法律英语-安乐死-ppt

Euthanasia1234567Ⅰ.WhatisEuthanasiaⅡ.EuthanasiaandCriminalLawⅢ.TypeofEuthanasiaⅣ.IssuesofEuthanasiaⅤ.OpinionsⅥ.TheSituationⅦ.SummaryⅠ.WhatisEuthanasiaPalliativecareisspecialisedcareandsupportprovidedforsomeonelivingwithaterminalillness（晚期病症）.Importantly,palliativecarealsoinvolvescareandsupportforfamilyandcaregivers（护理者）.Thegoalofpalliativecareistoimprovequalityoflifeforpatients,theirfamiliesandcaregiversbyprovidingcarethataddresses（满足需求）themanyneedspatients,familiesandcaregivershave:physical(includingtreatmentofpainandothersymptoms),emotional,social,culturalandspiritual.Palliativecareaimstohelpthepatientliveaswellaspossible.1.Whatispalliativecare?

Palliativecareofferssupporttohelpfamilyandcaregiversmanageduringthepatient’sillnessandinbereavement(亲人丧亡).Asapersonreceivingpalliativecare,thepatientisanimportantpartnerinplanningtheircareandmanagingtheirillness.Whenpeoplearewellinformed,participateintreatmentdecisionsandcommunicateopenlywiththeirdoctorsandotherhealthprofessionals,theyhelpmaketheircareaseffectiveaspossible.Careplanningisanimportantprocessinensuringthepatient’swishes,inrelationtotheircare,aremet.Patientsshouldspeaktotheirdoctoraboutadvancecareplanningandadvancecaredirectives.2.Whatisagooddeath?

InaGalluppollinAmerica,morethan70%ofindividualssurveyedfeareddyinginpainoralonewithoutthechancetosaygood-bye.Twelveprinciplestoknowwhendeathiscoming,andtounderstandwhatcanbeexpectedtobeabletoretaincontrolofwhathappenstobeaffordeddignityandprivacytohavecontroloverpainreliefandothersymptomcontroltohavechoiceandcontroloverwheredeathoccurs(athomeorelsewhere)tohaveaccesstoinformationandexpertiseofwhateverkindisnecessarytohaveaccesstoanyspiritualoremotionalsupportrequiredtohaveaccesstohospicecareinanylocation,notonlyinhospitaltohavecontroloverwhoispresentandwhosharestheendtobeabletoissueadvancedirectiveswhichensurewishesarerespectedtohavetimetosaygoodbye,andcontroloverotheraspectsoftimingtobeabletoleavewhenitistimetogo,andnottohavelifeprolongedpointlessly3.WhatisEuthanasia?

Euthanasiaistheterminationofaverysickperson'slifeinordertorelievethemoftheirsuffering.Apersonwhoundergoeseuthanasiausuallyhasanincurablecondition.Butthereareotherinstanceswheresomepeoplewanttheirlifetobeended.Inmanycases,itiscarriedoutattheperson'srequestbuttherearetimeswhentheymaybetooillandthedecisionismadebyrelatives,medics（医护人员）or,insomeinstances,thecourts.ThetermisderivedfromtheGreekwordeuthanatoswhichmeanseasydeath.Ⅱ.EuthanasiaandCriminalLawThispartjusttalkabouttherelationshipbetweeneuthanasiaandcriminallaw.Thenfindsomereasonableexplanation.1.Thegeneralprovisionsofthecriminallaw（刑法总则）andeuthanasia(1)Thefundamentalprincipleofcriminallawandeuthanasiaandeuthanasia.theprincipleoflegallyprescribedpunishmentforaspecifiedcrime(罪刑法定原则）tellusthatdeemeuthanasiatocrimesisinappropriate.Becausethereisnorelevantprovisionsofcriminallaw.(2)TheBasiccharacteristicsofcrimeandeuthanasia.

crimeSocialharmfulnessDisapprobationpossibility(非难可能性）Comparedwithothermajorcrime，euthanasiahaslesssocialharmfulness.(3)ThepurposeofthecriminallawLegalinterestprotection(保护法益）isthemainpurposeofthecriminallaw.Tosomepoint,euthanasiaindeedviolated(侵犯)theinterestsoftheparty.Fromthisperspective,criminallawshouldbegivenprotection.2、ThespecificprovisionsofcriminallawandeuthanasiaEuthanasiabasicallyinlinewiththecrimeconstitutedintentionallycommitshomicide（故意杀人）.Ithasthesubjectiveintention，andobjectivelyharmfulbehaviorandharmresults.Ⅲ.TypeofEuthanasia

