暖通空调应用冷媒的安全课件

RefrigerantSafety

inHVACApplications

暖通空调应用制冷剂安全SafetyRiskswithRefrigerants

制冷剂安全风险Chronictoxicity-Long-termeffects长期毒性影响Acutetoxicity-Theeffectofasingle,short-termexposure单一短期毒性影响PotentialforExposure-Dependenton…

暴露可能性取决于Applicationoftherefrigerant制冷剂应用Propertiesoftherefrigerant制冷剂属性ChronicToxicity

长期毒性影响Long-termtoxicityeffects,generallyassessedoverthelifetimeoftestanimals,togaugelate-in-lifesignsoftoxicity

以动物做实验了解毒性对生命末期的影响CommonRatingsforChronicToxicity

毒性长期影响的一般分级

AEL-AcceptableExposureLimit

容許暴露浓度限额

PEL-PermissibleExposureLimit

准许暴露浓度限额

REL-RecommendedExposureLimit

建议暴露浓度限额

WEEL-WorkplaceEnvironmentalExposureLimit

工作场所环境的暴露浓度限额RefrigerantSafetyDataSummary

制冷剂安全资料一览常见制冷剂安全值浓度安全分类AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影响Theeffectofasingle,short-termexposure,asmightoccurduringanaccidentalrelease一次短时间暴露的影响，诸如意外排放CommonRatingsforAcuteToxicity

毒性短期影响的一般分级

LC50

致命浓度

CardiacSensitization心脏感受度

AnestheticEffects

麻醉影响

RCL

制冷剂浓度限额LC50-Lethalconcentrationatwhich50%oftestanimalsperishinagivenperiodoftime.Commonexposuretimesare1or4hours

致命浓度-

一般暴露時間在1或4小时，50%的实验动物死亡CardiacSensitization-Concentrationthatcausescardiacarrhythmiaunderstress

心脏感受度-

浓度压迫使得心律不整AnestheticEffects-Concentrationthatwillcausedrowsinessintestanimals

麻醉影响-

浓度使得实验动物昏睡AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影响RCL-Refrigerantconcentrationlimit.Maximumsafeconcentrationforanoccupiedspaceovera30minuteperiod.RCLcombinesseveraleffectsincludingLC50,Anestheticeffects,CardiacSensitizationandFlammability

制冷剂浓度限额-

在密闭空间中三十分钟最大安全浓度，其中包含了致命浓度、麻醉影响、心脏感受度及易燃性AcuteToxicity

短期毒性影响RefrigerantSafetyDataSummary

制冷剂安全资料一览常见制冷剂安全值PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

RefrigerantProperties

制冷剂属性Normalboilingpoint

常态沸点Chilleroperatingpressure

冷冻机运行压力ChillerOperatingPressure冷冻机运行压力-10.030.070.0110.0150.0190.0230.0270.0310.0R-11R-123R-12R-134aR-22R-410AOperatingPressure(psig)Evaporator(38F)

蒸发器OffLine(72F)

停机Condenser(100F)

冷凝器Example:500TonChiller

举例说明：500冷吨冷冻机

Accidentallyopena1-1/4”Hole

意外开出1-1/4英寸的洞口R-134aHoleonthecondenser,entirechargelostinlessthan4minutes

洞口在冷凝器，4分钟内全部制冷剂泄漏完毕Holeontheevaporator,entirechargelostinlessthan7minutes

洞口在蒸发器，7分钟内全部制冷剂泄漏完毕R-123Airwillleakintothemachineduetolowpressureoperation

因为低压操作，空气将渗入机器中500tonR-134aChiller冷冻机500Tons(吨)x3lbs./tonofrefrigerant=1500lbs(磅)R-134aPotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

HighPressureRefrigerant

高压制冷剂25ft

7.6m30ft(英尺)

9.14m(公尺)7ft2.1m1,000,0000parts/million(PPM)(100%Refrigerant

制冷剂)PotentialforExposure暴露可能性

ApplicationofRefrigerants

制冷剂应用Refrigerantcontainedinchiller

将制冷剂控制于冷冻机中Leakratelessthan0.5%

泄漏率降低于0.5%Intentionalreleaseprohibitedbylaw

由法律来禁止任何故意的排放ASHRAEStandard15equipmentrooms

美国空调协会标准15设备机房PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

MeasuredData

量测数据Typicalbackgroundlevels

典型背景水平Duringnormaloperation

一般运作状态Duringservicework

维护保养状态SiteLocation

工作地點Abilene,TXAustin,TXBlacksburg,SCCarson,CACharleston,SCIndianapolis,INLosAngeles,CAOmaha,NEOrlando,FLRootstown,OHSt.Peters,MOMeasuredppm量测值

<0.38<0.38<0.350.49<0.33<0.40<0.39<0.40<0.50<0.39<0.39PotentialforExposure暴露可能性ASHRAEStandard15MechanicalEquipmentRoom

