教育心理学双语

U1AnIntroductiontoEducationalPsychologyKEYWORDSTreatment治疗Negative负相关correlationVariables变量Uncorrelated不相关Laboratory实验室Descriptive描述研究ResearchesInternalvalidity内部效度Actionresearch行为研究Externalvalidity外部效度Correlationalstudy相关性研究Controlgroup对照组Qualitative定性研究researchesQuantitative定量研究Positivecorrelation正相关researchesQuestionsWhyiseducationalpsychologyvaluableforteachers?为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值？Becauseaccording theeducational psychology, teacher canmakedecisions better.Itprovidedteachersalanguagetodiscussourexperiencesandthinking.Generallyspeaking,whatiseducationalpsychologyconcernedabout?一般来说,教育心理学关注的是什么?Thestudyof精品文库Learners——thenatureofstudentsLearning——principlesoflearningTeaching——methodsofteachingU2HowPiagetViewDevelopmentschemes格式conservation守恒adaptation适应centration自我中心化assimilation同化reversibility可逆性accommodation顺应reflexes反射Cognitive认知结构论Equilibration平衡structureToPiaget,howdidonedevelopcognitively?Knowledgecomesfromaction.知识来自行动。Developmentdependsonchild’smanipulationandactiveinteractionwiththeenvironment.发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用。Achild’scognitiveabilitiesprogressthroughfourdistinctstages.Eachstageischaracterizedbytheemergenceofnewabilitiesandwaysofprocessinginformation.孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展，每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现。AccordingtoPiaget’stheory,whatisthebestwaytotreatachild?Toknowtheprocesschildrenusetogettotheanswerisasimportantastheresult.知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要。Children’sself-initiated,activeinvolvementinlearningactivitiesiscrucialtotheirrecognition.孩子自己发现，积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。Prematureeducationisnotnecessaryforchildren.过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的Childrendevelopatthesamesequencebutdifferentrates,soindividualsandsmallgroupactivitiesshouldbeproperlyarrangedinclass.孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度，所以课堂活动安排要合理。HowcanlearninghappenaccordingtoPiaget?欢迎下载 2精品文库Accordingtopiaget,learningdependsonthisprocessofassimilationandaccommodation.Assimilation ——understandingnewexperiencesintermsofexistingschemes.Accommodation——modifyingexistingschemestofitnewsituations.U3HowVygotskyViewCognitiveDevelopmentsignsystem 符号系统 ZPD 最近发展期self-regulation 自我调节 scaffolding 支架教学ToVygotsky,howdidonedevelopcognitively?Developmentdependsonthesignsystemsthatindividualsgrowupwith.Cognitivedevelopmentisstronglylinkedtoinputfromothers.Itisaprocessoflearningfromothersandinternalizing.2.AccordingtoVygotsky ’stheory,whatisthebestwaytotreatachild?1.Readingisveryimportantinchildren ’sintellectualdevelopment;阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要2. Imitationandcooperationisefficientwaysinchildren ’sstudy;模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式TeachingisfindingtheproperZPDofchildren;找到孩子的最近发展期Encourageprivatespeechesduringsolvingtasks;解决问题时鼓励自言自语Teachthewayofdoingthingsinorderthatstudentscanknowhowtodo,notonlywhattodo.教会学生如何去做而不是做什么HowcanlearninghappenaccordingtoVygotsky?Learningdependsontheprocessofself-regulationActionandsoundhaveameaningPracticeUsingsignstothinkandsolveproblemTOPIC4TheoryintoPractice1. MakeabriefcomparisonbetweenPiaget ’sandVygotsky ’stheories.Wheredotheyagreewitheachother?