(1)ThefirstkindofclassificationAccordingtotheapplicablespecificobject,euthanasiacanbedividedintospecialeuthanasiaandgeneralizedeuthanasia.Specialeuthanasia:itistopointto,toforkingandinextremepainpatients,ledtotherapiddeathwithoutpainaway.Generalizedeuthanasia:inadditiontoincludingspecialeuthanasiacontent,itstillincludestosomebirthisasheavyresidual,dementiainfant,socialsomeseverepsychotic,severelydisabledpeopleandinirreversiblecomaofthe"vegetable",makethefeelingnopaindeath.(2)Thesecondkindofclassification

Voluntaryeuthanasia,itistopointtopatientswhorequireorhavehaddesire,orsaidthroughtheagreedtoandtaketheeuthanasia.Involuntaryeuthanasia,generallyreferstothoseincapacitatedpatients,namelycannotsayIdemand,desireorconsentofthepatients,accordingtoitsrelativeapplicationandimplementationoftheeuthanasia,suchasforseverelydeformedbabies,braindeathpatients,inacomapatients,mentalpatient,patientswhoseintelligenceisseriouslowperson.(3)ThethirdkindofclassificationAccordingtothedifferentterminalmedicalmeasuresthatthedoctortake,euthanasiacanbedividedintoactiveeuthanasiaandpassiveeuthanasia.Activeeuthanasiacanalsobecalledasthepositiveeuthanasia,referstothemedicalstafftoremoveterminallydyingpatientsdiedprocesspainandtakesomemeasurestohastendeath.Passiveeuthanasiaisalsoknownasnegativeeuthanasia,itistoshowmedicalpersonneltoforkinganddyingpatients,torelievethepain,suspendmaintainitslifecuremeasurestoshortenthepatientsintoirreversibledeathprocessafterthecontinuoustime.

(4)ThefourthkindofclassificationAccordingtothedifferentpropertiesanddegreeofdeathpain,anddifferentmethodsanddegreeofeliminatingthepain,euthanasiacanbedividedintotypeAeuthanasia,typeBeuthanasiaandtypeCeuthanasia.

TypeAeuthanasiaalsocalledmaintenancetherapyinadditiontopaintype,itistopointtoeliminatepain,asusualtreatment.TypeBeuthanasiaalsocalledtogiveuptreatmentinadditiontopaintype,itistopointtoeliminatepain,giveuptreatment.TypeCeuthanasiaalsocalledtogiveuptreatmentsuspendeddeathpaintype,itistopointtoterminatethedeathprocesstorelievepain.根据安乐死可以适用的具体对象，可以将安乐死分为狭义安乐死和广义安乐死。狭义安乐死，是指对于身患绝症、处于极度痛苦之中的患者，促使其无痛苦迅速死亡的一种方式。广义安乐死，除包括狭义安乐死的内容外，还包括对于一些出生时即为重残、痴呆的婴幼儿、社会上的一些重度精神病患者、重度残疾人以及处于不可逆昏迷中的“植物人”，促使其在无痛苦感受中死亡。自愿安乐死，是指患者本人要求，或者有过愿望，或者表示通过同意而采取的安乐死。非自愿安乐死，一般是指对那些无行为能力的患者，即无法表示本人要求、愿望或同意与否的患者，根据其亲属的申请而实施的安乐死，如对有严重畸形的婴儿、脑死亡病人、昏迷不醒病人、精神病人、智力严重低下者实施安乐死。根据医生对患者采取临终医疗措施的不同可以把安乐死分为主动安乐死与被动安乐死。主动安乐死又可称为积极安乐死，指医务人员为解除身患不治之症的临终患者死亡过程的痛苦而采取某种措施促使病人死亡。被动安乐死又称为消极安乐死，是指医务人员对身患绝症而濒临死亡的患者，为解除其痛苦，中止维持其生命的医治措施以缩短患者进入不可逆死亡过程后所持续的时间。根据死亡痛苦的不同性质和程度，以及消除痛苦的不同方法和程度，安乐死又可以分为A型安乐死、B型安乐死和C型安乐死。A型安乐死又称维持治疗除痛型，是指消除痛苦，照常治疗。B型安乐死又称放弃治疗除痛型，是指消除痛苦，放弃治疗。C型安乐死又称放弃治疗中止死亡痛苦型，是指终止死亡过程以解除痛苦。Ⅳ.IssuesofEuthanasiaTheissuehasbeenatthecentreofveryheateddebatesformanyyearsandissurroundedbyreligious,ethical,practicalconsiderationsandsoon.1.ThelegalpositionEuthanasiaisillegalinmostcountries,althoughdoctorsdosometimescarryouteuthanasiaevenwhereitisillegal.EuthanasiaisillegalinBritain.Tokillanotherpersondeliberatelyismurderormanslaughter,eveniftheotherpersonasksyoutokillthem.Anyonedoingsocouldpotentiallyface14yearsinprison.Underthe1961SuicideAct,itisalsoacriminaloffenceinBritain,punishableby14years'imprisonment,toassist,aidorcounselsomebodyinrelationtotakingtheirownlife.Nevertheless,theauthoritiesmaydecidenottoprosecuteincasesofeuthanasiaaftertakingintoaccountthecircumstancesofthedeath.InSeptember2009theDirectorofPublicProsecutionswasforcedbyanappealtotheHouseofLordstomakepublicthecriteriathatinfluencewhetherapersonisprosecuted.Thefactorsputalargeemphasisonthesuspectknowingthepersonwhodiedandonthedeathbeingaone-offoccurrenceinordertoavoidaprosecution.2.Theethicsofeuthanasia