美国空调协会标准15

机械设备房RequiredforALLrefrigerants

HCFC-123,HFC-134aandHCFC-22

所有制冷剂都必须遵守RequiredforALLrefrigerants:

所有制冷剂必须遵守：RefrigerantSensor

检测器AlarmsinandoutsideEquipmentRoom

室内外警报装置MechanicalVentilation

机械通风Self-ContainedBreathingApparatustobewornafterrefrigerantalarm

警报响起必需戴起防毒面具Purgeandreliefdevicediskpipedoutdoors

清除及释放解除设备管线需要连接到室外PotentialforExposure

暴露可能性

ASHRAEStandard15-2004EquipmentRoomDesign机房设计ToxicityLevels

毒性水平

OSHADefinition

定义Inhalation-LC50

1hr,ppm(吸入量-LC50

1小时,ppm)Toxic

毒性 <2,000ppmHighlyToxic

高毒性 <200ppmHCFC-123 64,000ppmHCFC-123’sLC50,OSHA’skeyindicatoroftoxicity,isover32timeslessthanwhatOSHAdefinesastoxicandover320timeslessthanOSHA’sdefinitionofhighlytoxic!HodgeandSternerToxicityScale

HodgeandSterner毒性评量ToxicityRating毒性等级OralLD50(mg/kg)

口服量InhalationLC50(ppm)

吸入量Probablelethaldoseforman致命量ExtremelyToxic极毒性1orless10orless1grain(atasteordrop)HighlyToxic

高毒性1to5010to1004ml(1tsp)ModeratelyToxic

中等毒性50to500100to1,00030ml(1floz)SlightlyToxic

轻微毒性500to5,0001,000to10,000600ml(1pint)PracticallyNon-toxic

近乎无毒5,000to50,00010,000to100,0001litre(or1quart)RelativelyHarmless

相对无害50,000ormore100,000ormore1litre(or1quart)ExtremelyToxic

极毒性MustardGas(LC50=4ppm)芥子气PhosgeneGas(LC50=5ppm)光气ModeratelyToxic

中等毒性-Drano(LD50<500)PracticallyNon-Toxic

近乎无毒Sugar(LD50=29,700)糖PropyleneGlycol(LD50=20,000)丙二醇

Whiskey(LD50=14,200)威士忌酒

R-123(LC50=64,000ppm,LD50=3,725)R-11(LC50=26,200,LC50=3,725)HighlyToxic

高毒性Strychnine(LD50=2.5ppm)Arsenic(LD50-48)砷,砒霜SlightlyToxic

轻微毒性Vinegar(LD50=3,310)醋Carbonmonoxide(LC50=3,760ppm)一氧化碳Aspirin(LD50-1,000)阿斯匹林BakingSoda(LD50=4,220)苏打粉EthyleneGlycol(LD50=7,700)次乙基乙二醇Windex(LD50-5,000)RelativelyHarmless

相对无害R-22(LC50=220,000)R-134a(LC50=567,000)HodgeandSternerToxicityScale制冷剂安全美国空调协会杂志环境保护署新的制冷剂比被替代的

制冷剂更安全“Thealternativerefrigerantsareactuallysaferthantherefrigerantstheyreplace.”

“新的制冷剂比被替代的

制冷剂更安全”U.S.EPA美国环保署AreToxicityandSafetytheSameThing?1lblead(Pb)1lblead(Pb)IndenticalToxicity1LbleadBlock1LbleadPowderVerydifferentsafetyrisksASHRAEStandard34ClassificationsOnlyuseschronictoxicitytodeterminesafetyDoesnotindicatethat“B”chemicalsaretoxicLikelihoodofreachingthe400ppmisnotconsideredAmericanIndustrialHygieneAssociation

WorkplaceEnvironmentalExposureLimit(WEEL)

setat50ppmforR-123R-123’sAEL10ppm30ppm50ppm199119931997RefrigerantSafetyDataSummaryRefrigerantSelection“Hereasonedifhecouldfindasuitableorganiccompound,whichwasaliquidatordinarytemperaturesandatmosphericpressure,thesystemwouldoperateunderavacuumandanyleakagewouldbeairintothemachineinsteadofrefrigerantout.Suchamachinewouldbesafetooperateintheatresandotherareaswherepeoplecongregate,andtheneedforcoolingisgreat.”R-11,R-123“RecollectionsofWillisH.Carrier,”

ASHRAEJournal,October1994,

CarlyleM.AshleylliedSignalHoneywellGSACodeWritingAgenciesU.S.AIRFORCEDUPONTCHEMICALNavalFacilitiesALLSTATEAGENCIESALLFEDERALAGENCIESArmyCorpofEngineersICIChemicalJohnsonControlsYORKHRAEASALowerAELisanindicationofRelativeToxicity,n