欢迎下载 3精品文库Childrenareactive.Trial-and-errorisalwaysawaytolearn.3.Facingchallengeswillimproveone’sdevelopment.4.Developingistoimproveone’swaysofthinking&solvingproblems.Wherearetheydifferent?1.Developmentdependsoninteractionwiththeenvironmentormorecompetenthumanbeings.LearningimprovesorDEPENDSONdevelopment.Cognitivestructureorsignsystems.Developmentbeginsfrombornabilityorsociety.Assimilation&accommodationorinternalization.WhatisinitforUS?Developmentisindependent.Nobodycantaketheplaceofanother.Activeinteractionwithothersisthemaincause.Adultscanhelpchildrenin2ways:givingthemchancestotry&handleerrors;andhelpingthemwhentheyreallyneed(ZPD).Whatcanwedoinclassteachingaccordingtotheirtheory?1.Itisnotagoodideatogetyourkidstositandlistenexceptreading.2.Makingchancestogetyourkids to dosomething bythemselves is alwayshelpful.Giveyourkidstasksindividuallyorinsmallgroupsifyoucan.ItisaproperwaytofindtheirZPDwherelearninghappens.Trytogiveopportunitiesforyourkidstotalkinwhichyouwillfindoutwhenandhowtohelp(scaffolding).Whenplanningtoteach,whatshouldweconsideraccordingtotheirideas?Whatcanthekidsdowiththeirhands?Whathavetheyknownaboutmycontent?CanImakethecontentintotasksforsmallgroups?WhatabilitiesofthekidscanIuseintheclass?Isitpossibletointroduceotherareasintothisclass?HowlongdoIplanforthekidstositandlistentome?Whatelsemaydrawthechildrenattention?TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearning（1）TheoreticalBasislearning 学习 extinction 消失stimulus 刺激 classical 经典条件反射欢迎下载 4精品文库conditioningLaboratory 实验室 operant 操作性条件反射conditioningconditioned 有条件刺激 negative/positive 负强化/正强化stimulus reinforcerunconditioned 无条件刺激 primary/second 一级强化物stimulus reinforcer 二级强化物neutralstimulus 无关刺激 punishment 惩罚shaping 塑造一级强化物：满足人类的基本需求二级强化物：与一级强化物相联系Howcanweusereinforcementintheclassroom?Decidewhatbehaviorsyouwant;Tellthestudentswhatbehaviorsyouwant;Reinforcethewantedbehaviorsandtellthestudentswhy;Reinforceproperbehaviorsassoonaspossible;Getthestudentstojudgetheirownandtheirclassmates’behaviorsandtrytotellwhy.Makesuretoturnthemintonewhabits.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheusageofreinforcement?优点低端学生形成新行为时非常有效。通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点：让孩子形成依赖被动习惯欢迎下载 5精品文库TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearning（2）ReinforcementCanyoutelltheprocessofareinforcement?Operation--pleasantconsequence--strengtheningbehaviorWhatisthegeneralwaytousereinforcementinyourclass?DecidewhatbehaviorsyouwantTellthestudentswhatbehaviorsyouwantReinforcethewantedbehaviorsandtellthestudentswhyReinforceproperbehaviorsassoonaspossible5.Getthestudentstojudgetheirownandtheirclassmates’behaviorsandtrytotellwhy6.Makesuretoturnthemintonewhabits3. Whatcanwedoifwewanttostopthekids ’learnedbehaviors?(Ifyouwanttostopalearnedbehavior ⋯.)NeglectingandpatienceareusuallyneededTellingkidswhatyouwilldoandwhyShiftyourattentiontohisotherbehaviorPraisinghimoncehehasimprovement,evenverylittle.Shapinganewbehaviorisusuallyawaytostopanunwantedone.Whatshouldyoudoifyouwanttostoporformabehavioraccordingtotheoryofreinforcement?2+3Whatshouldyouavoiddoingwhenusingreinforcement?