isiteverrighttoendthelifeofaterminallyillpatient

whoisundergoingseverepainandsuffering?underwhatcircumstancescaneuthanasiabejustifiable,ifatall?isthereamoraldifferencebetweenkillingsomeoneandlettingthemdie?Attheheartoftheseargumentsarethedifferentideasthatpeoplehaveaboutthemeaningandvalueofhumanexistence.Shouldhumanbeingshavetherighttodecideonissuesoflifeanddeath?3.practicalissues

Somepeoplethinkthateuthanasiashouldn'tbeallowed,evenifitwasmorallyright,becauseitcouldbeabusedandusedasacover（幌子，伪装）formurder.KillingorlettingdieEuthanasiacanbecarriedouteitherbytakingactions,includinggivingalethalinjection,orbynotdoingwhatisnecessarytokeepapersonalive(suchasfailingtokeeptheirfeedingtube（喂食管）going).'Extraordinary'medicalcareItisnoteuthanasiaifapatientdiesasaresultofrefusingextraordinaryorburdensomemedicaltreatment（特殊或繁重的药物治疗）4.Religions

issuesDeathisoneofthemostimportantthingsthatreligionsdealwith.Allfaithsoffermeaningandexplanationsfordeathanddying;allfaithstrytofindaplacefordeathanddyingwithinhumanexperience.Forthoseleftbehindwhensomeonediesreligionsprovideritualstomarkdeath,andceremoniestorememberthosewhohavedied.Religionsprovideunderstandingandcomfortforthosewhoarefacingdeath.Religionsregardunderstandingdeathanddyingasvitaltofindingmeaninginhumanlife.Dyingisoftenseenasanoccasionforgettingpowerfulspiritualinsightsaswellasforpreparingforwhateverafterlifemaybetocome.Soit'snotsurprisingthatallfaithshavestrongviewsoneuthanasia.Ⅴ.Opinions1.InfavorofeuthanasiaLegalizationofEuthanasiaBenefits

