华中师范大学08年考博真题

2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题（A卷）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效）PartIReadingComprehension(40%)Directions:Inthisparttherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheoneyouthinkisthebestanswer,andthenwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneInAmerica'sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem,agoodlawyerisessential.AskO.JSimpson.Inalandmarkcase35yearsago,Gideonv.Wainwright,aunanimousSupremeCourtruledthatindigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensebecausetherecouldbenofairtrialinaseriouscriminalcasewithoutone.“Thisseemstoustobeanobvioustruth,”wroteJusticeHugoBlackinhisopinion.Atthetime,thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice,anexampleofAmerica'scommitmenttotheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.ThisistheimagemostAmericansstillhaveoftheircriminal-justicesystem---thefairestintheworld,inwhichanydefendant,nomatterhow,getsasmartlawyerwho,toooften,managestogettheculpritoffonatechnicality.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.About80%ofpeopleaccusedofafelonyhavetodependonapublicly-providedlawyer;butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime,theirreluctancetopayforpublicdefenders,andaseriesofSupremeCourtjudgmentsrestrictingthegroundsforappealhavemadeamockeryofGideon.Todaymanyindigentdefendants,includingthosefacinglongtermsofimprisonmentorevendeath,aretreatedtoa“meet'emandplead'em”defense---abriefconsultationinwhichaharriedorincompetentlawyerencouragesthemtopleadguiltyonifthatfail,strugglethroughashorttrialinwhichthedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedbyamoreexperienced,better-paidandbetter-preparedprosecutor.“Wehaveawealth-basedsystemofjustice,”saysStephenBright,thedirectoroftheSouthernCenterforHumanRights.“Forthewealthy,it'sgold-plated.Fortheaveragepoorperson,it'slikebeingherdedtotheslaughter-house.Inmanyplacestheadversarialsystembarelyexistsforthe»poor.Manylawyers,ofcourse,havemadeheroiceffortsforparticulardefendantsforlittleornopay,butthecharityoflawyerscanbereliedontohandleonlyatinyfractionofcases.Asspendingonpolice,prosecutorsandprisonshassteadilyclimbedinthepastdecade,increasingthenumberofpeoplechargedandimprisoned,spendingonindigentdefensehasnotkeptpaceoverwhelminganalreadyhard-pressedsystem.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.JSimpsonwasprobably.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyer.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense.apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourt.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeople.Whatistheauthor'sviewofAmerica'sadversariallegalsystem?Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors.Whatistheauthor'sspecificpurposeinwritingthispassage?Toappealformorepublicspendingoncourtdefenseforthepoor.TocriticizeAmerica'sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem.TodrawattentiontotheinjusticeoftheAmericanlegalsystem.Tomakeasuggestiononhowtomendthecriminal-justicesystem.PassageTwoThemediacanimpactcurrentevents.AsagraduatestudentatBerkeleyinthe1960s,IrememberexperiencingtheeventsrelatedtothePeople'sParkthatwereoccurringoncampus.SomeoftheseeventsweregivennationalmediacoverageinthepressandonTV.Ifounditinterestingtocomparemyimpressionsofthatwasgoingonwithperceptionsobtainedfromthenewsmedia.Icouldbegintoseeeventsofthattimefeedonnewscoverage.Thisalsoprovidedmewithsomehealthyinsightsintothedistinctionsbetweentheserealities.Electronicmediaarehavingagreaterimpactonthepeople'sliveseveryday.Peoplegathermoreandmoreoftheirimpressionsfromrepresentations.Televisionandtelephonecommunicationsarelinkingpeopletoaglobalvillage,orwhatonewritercallstheelectroniccity.Considertheinformationthattelevisionbringsintoyourhomeeveryday.Consideralsothecontractyouhavewithotherssimplyby

