21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 第二册 Unit 8

教案授课单元Unit8Book2本（章）节授课方式课堂讲授（√）实践课（）教学时数61.masterthebasiclanguageandskillsnecessarytoaskforandgivereasons;2.understandthemainideasofTextA,TextBandTextC,andmastertheusefulsentencestructuresandwordsandexpressionsfoundintheexercisesrelevanttothefirsttwotexts3.knowhowtousetheinvertedorder4.knowhowtowriteanemail授课要点本（章）节教学目标5.understandparagraphdevelopmentIntheListeningandSpeakingsection,learnhowtoaskforandgivereasons.IntheReadingandWritingsection,readthreepassagesaboutscienceandtechnology.TextAwaswrittenattheturnofthe21stcenturyandthewriterpredictedthetopfivescientificdevelopmentsofthecomingcentury.TextBconcernsissuesofsafetythatmustbeguaranteedwhenthefrontierofscienceandtechnologyisbeingpushedback.TextCdealswiththeissueofrecycling.教学重点和难点1.Whatdoyouthinkofthewriter’spredictionsaboutthe21stcentury?Useyourimaginationtodiscusspeople’slivesinthefuturewhenthewriter’spredictionsmaycometrue.2.Canyouaddmorepredictionstothoseofthewriter?Makeyourownpredictionstoyourclassmatesandseeifanyofthemcoincideswith(与…不谋思考题或作业而合)yourclassmates.教学内容与组织安排1stperiodTextA(GlobalReading)2ndperiod3rdperiod4thperiod5thperiod6thperiodTextA(DetailedReading)GrammarReviewPracticalWritingTextBImproveYourReadingSkillsPart1TextAStudyBackgroundknowledge1)JamesTrefilAsanaward-winningauthorandphysicist,JamesTrefilhaswrittenmorethan25booksonarangeofsciencetopics.He’sacontributortoNationalPublicRadioandSmithsonianMagazine,andaphysicsprofessoratVirginia’sGeorgeMasonUniversity,U.S.A.The20thcenturyproducedscientificandtechnologicalchangeatadizzyingpace-greaterthaninanyothercenturyinhistory.Butthe21stcentury,thedawnofthenewmillennium,maywellseeevenmoredramaticchangedrivenbyadvancesinscienceandtechnology.Onthesepagesaremypredictionsforthetopscientificdevelopmentswe’llseeinthenext100years,intheorderIthinkthey’llhappen.2)ModernScience(20thcentury)a.GeneticsAtthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thelifesciencesenteredaperiodofrapidprogress.Mendel’sworkingeneticswasrediscoveredin1900,andby1910biologistshadbecomeconvincedthatgenesarelocatedinchromosomes,thethreadlikestructuresthatcontainproteinsanddeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA).Duringthe1940sAmericanbiochemistsdiscoveredthatDNAtakenfromonekindofbacteriumcouldinfluencethecharacteristicsofanother.Fromtheseexperiments,itbecameclearthatDNAisthechemicalAfterAmericanbiochemistJamesWatsonandBritishbiophysicistFrancisCrickestablishedthestructureofDNAin1953,geneticistsbecameabletounderstandheredityinchemicalterms.Sincethen,progressinthisfieldhasbeenastounding.Scientistshaveidentifiedthecompletegenome,orgeneticcatalog,ofthehumanbody(seeHumanGenomeProject).Inmanycases,scientistsnowknowhowindividualgenesbecomeactivatedandwhateffectstheyhaveinthehumanbody.Genescannowbetransferredfromonespeciestoanother,side-steppingthenormalprocessesofheredityandcreatinghybridorganismsthatareunknowninthenaturalworld(seeTransgenicOrganism).b.MedicineAttheturnofthe20thcentury,DutchphysicianChristiaanEijkmanshowedthatdiseasecanbecausednotonlybymicroorganismsbutbyadietarydeficiencyofcertainsubstancesnowcalledvitamins.In1909GermanbacteriologistPaulEhrlichintroducedtheworld’sfirstbactericide,achemicaldesignedtokillspecifickindsofbacteriawithoutkillingthepatient’scellsaswell.Followingthediscoveryofpenicillinin1928byBritishbacteriologistSirAlexanderFleming,antibioticsjoinedmedicine’schemicalarmory,makingthefightagainstbacterialinfectionalmostaroutinematter.Antibioticscannotactagainstviruses,butvaccineshavebeenusedtogreateffecttopreventsomeofthedeadliestviraldiseases.Smallpox,onceaworldwidekiller,wascompletelyeradicatedbythelate1970s,andintheUnitedStatesthenumberofpoliocasesdroppedfrom38,000inthe1950stolessthan10ayearbythe21stcentury.Bythemiddleofthe20thcenturyscientistsbelievedtheywerewellonthewaytotreating,preventing,oreradicatingmanyofthemostdeadlyinfectiousdiseasesthathadplaguedhumankindforcenturies.Butbythe1980sthemedicalcommunity’sconfidenceinitsabilitytocontrolinfectiousdiseaseshadbeenshakenbytheemergenceofnewtypesofdisease-causingmicroorganisms.Newcasesoftuberculosisdeveloped,causedbybacteriastrainsthatwereresistanttoantibiotics.New,deadlyinfectionsforwhichtherewasnoknowncurealsoappeared,includingthevirusesthatcausehemorrhagicfeverandthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thecauseofacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome.Inotherfieldsofmedicine,thediagnosisofdiseasehasbeenrevolutionizedbytheuseofnewimagingtechniques,includingmagneticresonanceimagingandcomputedtomography.Scientistswerealsoonthevergeofsuccessincuringsomediseasesusinggenetherapy,inwhichtheinsertionofnormalorgeneticallyalteredgenesintoapatient’scellsreplacesnonfunctionalormissinggenes.Improveddrugsandnewtoolshavemadesurgicaloperationsthatwereonceconsideredimpossiblenowroutine.Forinstance,drugsthatsuppresstheimmunesystemenablethetransplantoforgansortissueswithareducedriskofrejection(seeMedicalTransplantation).Endoscopypermitsthediagnosisandsurgicaltreatmentofawidevarietyofailmentsusingminimallyinvasivesurgery.Advancesinhigh-speedfiber-opticconnectionspermitsurgeryonapatientusingroboticinstrumentscontrolledbysurgeonsatanotherlocation.Knownastelemedicine,thisformofmedicinemakesitpossibleforskilledphysicianstotreatpatientsinremotelocationsorplacesthatlackmedicalhelp.c.SocialSciencesInthe20thcenturythesocialsciencesemergedfromrelativeobscuritytobecomeprominentfieldsofresearch.AustrianphysicianSigmundFreudfoundedthepracticeofpsychoanalysis,creatingarevolutioninpsychologythatledhimtobecalledthe“Copernicusofthemind.”In1948theAmericanbiologistAlfredKinseypublishedSexualBehaviorintheHumanMale,whichprovedtobeoneofthebest-sellingscientificworksofalltime.Althoughcriticizedforhismethodologyandconclusions,Kinseysucceededinmakinghumansexualityanacceptablesubjectforscientificresearch.The20thcenturyalsobroughtdramaticdiscoveriesinthefieldofanthropology,withnewfossilfindshelpingtopiecetogetherthestoryofhumanevolution.AcompletelynewandsurprisingsourceofanthropologicalinformationbecameavailablefromstudiesoftheDNAinmitochondria,cellstructuresthatprovideenergytofuelthecell’sactivities.MitochondrialDNAhasbeenusedtotrackcertaingeneticdiseasesandtotracetheancestryofavarietyoforganisms,includinghumans.d.ThreeMileIslandThreeMileIslandisanislandintheSusquehannaRiverinDauphinCounty,Pennsylvania,nearHarrisburg,ofarea3.29km2(814acres).ThenameismostcommonlyassociatedwithanaccidentattheThreeMileIslandNuclearGeneratingStationonMarch28,1979,whenreactorTMI-2sufferedapartialcoremeltdown.Noidentifiableinjuriesduetoradiationoccurred(althoughagovernmentreportbyL.Battistet.al.statedthat“theprojectednumberofexcessfatalcancersduetotheaccident…isapproximatelyone.”)Itwas,however,aseriouseconomicandpublicrelationsdisaster.Italsofurtheredaseriousdeclineinthepublicpopularityofnuclearpower.e.TheChernobylAccidentTherehavebeendifferentreportsabouttheconsequencesoftheaccident.Twodifferentversionshavebeenpresentedbelow.In1986,anexplosionandfireatthenuclearpowerplantinChernobyl,nearKiev,releasedlargeamountsofradioactivematerialintotheatmosphere.Nuclearfalloutfromtheaccidentcausedmanyhealthandenvironmentalproblems.Sovietofficialsclaimedonly31peoplediedfromtheaccidentandabout200wereseriouslyinjured.Butintheearly1990’s,Ukrainianofficialsestimatedthat6,000to8,000peoplediedasaresultoftheexplosionanditsaftermath.ThedisasterhascausedhighratesofcancerandotherillnessesinUkraine,Belarus,andRussia.Part2.Textglobalreading1)Haveyoueverthoughtabouthowadvancesinscienceandtechnologymaychangeourworldinahundredyears?Canyoupredictwhatpeoplewillbeabletodothen?Nowtalktoyourclassmates,makealistofthepossiblebreakthroughsyoucanthinkofanddiscussthewayspeoplemaymakeuseofthem.2.ReadingAnalysisPartOneIntroductoryremarksaboutpredictionsforthe21stcenturyPartTwo5predictionsPart3.Detailedlearning1.top:mostimportant;best最重要的；最好的eg.Oursisoneoftheworld’stopengineeringcompanies.2.breakthroughn.importantdevelopmentordiscovery,esp.inscientificknowledge（尤指科学知识上的）重大进展(或发现)，突破eg.Scientistshavemadeamajorbreakthroughinthetreatmentofcancer.eg.Breakthroughsinnuclearresearchhaveledtothedevelopmentofnuclearbombs.3.technologyn.(thestudyandknowledgeof)thepractical,esp.industrial,useofscientificdiscoveries技术(学)，工艺(学)；工业技术eg.theScienceandtechnologyhavecausedmajorchangesinthewaywelive.eg.Mlennium//:n.periodof1,000years一千年，千年期eg.Tendecadesareacentury,andtencenturiesareamillennium.eg.eventswhichtookplaceattheturnofthelastmillennium5.prediction:n.astatementaboutwhatisgoingtohappen预言，预测eg.Hispredictionisnobetterthanawildguess.eg.Manyofhispredictionsarecomingtrue.6.refinevt.removeimpuritiesfrom(sth.),purify;improve(sth.)byremovingdefectsandattendingtodetail提炼，精炼；提纯；使变得完善eg.Oilmustberefinedbeforeitcanbeused.eg.Engineersareworkingondevelopingandrefiningthecarengines.eg.Thistheorystillneedsalittlerefining.7.extraordinarya.beyondwhatisordinary;veryunusual;remarkable不平常的，不普通的；非常的；特别的；非凡的eg.He’sthemostextraordinarymanI’veevermet.eg.Theman’sstorywassoextraordinarythatIdidn’tknowwhethertobelievehimornot.8.dieof:diebecause因…而死；死于eg.Shediedofcancertwoyearsago.eg.Theanimalsdiedofhungerinthesnow.9.thanksto:becauseof,owingto因为，由eg.Today,thankstotheInternet,youcandoyourChristmasshoppingfromhome.eg.Wehadgreatsuccess—thankstoalotofhardwork.eg.Thebabyisawake,thankstoyourshouting10.damage:1).n.harmordestructiondonetosb./sth.损害；损坏；毁坏；破坏eg.Thefloodhascausedalotofdamage.eg.WatchingTVallthetimemaydodamagetoyoureyes.2)vt.causedamageto损害；损坏；毁坏eg.Smokingcanseverelydamageyourhealth.eg.Thebuildinghasbeenseverelydamagedbyfire.11.pushsb.todosth.:催促某人做某事eg.Myparentskeeppushingmetogetagoodjob.eg.Theypushedhimhardtotakeupscience.12.effectn.result;influence结果；效果；影响eg.Tosolvethisproblem,wemustunderstandtherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.eg.Thisdrugcanhaveaseriouseffectonone’shealth.13.ecosystem//:n.ecologicalunitconsistingofagroupofplantsandlivingcreaturesinteractingwitheachotherandwiththeirsurroundings生态系统eg.Aplex//:a.difficulttounderstandorexplainbecausetherearemanydifferentparts复杂的eg.acomplexsystemofhighwayseg.Thisisaverycomplexissue.eg.Wehavegotalotofcomplexproblemstosolve.15.inoperation:(ofamachine,etc.)working;(ofaplan,activity,organizedprocess)beingcarriedout;active（机器等）工作中；运转着；（计划、活动、有组织的程序）实施中；起作用，生效eg.Thenuclearreactorhasbeeninoperationsince1985.eg.Over20programmersareinoperationtoeducatetheyoungpeopleinthiscountry.eg.Isthisruleinoperationyet?16.andsoon:andmoreofthesamekind等等eg.Ifyouwerebroughttoacompletelynewcountryforalong-termstay,eg.Howwouldyoucopewiththelanguage,theweather,thepeople,andsoon?eg.Therewasquitealottoeatatthedinnerparty.Wehadmeat,fish,efullcircle:returntothestartingpointafteraseriesofevents,experiences,etc.兜了个圈子回到原处eg.Soonerorlater,fashioncomesfullcircle.eg.TheSmithshavecomefullcirclefromwealthtopovertytowealthagain.Part4.Grammarlearning倒装（Inversion）谓语全部或部分放在主语之前的语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装（fullinversion）和部分倒装（partialinversion）两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。用于疑问句；但疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，句子不必倒装。Hasheleftmeabook?他有没有给我留下一本书？Whatwasthatallabout?这是怎么回事？Howmanypeopletookpartintheparty?有多少人参加了这次聚会？用于由here,there,now,then等副词引导的句子，其谓语动词通常不带助动词或情态动词时，全部倒装Oncetherelivedanoldfishermaninavillagebythesea.从前，海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。Herecomesthebus.公共汽车来了。用于非真实条件句，条件从句中的if省略时，had,were,should需与主语倒装ThismythmightstillprevailtodayhaditnotbeenforaNewJerseymannamedRobertJohnson.如果不是有一个名叫罗伯特·约翰逊的新泽西人，这一荒诞说法可能至今还在流行。ThetomatomightneverhavebecomeapartoftheAmericandiethaditnotbeenforRobertJohnson’sdesperatemeasure.如果不是罗伯特·约翰逊那孤注一掷的措施，也许番茄永远也不会成为美国饮食的一部分only+状语在句首时，用部分倒装Onlyinrecentyearshavepeoplebeguntorealizetheimportanceofwildlifeconservation.直到近年来，人们才开始意识到保护野生动物的重要性。Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.直到昨天，他才发现自己的表不见了Part5.PracticalWritingHowtowriteanemailSendingemailstofriends,familyandcolleaguesisthemodernwaytostayintouch.Theyarefasterthan“snailmail”(normalletters),theysavethecostofpostageandunliketelephonecalls,youcansendthematanytimeandthereadercanreadthemwhentheywantto.Eventhoughanemailisusuallyashortdocument,youcanstructureittoimproveitseffectiveness.Inparticular,considerthesepoints:Subjectfield.Usethistogiveyourreadersanideaofwhattheemailisabout.Ifyousendandreceivereplies,andifthesubjectchanges,thenchangethecontentofthesubjectfield.Itwillmakeyouremailssomucheasiertodealwith.SalutationsIntheUnitedStates,itisabadideatouse“Sir”or“Mr.”unlessyouareabsolutelycertainthatyourcorrespondentismale.Similarly,itisprobablysafertouse“Ms.”insteadof“Miss”or“Mrs.”unlessyouknowthepreferenceofthewomaninquestion.Usingsomeone’sfirstnameisusuallyok.Thus,youcanusuallygetawaywitha“Dear”andthefirstname.Ifyouareaddressingagroupofpeople,youcansay“Dear”plustheunifyingattribute.Forexample:DearProjectManagers,Or:DearSanJoseLasersFans,Doyouneedasalutation?Giventhatemailisrelativelyinformal,frequently(intheUnitedStates)thereisn’taproblemwithdispensingwithnamesandtitlesaltogether,especiallyifyouareinahigherstatuspositionthanyourcorrespondent:Hello—IsawyourwebsiteandwantedtomentionthatIinventedthethrombleonFeb28,2003,*not*onFeb29,2002.Asimple“Hi”canbeusedforpeoplethatyoualreadyknow:Hi—Areyouinterestedingettingtogetherforsushinextweek?Icanbringallmyweddingpicturesandboreyoutodeath.