2134motethedevelopmentofthemedicaltreatmentStillaliveordiedwitheuthanasiaPollsofeuthanasiaAgreeObJectNeutral24％31％45％Nowwecandemonstratedthelegalizationofeuthanasiafromhumannatureandlivingreality:Theformationoftheconceptofhumanrightsisbasedonouremotion.NowIwillsharetwoproverbswithyou.First,“Expendtherespectoftheagedinone’sfamilytothatofotherfamilies;expendtheloveoftheyoungonesinone’sfamilytothatofotherfamilies.”老吾老，以及人之老；幼吾幼，以及人之幼Second,Neverimposeyourbeliefsonanyoneelse己所不欲，勿施于人Thesethoughtscontainthehumanitytothesimilarinstinctivelyemotionrecognitionandrespect.Itisthesublimationofhumanidentityproducedconsciousnessofhumanrights.Itisalsoforthesensethatmadeeuthanasiahasawiderangeofsocialfoundation.Implementationeuthanasiacanreducemedicalburdenandmakethepatientsandtheirrelativesfree.ThevoicesofthepatientsRecentyears,alloverthecountrymadevariouspollsabouteuthanasia.Accordingtostatistics,inBeijing,Shanghai,Heilongjiang,morethan80%oftherespondentsareinfavorofeuthanasia.Andinsomeothercountries,theconsequenceevenachieve90%.“Thepeacefuldeathwasinferiorthatisbarelyexisting”isnolongertheprincipleofsurvival.Thelegalizationofeuthanasia,itisthecommonaspirationofthepeople,isinfavorwiththepublic.

First,confirmthelegalizationofeuthanasia,canreducethepainofpatients.Accordingtotheministryofhealthofthenationalpopulationandtherelevantstatistics,eachyearinourcountrythenumberofpeoplekilledisnearly10million,amongthemmorethan1millionpeopleisgoneinextremepain.Andquitealotofpeopleamongthevictimshaveaskedforeuthanasia,butbecauseoflegalreason,hewasrejectedandultimatediedwithpain,helpless,regret.Inthiscase,whatiseuthanasiaconformstothehumanitarian?Orletthediseaseslowlytorture,swallowthepatient'slifemoreaccordwithhumanitarian?Asthehumanitarianareconcerned,lifemustbeprotected,butwhenapersonisonthevergeofdeathandcannotbetreated.Usingofexistingmedicalconditionsandstrongstrugglearefutile.Atthistime,theprotectionoflifehaslostitsanypracticalsignificance.Carryingouteuthanasiaastheywish,itmaintainthedignityofpersonality,reducethepainofpatients,andavoidthefamilymembersandfriendsandrelativeswatchthedeadpatientssufferingtorture.Itpreferdietolivewhenbornwithhopelessness.Second,confirmthelegalizationofeuthanasia,canreducetheburdenofthefamily.Therelativesofthepatientshavementalresponsibilityandeconomicresponsibilitytothepatients.Inordertobeabletoextendapatient'slife,theyoftenneedtouseexpensivemedicalequipment,paytheheavymaterialprice,whichseverelyreducesthewholefamily'squalityoflife.Thisisexcessiveworthlessrequirements.Atthesametime,euthanasiaisalsobetterforthedeadman'sfamilymembersandrelativesandfriendsrecoveringfromthespiritualpainassoonaspossible.Theycanjoininthenormalstudy,workandlifeforthedemandofsocialdevelopmentquickly.Third,confirmedthelegalizationofeuthanasia,canreducetheburdenofthesociety.Peopleliveinsociety,itisthesocietywhichfinallybeartheliabilityofpatient.Societyhavetheobligationtodistributioncorrespondingresourcestosolveproblems,butthereisnoneedtokeepitsconsumptioninmaintainingthemeaninglessoflife.Atpresent,inChinatherearealotofpoorareaslackingofmedicaltreatment,someoneoftendiedorgotdeformityfornotgetgoodtreatment.So,inlimitedhealthresourcesociety,itshouldbeputtosavethesignificancepatients.

Forth,confirmedthelegalizationofeuthanasia,canpromotethedevelopmentofthemedicaltreatment.Carryingouteuthanasiaforthosewithincurabledisease,medicalpersoncanreleasefrommultifariousandunprofitablejob,makemoreenergytoconquerincurablediseases,givebenefitandfreshhopetootherpatients.Especiallyinthepresentarduousmedicalwork,difficultcircumstancesthatthepatienttoseeadoctor,ithasmorerichpracticalmeaning.Inshort,peopleshouldbehavevalue,dignityandhappinessinlife.Whenaliveisofnovalue,hasbecomeapain,akindofburden,euthanasiaisakindofliberation.Weexpectthedaythateuthanasiabecomelegal.Atthesametimewealsohopelawmakersformulatestandardstrictlawsfromcomprehensiveconsideration,toovercomethenegativeeffectafterthelegalizationofeuthanasia