不要过度运用强化不要强化错误行为TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearning（3）SkillsofReinforcement欢迎下载 6精品文库Maintenance强化variable-ratio变化比率强化计划scheduleIntrinsicreinforcer内部强化fixed-interval固定时间强化计划scheduleextrinsicreinforcer外部强化extinction消减shaping/extinction塑造/消减Reinforcement强化fixed-ratioschedule固定比率强化计划modeling模仿punishment惩罚observational观察学习learningvariable-interval不固定时间vicariouslearning替代学习schedule 强化计划Whatdoessociallearningtheoryemphasize?SocialLearningTheoryisalearningtheorythatemphasizesnotonlyreinforcementbutalsotheeffectsofthoughtonaction&actiononthought.Listthefourphasesofobservationallearning.Attention:payingattentiontoamodel(attractive,successful,interesting,&popular).Retention:imitatingthebehavioronehavepaidattentionto.Reproduction:matchone ’sbehaviortothemodel ’s.Motivation:imitatingamodelforreinforcements.欢迎下载 7精品文库TOPIC6COGNITIVETHEORIESOFLEARNING(1)InformationprocessingInformation 信息加工模型 rehearsal 训练processingmodelattention 注意力 Episodicmemory 情景记忆Workingmemory 工作记忆 Procedural 程序记忆memoryShort-term 短时记忆 Semanticmemory 语义记忆memoryLong-term 长时记忆memoryWhatisthesequenceofinformationprocessing?欢迎下载 8精品文库2. Howisthecapacity （容量） ofworkingmemory?Whatdoesitmeantoateacher?7±2itemsDon’tteachtoomuchtoorapidlyinclass.Alwaysgivestudentstimeandchancetorehearse.Helpstudentscombinenewknowledgewiththeold.Accordingtoinformationprocessingmodel,howdoesforgettingoccur?Nottransferredtolong-termmemoryLosttheabilitytorecallTOPIC6COGNITIVETHEORIESOFLEARNING(2)Memoryretroactive 倒摄抑制 primacyeffect 首因效应interference欢迎下载 9精品文库proactive前摄抑制recencyeffect近因效应interferenceretroactive倒摄促进massedpractice集中练习facilitationproactive前摄促进distributed分散练习facilitationpracticeWhatfactorscontributetolong-termretention?Rehearsal&CodingMakinginformationmeaningfulConnectingnew&oldinformationWhatcanwedotoavoidinterference?Don’tteachtoomuchatatime.Don’tteachsimilarthingsclosely.Trytoteachsimilarthingsindifferentways.Learnnewinformationwellinthefirstplace.Comparesimilarthingsfromtimetotime.Whatcanwedotohelpfacilitationhappen?第一题或者第四题答案4. Listthreethingsthatateachercandotoimprovethestudents ’learning.Notteachsimilarandconfusingconceptstoocloselyintime.Presentinformationinaclear,organizedway.3.Helpthestudentsrelateinformationtoinformationalreadyinstudents’mind.4.Makesurethatstudentshavetrulyunderstoodtheconceptsbeingtaughtandcanapplythemtonewsituations.欢迎下载 10精品文库TOPIC6COGNITIVETHEORIESOFLEARNING(3)automaticity自动化free-recall自由联想learningdualcoding双编码locimethod位置法paired-associate配对学习rotelearning机械学习learningseriallearning系列学习meaningful意义学习learningWhatdoesautomaticitymeantolearning?Skillsinmusic,sports,math,reading,etc.Brainbecomemoreefficientasonereachesthelevel.Automaticitygainsthroughpractice.Automaticityis “thehandsandfeetofgenius ”.Whatcanwedotoimproveourremembering?No.1:AutomaticityNo.2:Dualcoding:codinginvisualandverbalformsNo.3:MakeInformationMeaningfulNo.4:UsingstudystrategiesNote-takingUnderliningSummarizingWritingtolearnOutliningandMappingPQ4R(Preview,question,read,reflect,recite,review)及时复习或者分散复习Generallyspeaking,whatcanwedotohelpstudentsmakewhat