∶-)“GoodMorning”and“GoodAfternoon”don’tmakealotofsensewithemail,asthesunmayhavemovedsignificantlybythetimeyourcorrespondentgetsaroundtoit.“GoodDay”soundsstiltedtoAmericanears(althoughitiscommonincountriesoftheBritishCommonwealth).LanguageissuesSomepeopleconsideremailtobeinformal.Whetheritisorisnot,isirrelevant.Poorwritingmakesabadimpression.Herearesomecommonfailings.Grammar:e.g.and/or,its/it’s.Spelling:e.g.principle/principal,their/there.Vocabulary:Don’tuselongorobscurewordsforthesakeofimpression.Shortandcommonwordshelptomaketheemaileasytounderstand.Unnecessaryinformation:Thiswastesareader’stimeandgetsinthewayofyourmessage,sobeasbriefaspossible.Whenyoureplytoamessage,removeallthetextthatisnotneeded.Terminologyandacronyms:Dotherecipientsknowthemeaningsofspecialistwordsthatyouuse?AFAIK,FWIWandIMHO,TLAsarebestavoided.EmailmannersDon’ttypeincapitalsonly.Thisisdifficulttoreadandonthenetitisthesameasshouting!Beforeyoustartbombardingpeoplewithchainlettersandjokes,checkthattheywanttoreceivethem.Somepeoplemaynotbeinterestedinthem,andyouwillbewastingyourtimeandtheirsbysendingthem.Whilstsendingmultiplecopiesofthesameemailtoeveryoneisaconvenientwaytostayintouch,rememberthatyourfriendswillappreciateanoccasionalpersonalemailthatissentonlytothem.Usingthespellcheckfunctionwillonlytakeafewsecondsbutitwillmakeyouremaileasiertounderstand.Part6.TextBlearning1)Questionsaboutthemeaningofit:Q:Whatisthemainreasonforpeopletousenuclearpowerinsteadofcoaloroiltomakeelectricity?A:Usingnuclearpower,peoplecanmakeelectricitycheaplyandquickly.Q:Whathappenedin1979atThreeMileIsland,Pennsylvania?A:ThesafetysystemofthenuclearpowerplantatThreeMileIslandfailed.Q:WhatwastheconsequenceoftheaccidentatThreeMileIsland?A:Peoplewereworried,butnothingserioushappenedQ:Whatisneededtopowerthemachinesthatmakeelectricity?A:Steamisneededtopowerthemachinesthatmakeelectricity.Q:Whydoesanuclearpowerplantusewatertocooltheheatintheprocessofelectricity-making?A:Thereistoomuchheatgeneratedandsoitmustbecooledbywater.Q:Whathappenedin1986atChernobylinRussia?A:Anaccidenthappenedandanuclearpowerplantexploded.Q:HowdidtheworldlearnoftheChernobylaccident?A:ScientistsinSwedenfoundalotofradiationintheairandknewthatthewindsblowingfromRussiawerecarryingit.Q:HowseriouswastheChernobyldisaster?A:Thirtypeoplewerekilledandmorethan200wereinjured.Q:Besidestheexplosion,whatcausesdamagetopeople’shealthinanuclearpowerdisaster?A:Thefallout.2)Detailedlearninga.Theysaybuildingthemisasignofprogress他们说建造核能发电厂是一种进步的标志。本句子中的宾语从句buildingthemisasignofprogress以动名词短语buildingthem作为主语。本文中以动名词短语作为主语的例子还有第四段中的Usingnuclearpowertomakeelectricity(使用核能来发电)。b.Thefirsttimetherewasanuclearaccident,peoplewerelucky.第一次发生核事故时,人们是幸运的。thefirsttime在本句中起连接词的作用。ThefirsttimeIflewonaplaneIwasreallyexcited.c.Still,manypeopleworried.尽管如此,仍有很多人担心。still作为副词，意为“还，仍然，尽管，依然”。当该词位于句首且与主语用逗号隔开时，一般作“尽管如此”解。相同的例子还有课文第十六段中的第一句：Still,manypeoplethoughtnuclearpowerplantswerenotsafeenough.尽管如此，仍有许多人认为核电厂不够安全。d.Otherwise,theplantmightmeltorexplode.Then,largeamountsofradiationwouldescapeintotheair.否则，核电厂可能就会融化或爆炸。那时，大量的放射物就会泄入大气层。这两句句子使用了虚拟语气，表示可能性。e.That’showtheworldlearnedaboutthedisaster.全世界就这样得知了这场灾难。句中的That一词指风将放射性坠尘吹向远方的事实。Theytoldmeyouwantedtotalktome.Whyisthat?f.OnlythendidRussianscientistssaytherehadbeenanaccident.直到这时，俄国科学家才说发生过一起事故。英语中副词only位于句首时，全句需要倒装。OnlyinChinacanyouseefestivalslikethis.OnlywhenIgothomedidIknowwhathadhappened.g.Thewindsblowingfr