethodisusedtoprocesstheexperimentaldata.Firstofall,determinethestandardstimulusandthemorestimulus.Thestandardstimulusandeachcomparisonstimulusconsistingofapairofstimuli,eachpairofstimulirandomlypresented,subjectswereaskedtocompareandstandardstimulicomparedtostandardandmoreexcitingoneafteranother,including50standardstimulusbefore,50timesthestandardstimulusinthepost,Withinterpolation,50%ofthestimulithatcausesensorydifferencesarethedifferencethresholds.75%theupperlimitofanequalzone,thelowerlimitofthe25%equalzone,andthedifferencethresholdof75%ThedifferencebetweenthemeanZscoreandtheleastsquaremethodcanbeusedtofindthedifferencethreshold.Ifallowedtoanswerthreebymethodofconstantstimulusmeasuredifferencethreshold,whichismoreexcitingandstandardstimuliwerecomparedwhensubjectscananswer"heavy"and"light"and"equal",howdowefinddifferencethreshold?Atthistime,thelimitontheequalzoneis50%timesmorethanthestandardstimulus.Thelowerlimitoftheequalzoneisdefinedasthe50%stimulus,whichislighterthanthestandardstimulus,andtheupperlimitandthelowerlimitcanbeusedtofindthedifferencethreshold.3,theaveragedifferencemethod,theexperimenterprescribedastimulusasthestandardstimulus,Thesubjectswerethenaskedtoadjusttheotherstimulustomakethelatterequalinperceptiontothestandardstimulus.Objectively,itisimpossibletomakethecomparisonstimulusthesameasthestandardstimulus,soeachcomparisonwillleadtoanerror,andtheaverageerrorwillbeaveragedbycomparingtheerrorsofseveralcomparisons.Becausethemeanerrorisproportionaltothedifferencethreshold,theaverageerrorcanbeusedtoindicatedifferentialsensitivity.Intheexperiment,inordertoeliminatethespatialerror,standardnumberofstimuliintheleftandrightshouldbehalfofeach,inordertoeliminatetheerroraction,thenumberofparticipantsfromthebeginningtoadjustthestimulationatlongerthanastandardshortandalsoeachhalf.Inthemethodofaverageerrorinaverageerror,standarddeviation,fourpointdifferencecanalsobeexpressedtheirowncharacteristics:ldifferencethresholdexperimentalproceduresandcalculationmethodofminimalchangeareconcretelyexplainsthemeaningofthesensorythreshold.Butbecauseofincreasinganddecreasingthestimulus,willproducecustomerrorandexpectederror.Theexperimentalresultsofconstantstimulationcanbeprocessedbyvariousmathematicalmethods,sothatitisconvenienttocomparewithothermethodsofmeasuringsensitivity.Whenapplyingtheexperimentalprogramofthreekindsofreactions,theattitudeofthesubjectwillhaveagreatinfluenceonthedifferencethresholdvalue.Itsexperimentalproceduresareeasytoarousetheinterestofthesubjects.Butcannotcontinuouslychangethestimulus,cannotusetheaveragedifferencemethodtomeasurethedifferencethreshold.SecondsectionsignaldetectiontheoryFourcasesofdicegame:missingreport,falsereportandcorrectnegation30HitmissFalsenegativeThirdsectionpsychologicalscaleTheLorderscaleisasequenceofattributesthatarepassedoutofanobject.Anorderscaleisarelativelycrudemeter.Lequidistantscaleshaveequalunits,whichcanmeasuredifferencesbetweenpairs,butthereisnoabsolutezero.Comparedtothescalementionedabove,theLscalehasbothabsolutezeroandequalunits,soitcanmeasurethedifferencebetweenobjectsanddeterminetheproportionbetweenthem.Anidealscale.I.differentialthresholdmethod,isometricscaleandFechner'slawIfyouusedifferentialthresholdstomakeisometricscales,thentheresultssupportFechner'slaw.Rx=logSo+klog(1+w)whichisthemathematicalexpressionofthefamousFechnerlaw.Two,quantityestimation,scaleandSteven'slawIfyoumakeascaleusingnumericalestimation,theexperimentalresultssupportStevens'slaw.Whatisthequantityestimationmethod?In1975,Stevensmadeaclearstatementaboutthesubjectsintermsofthenumericalestimationmethod:aseriesofstimuliwerepresentedtoyouinarandomway.Yourtaskistousenumericalwordstoindicatetheintensityofthesestimuli.Youcanarbitrarilycallthefirststimulusanynumber,andthenmarkthenumberofwordsaccordingtoyoursubjectiveimpressiononebyonetotheotherstimuli.Thenumberofwordsusedisunlimited.Youcanuseintegers,decimals,orfractions.Trytomatcheachdigitwiththestimulusyouperceive.Thementalquantityisthepowerfunctionofthephysicalquantity,andthisisthepowerlaworStevens'slawputforwardbyStevens.IfSstandsformentalquantities,Istandsforphysicalquantities,anda,Bstandsforconstants,thenpowerlawscanbewritten:S=bIaThree.Thedualcomparisonmethod,therankarrangementmethodandtheorderscalecanmaketheorderscalebythedualcomparisonmethodandtherankarrangementmethod.Figure2-19ThethirdchapteristhegeneralconceptandtypesofreactiontimeandreactiontimeI.Generalconcepts1,whenaparticularstimulusappears,andthetimeittakestorespondtoit,opensawindowforpsychologiststoobservepsychologicaloperations,2.HollandphysiologistDonderswasinspiredbythe"mandifferenceequation",whichhethoughtcouldtakeadvantageofthe"humandifferenceagenda"principle.HeidentifiedthreereactiontimesknownastheB,A,andCreactiontimes.Two,A,B,CTangSireactiontime1,Areactiontimeisalsocalledsimplereactiontime.Simplereactiontimeistheminimumdelaytimebetweenasinglesimplestimulusandasinglesimpleresponsebythesubject.2B,thereactiontimeandreactiontime,reactionmodechoicereactiontime(B)fromtwo(ormorethantwo)andthetwostimulus(ormorethantwo),eachstimulushasitsownuniquereaction.3,Creactiontimeisalsocalleddiscriminationreactiontime.Inthediscrimination(C)reaction,thereactiontoanotherstimulusisforbidden.Lestimatesthetimerequiredtoconfirmandselectthementaloperation.Thediscriminationreactionmeasurestheconfirmationofthebasereactiontime(simplereactiontime),sosubtractingthesimple(A)reactiontimefromthediscrimination(C)reactiontimecanestimatethetimerequiredfortheconfirmation.Similarly,theselectionreactiontimecanbeestimatedbysubtractingthediscrimination(C)reactiontimefromtheBreactiontime.Becauseselection(B)reactiontimeincludesrecognition,selection,andsimplereactiontime,anddiscrimination(C)reactiontimeincludesonlyconfirmationandsimplereactiontime.ThereactiontimeA,B,C,andtherelationship.Thesubtractionrelationbetweenthethreereactiontimes,alsocalledthediagram,isaschematicdiagramofthereactiontimeofdes.ThesecondsectionisaboutthefactorsthatinfluencethereactiontimeFirst,thereactiontimedependsonthestimulatedsensoryorgansThereactiontimeofdifferentsensorystimulation,thesamesensorychannelsacceptdifferentstimulation,thesamefeelingindifferentpartsofthechannel,thereactiontimeisdifferent;thestimuluscompoundsensoryorgans,willaffectthereactionrate.Two,thereactiontimedependsontheintensityofthestimulusThereactiontimeisshortenedwiththeincreaseofstimulusintensity,buttheamountofreductionissmallerandsmaller,thestrengthisincreased,andthereactiontimeisnotshorterthan110Ms.Three,thereactiontimedependsonthetemporalandspatialcharacteristicsofthestimulusWhenthephysicalstimulusitselfisconstant,whileincreasingthetimeactingonthesenses,thecumulativeeffectoftimeincreasesthepsychologicalintensityofthestimulus.Iftheintensityofthephysicalstimulationisconstant,thestimulationtimeiscertain,andtheareaofvisualstimulationisincreased,thespatialaccumulationofthereceptornerveexcitabilitymayalsoincreasethepsychologicalstrengthofthestimulus.Four,thereactiontimedependsonthebody'sadaptivestate1.dependsonthebody'sadaptivestate:theeyeisdifferentfromtheleveloflightanddarkadaptation,andthereactiontimeisdifferent.2.thepreparationstateofthesubjectsisalsooneofthefactorsaffectingthereactiontime.3.,additionalopportunitytoacceleratethereaction.4.agealsoinfluencedresponsetime.5.,exercisefactorsaremostcloselyrelatedtoreactiontime.6.individualdifferencesandreactiontimes.AttentioninthethirdexperimentofreactiontimeFirst,independentvariablesareconfusedwitheachotherTwo.Theproblemsthatshouldbepaidattentiontointheexperimentofreactiontime1,inordertoovercomethephenomenonoffalsereaction,changethedistancebetweeneachstimulusandthepreparedsignal."Reconnaissancetest"isinsertedintheexperiment".However,inthechoiceofreactiontime,thereisnoneedtoinsert"reconnaissancetest"becausetherequirementsofthesubjectsarenotonlyquickbutalsoaccurate.2,selectthenumberofreactionsandthenumberofstimulitobeidentifiedmustbethesame.Three.Therelationbetweenreactionspeedandaccuracy1,whenthereactiontimeischosenasthedependentvariable,theexchangerelationshipbetweenreactionspeedandaccuracyshouldbetakenintoaccount.Toimproveaccuracy,wehavetoslowdown.Psychologycallsthisrelationshipaninterchangebetweenspeedandaccuracy.2,dueinparttothereactiontimeaccordingtothespeederrorrate,sothechoicereactiontimeasthedependentvariable,itisnecessarytoconsiderthereactionspeed,alsowanttoconsidertheaccuracyofreaction,thereactiontimeisnotasinglevariable,butamulti-dimensionalvariable.Onlywhentheerrorrateremainsconstantatalllevelsoftheindependentvariablecantheresponsetimebeasingledependentvariable.Ingeneral,thetwovariables,reactiontimeanderrorrate,mustbeconsideredtogether.ThefourthexperimentofreactiontimeincognitivepsychologyLPosner(Posner,1970)wasappliedbysubtractionreactiontimeexperiments,Itisprovedthatthereisvisualencodingintheshortdurationofshort-termmemory.Thisshowsthatintheshorttermmemory,firstabriefvisualencoding,andauditoryencoding,sowithtwolettersappearinonetimeincrease,thevisualencodingeffectsgraduallydisappear,increasingtheeffectofauditoryencoding,thereactiontimeisalsoincreased,therebyreducingtheAandalettersonthereactiontimedifference.Thisisthemethodofapplyingsubtractionreactiontime,whichprovesthatsomeshort-termmemorycanbeprocessedintwosuccessivestages:visualandauditoryencoding.Thefourthchapteristhebasiccharacteristicsofsensationandperception,thefirstvisionThebasicvisualfeaturesofhumanbeingsincludespatialdiscriminationcharacteristicsofvision-visualacuity,temporaldiscriminationcharacteristics,flickerfusionfrequency,andvisualadaptationcharacteristics.I.visualacuityistheabilitytodistinguishdetailsfromoutsideobjects.Two,flickerfusion,visualacuityistheabilitytomeasurespatialstimuli,whileflashfusionistheabilitytomeasuretimestimuli.Lightthatisrapidlyalternatinginthedarkdarkperiodisregardedasacontinuouslight.Atthispoint,thenumberofcyclespersecondiscalledthefusionfrequency,alsoknownasthecriticalflickerfrequency.Three,adaptationisavisualphenomenonthatoccursfrequentlyineverydaylife.Indarkness,theprocessofgradualrecoveryofvisualperceptioniscalleddarkadaptation.Lightadaptationisalsoafamiliarvisualphenomenonthatoccurswhenlighttravelsfromthedarktothelight.SecondbasicproblemsofvisualperceptionFirst,colorperception:thehighestsensitivityisnear480nmand600nm,whiletheminimumsensibilityisatthe540nmnearthenanometerspectrum.Twoshapeperception:1,perceptualrecognitionOneofthemostbasicwaysoforganizingconsciousnessistodistinguishthegraphicsfromthebackground.Thisphenomenoniscalledgraph--therelationofthebackground.TherelationoffigureandbackgroundisoneoftheprinciplesofGestaltorganizationputforwardbypsychologistpsychologist.Theotherprincipleofperceptionisgrouping,andeachpartofthetwodimensionalgraphisconsideredasawhole,ratherthanaseparate,scatteredrule.Sealinglaw;Thecontinuityinthelaw,accordingtoacertainsequenceconsistingofthegraph,iftherearenewingredientsadded,peoplewillputnewcomponentsconsistentwiththeoriginalpatternoftheorder,astotheoriginalfigure,sotheoriginalgraphicsandthecenterofthesquareisnotcontinuous,becausetheyareinthesamedirection.Similarfiguresformawholeeasily.Thelawofproximity;arelativelyclosepartofagraphinspacemakesiteasytoformawhole.2,wordrecognition:familiarityoftherecognitionoftheimpactofwords,firstofallcontrolthefrequencyofuseofwordsThestrokesinthelowerrightcornerofChinesecharactersareusuallyextractedfirst,andthestrokesintheupperleftcornerofthecharactersareextractedasthepresentationtimeincreases.Thestructurebelongstothesurroundingorsemienclosedtypewords,suchas"south","anxiety"subjectsoutlinefirstwritedownthewords,andthenfilltheinternaldetails.Three,depthperception1,slightly2,monocularclues:withoneeye,youcanseethedepthofvisualclues.3,binocularcluesMainlyreferstothedepthperceptioncuesprovidedbybinoculardisparity.Theso-calledpoorbinocularvisioniswhenpeopleobserveanobject,becauseeacheyefromdifferentangles,andproducedaslightdifferencebetweenthetwoasthedifferencebetweentheretina,calledbinoculardisparity,isthebasisofdepthperception.4baby'sdepthperceptionThedeviceGIBSONetaluse"cliff",depthperceptionmeasurementdeviceforthebaby,thevisualcliffside,ashallowclimb,climbtothedeepside.Heartrate.Butfor2-4months,whenputthebabynochangeinthe"cliff"shallowsideoftheheartrate,andpl