usingtelephone.Thesemediaextendyourconsciousnessandyourcontact.Forexample,thevideocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakefocusedon“liveaction”suchasthefiresortherescueefforts.Thisgavetheviewertheimpressionoftotaldisaster.TelevisioncoverageoftheIraqiWaralsodevelopedanyimmediacy.CNNreportedeventsastheyhappened.Thiscoveragewasdistributedworldwide.Althoughmostpeoplewerefarawayfromtheseevents,theydevelopedsomeperceptionoftheserealities.weallgetalong?In1992,manypeoplewatchedinhorrorasriotsbrokeoutonasadWednesdayeveninginLosAngeles,seeminglyfedbyvideocoveragefromhelicopters.ThiseventwastriggeredbytheverdictintheRodneyKingbeating.Wearenowinanagewherethepubliccanhaveaccesstoinformationthatenablesittomakeitsownjudgment,andmostpeople,whohadseenthevideoofthisbeating,couldnotunderstandhowthejurywasabletoacquitthepolicemeninvolved.Mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccuralsoprovidespowerfulfeedbackthatinfluencesevents.Thiscanhaveharmfulresults,asitseemedonthatWednesdaynightinLosAngeles.ByFridaynightthepublicgottoseeRodneyKingontelevisionweallgetalong?BySaturday,televisionseemedtoprovidepositivefeedbackastheLosAngelesriotturnedoutintoarallyforpeace.Thetelevisionshowedthousandsofpeoplemarchingwithbannersandcleaningtools.Becauseofthat,manymorepeopleturnedouttojointhepeacefuleventtheysawunfoldingontelevision.Therealhealing,ofcourse,willtakemuchlonger,butelectronicmediawillcontinuetobeapartofthatprocess.Thebesttitleforthepassageis.The1992LosAngelesRiots.TheImpactofMediaonCurrentEvents.The1989SanFranciscoEarthquakeandthe1992LosAngelesRiots.HowMediaCoverEvents.AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat.electronicmediacanextendone'scontactwiththeworld.thoselivingfarawayfromacertaineventcanalsohavesomeperceptionofrealitiesbywatchingtelevision.alltheeventsoccurringontheuniversitycampusatBerkeleyweregivennationalmediacoverage.videocoverageofthe1989SanFranciscoearthquakegavetheviewerstheimpressionoftotaldisaster.The1992LosAngelesriotsbrokeoutbecause.thejuryacquittedthepolicemenwhohadbeatenRodneyKing.peoplecanmaketheirownjudgments.videocoveragefromhelicoptershadmadepeopleangry.videocoveragehadprovidedpowerfulfeedback.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.mediacoverageofeventsastheyoccurcanhaveeithergoodorbadresults.mostpeoplewhohadseenthevideooftheRodneyKingbeatingagreewiththeverdictofthejury.the1992LosAngelesriotslastedawholeweek.RodneyKingseemedveryangrywhenheappearedontelevisiononFriday.PassageThreeNooneknowsforsurewhenorwherethefirstcowwentmad,butthefirstrecordedcaseoccurredinDecember1984whenadairycowonafarminWestSussexbegantoactstrange.Thatcow,identifiedonlyasNo.133inaBritishgovernmentreport,diedtwomonthslate,asotheronthesamefarmfellill.Anautopsyononein1985founditsbrainfullofhole,likeasponge.Sickanimalsturneduponotherfarms,andby1986theBritishknewtheywerefacinganepidemicofaterriblenewcattledisease.By1994,theillnesshadspreadtopeople,probablyfromeatingbeef.Thediseaseinspiresfearbecauseitisfatalandpeoplehavenowaytoknowingtheyhavebeeninfecteduntiltheygetsick.Manyvictimswereyoung,includingsomeintheirteensand20s.LateracowinWashingtonStatewasfoundinfected.IftheWashingtoncowwasinfectedbyfeed,itseemsunlikelythatonlyonecouldhavebeeninfected,sincefeedisshared.Butifthecowdevelopedthediseasespontaneously,whichistheoreticallypossiblethoughnotprovedtooccurincows,thenitmaybepossibletohaveonemadcowatatime.ManyscientiststhinkBritain'smadcowepidemichaditsoriginsinscrape,aspongiformbraindiseasethatoccursinsheepandgoats.Thenamecomesfromthesickanimals'tendencytorubagainstthingsandscrapeoffpatchesofwool.Butawidely(thoughnotuniversally)acceptedtheoryholdsthatmadcowdiseaseandseveralotherrelatedbraindisordersarecausednotbybacteriaorviruses,butbyprion,abnormalproteinsthatbuildupanddamagethebrain.ThetermprionandthetheoryweredevelopedbyDr.StanleyB.Prusiner,aneurologistwhowonaNobelPrizein1997.Dr.PrusinerbuiltontheworkofanotherresearcherwhowonaNobelPrizein1976,Dr.D.CarletonGajdusek.Dr.GajdusekprovedthatmembersoftheForetribeinNewGuineacontractedabraindiseasecalledkurufromeatingthebrainsofrelativeswhohaddiedofthedisease.Atthetime,hethoughtthediseaseagentwasa“slowvirus”,meaningonewithanincubationperiodlastingyearsordecades.Butnoviruswaseverfoundforanyofthespongiformdiseases,andDr.Prusinereventuallyconcludedthataprionwasresponsible.WhenthecowidentifiedasNo.133died,.itwasfoundthatitsbrainwasfullofholes.itbecamethefirstcowthatwentmadanddied.othercowsonthefarmhadalreadybeeninfected.theBritishknewtheywerefacinganewcattledisease.WhichofthefollowingstatementsinNOTtrue?Humanmadcowdiseasecancausedeath.Themajorityofthevictimswereofanolderage.Therealcauseofhumanmadcowdiseaseisstillunknown.Peopleinfectedwiththediseasemaynotimmediatelyknowit.AccordingtoDr.Prusiner,themadcowdiseasewascausedby.abnormalproteinB.fatalbacteriaC.sheepdiseaseD.slowvirusesDr.Prusiner'stheory.hasbeenquestionedbymanyscientists.hasbenefitedfromotherscientist'sresearch.isusedtobreedresistantlivestock.isusedtodiagnosewho'slikelytobeinfected.PassageFourNextweek,asmillionsoffamiliesgatherfortheirThanksgivingfeasts,manyotherAmericanswillgowithout.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,morethan12millionhouseholdslackenoughfoodforeveryoneintheirfamilyatsometimeduringtheyear---includingholidays.Hungerissurprisinglywidespreadinourcountry---oneoftheworld'swealthiest---yetthegovernmentestimatesthatwewastealmost100billionpoundsoffoodeachyear,morethanone-quarterofourtotalsupply.ReducingthisimproperdistributionofresourcesisagoalofAmerica'sSecondHarvest,thenation'slargestdomestichunger-relieforganization.Lastyear,itdistributednearly2billionpoundsoffoodtomorethan23millionpeopleinneed.America'sSecondHarvestisanetworkof214inter-connectedfoodbanksandotherorganizationsthatgatherfoodfromgrowers,processors,grocerystoresandrestaurants.Inturn,thenetworkdistributesfoodtosome50,000soupkitchens,homelesssheltersandoldpeoplescentersineverycountryofeverystate.Agreatdealofworkisinvolvedindistributingtonsoffoodfromthousandsofdonorstohundredsofsmall,nonprofitorganizations.Untilafewyearsago,America'sSecondHarvestlackedanyeffectivewaytomanagetheirinventory.Withoutaccurateandtimelyinformation,soupkitchensweresometimesemptywhilefoodwaslefttospoilinloadingplaces.In2000,America'sSecondHarvestbegantouseanewinventoryandfinancialmanagementsystem---Ceres.Itissoftwaredesignedspecificallyforhunger-reliefoperations.Itisusedbymorethan100America'sSecondHarvestorganizationstotrackfoodfromdonationtodistribution.Cereshashelpedreducethespoilingoffoodandimprovedistribution.Anevaluationfoundthatthesoftwarestreamlinedfoodbanks'operationsby23percentinthefirstyearalone.Withmoreaccurateandtimelyreports,Ceressavestime,freesstaffmemberstofocusonfindingnewdonors,andpromisesmoreefficientuseofdonations.HungerinAmericaremainsatroublingsocialproblem.Technologyalonecannotsolveit,butinthehandsoforganizationssuchasAmerica'sSecondHarvest,itisapowerfultoolthatishelpingtomakeadifferenceandhelpingmoreAmericanstojoininthefeast.By“thisimproperdistributionofresources”inPara.3,thewritemeansthatmanyAmericanslackenoughfoodwhile.theircountryisoneoftherichestintheworld.muchfoodislefttospoil.otherswastetoomuchfood.D.othersconsumetoomuchfood.AproblemforAmerica'sSecondHarvestafewyearsagowasthat.itdidnotgetenoughfoodfromdonors.itdidnothavealargeenoughnetwork.itdidnothaveenoughsoupkitchens.itdidnothaveagoodwaytomanageitsfoodstock.WithCeres,America'sSecondHarvestisnowableto.enlargeitsnetwork.preventfoodfromspoiling.giveoutfoodmoreefficiently.solvethehungerprobleminthecountry.Themainideaofthepassageisthat.technologycanhelpinthefightagainsthunger.America'sSecondHarvesthasfoundmoredonors.America'sSecondHarvestpromotesthedevelopmentoftechnology.hungerisaproblemeveninthewealthiestcountryintheworld.PassageFiveSpaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteorsbutalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketontheearth.Lightgetsthrough,andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodwhichweeat.Heat,too,makesourenvironmentstolerableandsomeultravioletrayspenetratetheatmosphere.Cosmicraysofvariouskindscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Dosesofradiationaremeasuredinunitscalled“rems”.WeallreceiveradiationhereontheEarthfromthesun,fromcosmicratsandfromradioactiveminerals.The“normal”doseofradiationthatwereceiveeachyearisabout100millirems(0.1rem);itvariesaccordingtowhereyoulive,andthisisaveryroughestimate.