Ichooseeuthanasia!!!EuthanasiaIntentionalhomicideMotivationgoodVicious(恶意的)Implementingsubject(实施主体)doctoranyoneImplementingobject（实施对象）thepatientwhoisatdeath’sdooranyoneThebearer’ssubjectivedesire(实施对象的主观愿望)Initiativeandvoluntary;inaclear-mindedheadPassive;notheintentionThewayofbehaviorinakindandpainlesswayundersocialethicalandhumanitarianprinciplesViolenceillegally ImplementingprocesstheauthorizationofLegalnorminaccordancewithLegalprocedureNothelimitationEuthanasiaSuicideImplementingsubjectdoctorhimselfMotivationandreasonphysicalpainmanyindividualreasonsProcedureandrequirementtheauthenticationofLegalnorminaccordancewithLegalprocedurenothelimitationcriminality1.theseriousharmfulness2.object(客体)3.subjective（主观方面）CONCLUSION:Euthanasiadoesn’thavecriminality.Theeuthanasiaactorsshouldnotbeconvictedastheintentionalkillers.SoI’mfortheeuthanasia.2.AgainsteuthanasiaPeoplev.Kevorkian1.Citation

248Mich.App.373;639N.W.2d2912.Parties

PeopleoftheStateofMichigan,Plaintiff-AppelleeJackKevorkian,Defendant-Appellant

Peoplev.KevorkianFacts

I.overview

Thiscaseisaboutdeath;inparticular,thedeathofformerracecardriverThomasYoukinSeptember1998.Youkwasfiftytwoyearsoldandhadamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(ALS),alsoknownasLouGehrig'sdisease.DefendanttwicevideotapedhimselfinteractingwithYouk.Inthefirstvideotape,defendantwenttoYouk'shometodiscusshiscondition.Peoplev.Kevorkian

Inthesecondvideotape,defendantadministeredalethaldrugtoYouk.Defendantlaterwasaguestonthetelevisionnewsshow60Minutes,duringwhichsegmentsfrombothvideotapeswereshown.Thejurysawthevideotapesandthe60Minutesinterviewatdefendant'strial.Nevertheless,defendantattemptedtopersuadethejurynottoconvicthimbecausethemurderhewaschargedwithcommittingwas,inhisview,a“mercykilling.”

Peoplev.Kevorkian

II.TheDeathOfThomasYouk

A.TheSeptember15,1998,Videotape

OnSeptember15,1998,at9:55p.m.,defendantwenttoYouk’shometodiscussYouk’scondition.Asthevideotapeofthisdiscussionrevealed,defendantstatedthathewasrecordingtheirinteractionin“connectionwitharequestfromThomas[Youk]forhelpin…endinghissuffering.”Youkthendescribedhiscondition.HerecalledthathissymptomsofALSfirstbecameobvioustohimin1994andthathehadbeenconfinedtoawheelchairsince1997.

Peoplev.Kevorkian

BySeptember1998,Youksaid,hecouldnotmovehisleftarmorhislegs,hehadminimaluseofhisrightarm,hehaddifficultyswallowingandbreathing,hewasfedthroughatube,andhewasforcedtouseamachinetohelphimbreathe.Youkstatedthat,atthetime,hecouldnotdoanythingforhimself,thathehaddiscussed“hiswishes”withhismother,brothers,andwife,andthatthey“understandwhy.It'smydecision.”

Peoplev.KevorkianB.TheSeptember16,1998,Videotape

OnSeptember16,1998,at9:49p.m.,defendantagainvideotapedhimselfandYoukatYouk'shome.Youkstatedthathe“wantedtogothroughwiththis”andsignedtheconsentform.DefendantremarkedthathewouldinjectYoukintheveinbecause“it'squicker,”andstated,“nowI'mgoingtoputonacardiogramsoweknowwhenyourheartisstopped,okay.”DefendantestablishedaconnectionbetweenYoukandtheelectrocardiogram.DefendantinjectedYoukwithAnectineandSeconalbeforeinjectingYoukwithpotassiumchloride.Peoplev.Kevorkian

C.CauseOfDeathDr.DragovicfoundthreesignificantdrugsinYouk'sbodilyfluids.First,YoukhadahighlevelofthebarbiturateSeconal,alsoknownasSecobarbital,inhisblood.Second,Dr.DragovicfoundAnectine,aparalyzingmusclerelaxant,presentinYouk'sbodyinanamountthatcouldhavekilledYoukwithinfivetoeightminutesbycausingbraindeath.However,Dr.Dragovicdeterminedthatitwasthethirddrug,potassiumchloride,thatdefendantinjectedintoYoukthatcausedhisdeath.

Peoplev.Kevorkian

D.The60MinutesInterview

NewscorrespondentMikeWallaceintervieweddefendantfor60Minutes.Inthefirstclipfromtheinterviewshowntothejury,Wallacestatedattheoutset,``Youkilledhim.''Defendantresponded:“Idid,butitcouldbeManslaughternotMurder.It'snotnecessarilyMurder.Butitdoesn'tbothermewhatyoucallit.Iknowwhatitis.Thiscouldneverbeacrimeinanysocietywhichdeemsitselfenlightened.”DefendantindicatedthathewasmakinganexampleofYouk.WallacethensuggestedthatYoukwasinitiallyalittlereluctantbecauseYouk“thoughthewasgettingassistedsuicide.”Defendantrepliedthat“thisisbetterthanassistedsuicide,Iexplainedthattohim.It'sbettercontrol.”Peoplev.Kevorkian

Defendantthenreturnedtooneofhismainthemes,saying:Ifyoudon'thavelibertyandselfdetermination,yougotnothing.That'swhatthiscountry'sbuiltonandthisistheultimateself-determinationtodeterminewhenandhowyou'regonnadiewhenyou'resuffering.[Wallace]:Andthosewhosaythat[defendant],Dr.Death,isafanatic?[Defendant]:Zealot.No,notif,sure,youtrytotakealibertyawayandIturnfanatic....I'mfightingforme,Mike,me.ThisisarightIwantwhenI,I'm71,I'llbe71.Youdon'tknowwhat'llhappenwhenyougetolder.Imayendupterriblysuffering.IwantsomecolleaguetobefreetocomeandhelpmewhenIsaythetimehascome.That'swhyI'mfightingfor,me.Nowthatsoundsselfish.Andifithelpseverybodyelse,sobeit.Peoplev.Kevorkian4.IssuesDoseKevorkianhasrighttoactiveeuthanasia?5.HoldingNo.

Peoplev.KevorkianReasoning

RatherthanaskingthecourttoholdthathisactionswerejustifiedunderlegallyacceptabletheoriessuchasaidingYoukinexercisinghisrighttorefusemedicaltreatmentorattemptingtoalleviateYouk’spaininamannerotherthandeathandratherthanaskingthecourttorulethathelegallyassistedinYouk’ssuicide,thedefendanthasspecificallyaskedthecourttolegalizeeuthanasia.

Peoplev.Kevorkian

Thedefendantarguedforthelegalityofeuthanasiaontwoconstitutionalgrounds;however,thecourtthrewoutthedefendant’sNinthAmendmentclaimforfailuretobrieftheissueonappeal.TheFourteenthAmendmentoftheConstitutionprovidesthat“nostateshalldepriveapersonoflife,libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw.”TheMichiganConstitutioncounterpartisnearlyidentical.

Peoplev.Kevorkian

AstotheFourteenthAmendmentclaim,thecourtheldthattheconstitutionalrighttoprivacydoesnotincludearighttocommiteuthanasiasothatanindividualcanbefreefromintolerableandirremediablesuffering.Further,a“right”toassistedsuicide“isnotafundamentallibertyinterestprotectedbytheDueProcessClause.”Thecourtstatesthatitsdecisionisdrivenbyalackofmeaningfulprecedentontheissue,

Peoplev.Kevorkianthefactthatexpandingtherighttoprivacytoincludeeuthanasiawouldessentiallytakethedebateoutofthearenasofpublicdebateandlegislativeaction,andthatbyexpandingtherighttoprivacytoincludeeuthanasia,thecourtwouldbeinvolvingthejudiciaryindecidingquestionsbeyonditscapacity,i.e.howmuchpainisrequiredbeforeitbecomesintolerableandirremediable.

ThecaseinChina1986InchinaFirsteuthanasiacaseWangMingchengEuthanizehismother

王明成

CaseA.DetailsXiaSuwen,whowasthedefendant’smother,hadalong-termillness.In1984,shehadbeendiagnosedof“liverascites”(肝腹水).Inearly1987,Xia’sconditionaggravated,andshewasoftenuncons-cious.OnJune23,Thedefendant,WangMingchengandhissisteragreedtosendhismothertotheInfectiousDiseasesHospitalinHanzhongcity.Thedefendant,PuLianshengwasthedoctor.Afteradiagnosis,thehospitalissuedanoticeofcriticalcondition.OnJune27,XiaSuwen’sconditionaggravated,shewaspainful,crying,andwantedtodie

.WangMingchengcouldnotbeartoseehismothersopainfully,andaskedPuLianshengtouseadrugtohismotherinordertodiepainlessly.Purefused.

AfterWang’srepeatedrequests，andWangsignedaletterofresponsibility,Puused100mgof“CompoundDongmianling”,andwrited“familyrequested”downontheprescription,Wangsignedhisnameontheprescription.Afterusing75mgof“Compou-ndDongmianling”,Xiawasstillalive.AfterWang’srequest,Puinjected100mgof“CompoundDongmianling”again.Finally,14hourslater,XiaSuwendiedat5:00onJune29.

B.Forensicidentification

ThemaincauseofXiaSuwen’sdeathwashepaticencephalopathy(肝性脑病).Thetotalamountof“CompoundDongmianling”was175mgwhichwasinthenormalrange,and14hourslater,thepatientdied.Ithappenedneitherasuddendropinbloodpressure,norcentralinhibition.So,“CompoundDongmianling”wasnotthedirectcauseofdeath”.C.Viewofthepublicprosecutor

PuLiansheng,asthedoctorof

XiaSuwen,deliberatelyusedthedrugcalled“CompoundDongmianling”toacirrhoticpatienttopromotethedeathofXiaSuwen.Thedefendant,WangMingchenginsistedonpromotinghermother’sdeathwiththeinjectionofthedrugandsignedhisnameonthedoctor’sprescription.Thetwodefendants’(WangMingchengandPoLiansheng)behaviours,hadviolatedtheprovisionofarticle232ofCriminalLawofPRC,constitutedthecrimeofintentionalhomicide.Article232:“Whoeverintentionallycommitshomicidemustbesentencedtodeath,lifeimprisonmentorfixed-termimprisonmentofnotlessthan10years;ifthecircumstancesarerelativelyminor,heshallbesentencedtofixed-termimprisonmentofnotlessthanthreeyearsbutnotmorethan10years.”第二百三十二条：“故意杀人的，处死刑、无期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。”D.Statementofdefense

Thecounselarguedthatthedefendants’(WangLianshengandPuLiansheng)behaviorswerenotrelatedtoXiaSuwen'sdeathdirectly.Theirperformancesdidnothavethefourelementsofthecrime.So,thetwodefendants'conductsdidnotconstituteacrime,shallbedeclaredtobeinnocent.E.Holding

Thedefendant,WangMingcheng,repeatedlyaskedthedoctor,PuLiansheng,toinjectforhismotherwhenhismother,XiaSuwen,wasdying,sothathismothercoulddiedpainlessly.Thoughhedelib-eratelydeprivedoftherighttohismother’slife,butthecircumstancesweresignificantlyminorandtheharmdoneisnotserious,theactshallnotbeconsideredasacrime.TheDefendant,PuLiansheng,personallyprescripedtothepatientandpromotedXiasuWen‘sdeathafterWangMingcheng‘srepeatedrequests.healsodeliberatelydeprivedofcitizen’srighttolife,butthedosagewasnormal,ItwasnotthedirectcausetoXiaSuwen’sdeath,thecircumstancesareobviouslyminor.InaccordancewithArticle13oftheCriminalLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,thePeople'sCourtofHanzhongCity,inShanxiProvince,declaredthatthedefendants,PuLianshengandWangMingcheng,wereinnocent.

Article13:“However,ifthecircumstancesareobviouslyminorandtheharmdoneisnotserious,theactshallnotbeconsideredasacrime.”第十三条:“但是