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthanthiswithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreed.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage---apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthof(deformed)childrenorevengrandchildren.EarlyspaceprobesshowedthatradiationvariesindifferentpartsofspacearoundtheEarth.Italsovariesintimebecause,whengreatspurtsofgasshootoutofthesun(solarflares),theyareaccompaniesbyalotofextraradiation.Someestimatesoftheamountofradiationinspace,basedonvariousmeasurementsandcalculations,areaslowas10remsperyear,othersareashighas5remsperhour!Missionstothemoon(theApollofights)havehadtocrosstheVanAllenbeltsofhighradiationand,duringtheoutwardandreturnjourneys,theApollo8crewaccumulatedatotaldoseofabout200milliremsperman.ItwashopedthattherewouldnotbeanylargesolarflaresduringthetimesoftheApollomoonwalksbecausethewallsoftheLEMs(lunarexcursionmodules)werenotthickenoughtoprotectthemeninside,thoughthecommandmodulesdidgivereasonableprotection.Sofar,nodangerousdosesofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheGeminiorbitsandtheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratoryorinabaseonthemoon.Dragsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfoundsofar.Atpresent,radiationseemstobethegreatestphysicalhazardtospacetravelers,butitisimpossibletosayjusthowseriousthehazardwillturnouttobeinthefuture.Scientistshavefixedasafetylevelof.10remsperyearB.60remsperyearC.100milliremsperyearD.5remsperyearHowwillmenprotectthemselveswhentheyspendlongperiodsinspace?Bytakingspecialdrugs.Bywearingspecialsuits.Byusingaprotectiveblanket.Nosolutionhasbeenfoundyet.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?Thegrandchildrenofastronautsaredeformed.Thechildrenofastronautshavedamagedsexorgans.Radiationdamagemayshowonlyinlatergenerations.Radiationdoesnotseemtobeveryharmful.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe.A.JourneyintheSpaceB.Gas,Rays,andMeteorsC.HazardsandProtectionD.RadiationasitisPartIIVocabulary(10%)Directions:Therearetwentyincompletesentencesinthissection.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenwriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.Owingtoanlackoflower-incomehousing,themunicipalgovernmentisembarrassedbytheimpressinghousingissue.A.urgentB.acuteC.eccentricD.originalWorldpopulationwillcontinuerisingfromthecurrent5billionuntilabout2050,butifthetrendsofthe1980scontinue,itwillatabout9billion.A.levelupB.leveloffC.levelonD.leveldownBecauseofthemassiveoilspillageintheGulf,boththeplantandanimallivingintheareaarein.A.jeopardyB.prohibitionC.innovationD.integrationTheconflictbetweenromanticandharshrealityhasbeenthethemeofmanygreatnovels.A.affairsB.fantasiesC.perceptionsD.revelationsLanguage,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsideredofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.A.indistinctlyB.respectivelyC.irrelevantlyindependentlyThewealthofacountryshouldbemeasuredthehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.A.inlinewithB.inregardtoC.intermsofD.incaseofTheteachergavethestudentsextraworkbecauseshewasbyallthenoiseandtalkingintheclassroom.A.interruptedB.degeneratedC.terminatedD.exasperatedThelaserrepresentsatruemarriagebetweenscienceandtechnology,andthemenwhodeviseditwereengineersandphysicists.A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.instantaneouslyD.homogeneouslyThenewlydesignedzoomhasovercomedistortionpreviouslyinazoomofthisrange.A.inherentB.geneticC.coherentD.genericProtestersclaimthatthereisalinkbetweenthechemicalplantandtheincreasedofcancerinthecommunity.A.emergenceB.reoccurrenceC.incidenceD.waveItwasashrewdmovetobuythehousejustbeforepropertypricesstartedtorise.A.onherpartB.athandC.atherexpenseD.onrecordTheydecidedtotheirdifferencesinpursuitofacommongoal.A.submitB.surrenderC.substituteD.submergeThemayor'sabuseofpowerandnegligenceofdutywere—inallthenewspapers.A.renouncedB.demonstratedC.denouncedD.protestedManyquarrelshavethroughmisunderstanding;howtosolvethemisofvitalimportance.A.comeaboutB.comealongC.comearoundD.comebyThenewlyelectedleaderhasdeclaredhisintentionofcleaningtheciviladministrativeorgans.A.downB.offC.upD.outHehadaconsiderablereputationinEnglandasacriticandwastheexponentinthiscountryofmodernFrenchliterature.A.ascribedB.accreditedC.prescribedD.attributedBecauseacirclehasnobeginningorend,theweddingringisasymboloflove.A.profoundB.externalC.eternalD.extensiveTianAnMenSquarereallylooksmagnificentatnightwhenit's.A.illuminatedB.illustratedC.decoratedD.elaboratedThefierceheatofthissummermostofthecropsonAllen'sfarm.A.withdrewB.witheredC.witnessedD.weakenedThehousehasremainedsinceitsownerleftforaforeigncountrytwoyearsago.A.desolateB.ruinedC.inhabitedD.hauntedPartIIICloze(10%)Directions:Foreachnumberedbracketinthefollowingpassage,fillinasuitablewordintheblankontheAnswerSheet.Onlytherestrategiesareavailableforcontrollingcancer:prevention,screeningandtreatment.Lungcancercausesmoredeathsthananyothertypeofcancer.Amajor(41)ofthediseaseisreliablyknown;thereisnogoodevidencethatscreeningisofmuchhelp;andtreatment(42)inabout90percentofallcases.Atpresent,therefore,themainstrategymustbeprevention.Thismaynotalwaysbetrue,ofcourse(43)forsomeothertypesofcancer,researchoverthepastfewdecadeshasproducedsomeimportantprogressinprevention,screeningortreatment.If,however,weconsidernotwhatresearchmayonedayoffer(44)whattoday'sknowledgecouldalreadydeliverthatisnotbeingdelivered.(45)themostpracticableandcost-effectiveopportunitiesfor(46)prematuredeathfromcancer.(47)lungcancer,probablyinvolveneitherscreeningnorimprovedtreatment,butprevention.Thisconclusiondoesnotdependontheunrealistic(48)thatwecaneliminatetobacco.Itmerelyassumesthatwecanreducecigarettesalesappreciablybyraisingprices(49)byexpandingthetypeofeducationthatalreadyappearstohavehada(50)effectoncigaretteconsumptionbywhite-collarworkersandthatwecansubstantiallyreducethe(51)oftarcontainedpercigarette.Thepracticabilitypreventingcancerbysuchmeasuresappliesnotonlyinthosecountries,suchastheU.S(52).,becausecigarettesmokinghasbeencommonfordecades,25to30percentofallcancerdeathsnowinvolvelungcancer,butalsointhosewhereithasbecomewidespreadonly(53),InChina,forexample,lungcancerasyetaccounts(54)onlyabout5to10percentofallcancerdeaths.Thisisbecauseitmay(55)asmuchashalfacenturyfortheriseinsmokingtoincreasetheincidenceoflungcancer.Countrieswherecigarettesmokingisonlynowbecomingwidespreadcanexpectenormousincreasesinlungcancerduringthe1990sorearlyinthenextcentury,(56)prompteffectiveactionistakenagainstthehabit---indeed,suchincreasesarealreadyplainlyevidentinpartsof(57).Therearefourreasonswhythepreventionoflungcancerisofsuchoverwhelmingimportance:first,thediseaseisextremelycommon,causingmoredeathsthananyothertypeofcancernow(58);secondly,itisgenerallyincurable;thirdly,effectivepracticablemeasurestoreduceits(59)arealreadyreliablyknown;andfinally,reducingtobacco(60)willalsohaveasubstantialimpactonmanyotherdiseases.PartIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation(10%)Directions:Inthispartthereare5numberedunderlinedsentencesinthepassage.ReadthepassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationinthecorrespondingplacesonyourAnswerSheet.Carbondioxideisa“greenhouse”gas,whichmeansthatithelpstotrapheatintheatmosphere.(61)Morecarbondioxideonthefaceofitmeansahotterearthandthatmightleadtoheavingseas,scorchingsummers,dyingforests,andawateryendtotheworld'scoastalcities.Butcarbondioxideisalsoaninevitableby-productofburningthefuels---coal,oilandnaturalgas---that