中考英语语法-复合句

人教版中考英语专项练习复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句为句子的主体，从句只是做句子的一个成分。根据从句在句子中的作用，可以把从句分为名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句），定语从句和状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式，比较等）三类。一.宾语从句.宾语从句根据引导词的不同分为三种类型⑴由that引导的宾语从句，其中that不做成分，可省略。Weallknew（that）weshouldlearnfromeachother.⑵由if/whether引导的宾语从句。Pleasetellmeif/whetheryouhavebeentoAmerica.⑶由who,where,how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。CanyoutellmehowIcangettothenearestpostoffice?.宾语从句“三关”⑴引导词关注意：whether与if的区别只用whether的情况在介词后面Wedon'tthinkaboutwhetheritwouldrainthenextday.在动词不定式前Theyaskedmewhethertositatthefront.当与ornot连用，或提出两种选择时MaryaskedwhetherIwasdoingmyhomeworkornotatthattime宾语从句提前时Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican'tsay在动词discuss后的宾语从句中Wediscussedwhetherweshouldhaveasportsmeetingnextweek.引导表语从句或位于句首的主语从句用whetherThequestionwaswhetherhewenttherelastnight只用if的情况引导否定概念的宾语从句时HeaskedmeifIhad'tfinishedmyhomework引导条件状语从句时，if意为“如果”We'llgohikingifitdoesn'traintomorrow⑵语序关宾语从句若为陈述句，语序不变宾语从句若为一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，语序还原为陈述语序⑶时态关如果主句是现在的时态，从句时态据实际情况而定如果主句是过去某种时态，从句时态一定变为过去某时态注意：宾语从句表述的是客观真理，自然现象时，只能用一般现在时.人称变化：.从句简化⑴当主句谓语动词是find,see,watch,hear等时，从句常简化为“宾语+宾补”结构，宾补为省to不定式或v+ing形式Shefoundthatthewalletlay/lyingontheground.—Shefoundthewalletlie/lyingontheground.⑵当主句谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,forget等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句简化为不定式结构Sheagreedthatshecouldhelpmewithmymaths.—Sheagreedtohelpmewithmymaths.⑶在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句简化为“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构CanyoutellmehowIcangettothestation?—Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation?.否定转移如果主句的谓语动词是believe,think,guess,suppose等，且主句主语是一人称时，后面所接宾语从句的否定词通常前移到主句中。Idon'tthinkthatshecanfinishthisworkontime.注意：①这种否定前移的宾语从句，在变成反意疑问句时，反意疑问句的主谓要与从句一致Idon'tthinkheisinterestedinthat,ishe?如果主句主语是二三人称时，宾语从句否定词不前移，反意疑问句反问主句Shethoughtthatfilmwasnotinteresting,didn'tshe?二.状语从句.时间状语从句常用when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas等来引导。在时间状语从句中，通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到…时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到…才…”，"在…以前不…”，谓语动词可用瞬间动词。Since引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用过去时。While引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词，不能是短暂性动词。as,when,while都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生。as强调两动作同时进行，并表示对比；发生时间较短，且由“一边…一边…”的意思。When还可表示从句动词的动作在主句动词的动作“之前”或“之后”发生。While用于时间较长时。Whenyouhavefinishedyourwork,youmayhavearest..条件状语从句通常用if,unless引导。在条件状语从句中，谓语动词通常用现在时表示将来的动作或状态。I'mwaitingformyfriend.Ifshedoesn'tcome,I'llgoshoppingalone..原因状语从句通常用because,since,as(由于)引导。because表示直接原因，语气最强。because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。as和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的从句多放在句首。because和so不能同时出现。Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourmatch..结果状语从句由so...that,such...that,sothat引导。so...that与such...that可以互换。如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时,只能用so.so...that句型的否定形式可用简单句too...to…或not...enoughto代替such+形容词+不可数名词/复数可数名词+thatsnch+a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词+that=so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+thatLastnightJudyworkedsolatethatshedidn'tcatchtheearlybusthismorning..比较状语从句通常由as…as,than等连词引导Thoughtheplayerisoverthirty,hecanstillrunasfastassomeyoungplayers.目的状语从句通常用sothat,inorderthat引导。sothat即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别是：目的状语从句中往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等，从意义上看，目的状语从句表示的目的很明确。Passthecakeroundsothateveryonecantakeapiece..让步状语从句通常由though,although,as等连词引导。although,though与but不同时出现。Thoughheisold,heisverystrong..地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou..方式状语从句通常由as,asif,asthough等引导Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby希望别人怎样待你，你就怎样待人三.定语从句指在主从复合句中充当定语的句子，在句中修饰名词、代词，常由关系代词which,that,who(m),whose及关系副词when,where,why等引导。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句放先行词后做后置定语当先行词表示人时，定语从句用关系代词that,who,whom引导。当先行词表物时，定语从句用关系词that或which。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，宾语。作宾语可省which指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，作宾语时可省，可以引导非限制性定语从句，有时可与that互换。who,whom,whose指人，who在从句中做主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.Thepackagewhich/thatyouarecarryingistooheavy.Pleasepassmethebookwhose/ofwhichcoverisgreen.当引导词在句中作状语时不可用that,which,who(m)等关系代词，而应用关系副词。表示时间用when,表示地点用where,表示原因用why。但这些关系副词可转换为“介词+关系代词”形式。Beijingistheplacewhere/inwhichIwasborn.其他注意事项表示物时只能用that引导定语从句的情况当先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,muchnone,theone等不定代词时先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame等词修饰时(当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who或whom)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时当先行词同时含有物和人时主句中已有疑问词who或which时Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?表示物时只用which不用that的情况当关系代词前使用介词时在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主语隔开，若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中指人时，当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时要用who,不用that一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个用whoTheboythatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryhard.其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个用thatEdisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore注意：⑴关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数要和先行词一致⑵oneof+复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语动词the(only)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语动词TitanicisoneofthebestmoviesthathavebeenproducedinHollywood.Titanicisthe(only)oneofthebestmoviesthathasbeenproducedinHollywood四.主语从句在句中作主语的名词性从句叫主语从句。主语从句的谓语动词通常用三人称单数。主语从句可直接位于句首。但如主语从句长，可用it充当形式主语代替主语从句，把主语从句后置。记住下列主语从句常用结构：Itissaidthat…据说 Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisannouncedthat..据宣布Itis(well)knownthat...众所周知Itisbelievedthat...人们相信Itissupposedthat...人们希望Itishopedthat...希望Itissuggestedthat...有人建议Itmustberememberedthat…务必记住注意：有些情况下谓语动词的单复数应和表语保持一致Whatweneedaredoctorsandnurses.Whatweneedistime.五.同位语从句同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact,news,idea,truth,hope,suggestion,question,problem,doubt,fear,belief等。同位语从句弓|导词为that,有时根据需要也可以用when,where等Hisopinionthatwemusttakegoodcareofourearthsoundsreasonable.Theyhavenoideaatallwherehehasgone.注意:同位语从句的that在句中不作句子成分，也无词义，但不能省。而定语从句中的that除了引导从句外，还是从句的一个成分，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省。六.表语从句在句中作连系动词的表语的从句，位于主句中系动词后Thatiswhyhedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.练习l.We'llplaysnowmanitsnowsheavilythisafternoon.ifB.althoughC.unlessD.but2.Ididn'tknowtheycouldpasstheexamornot.A.why B.when C.that D.whetherdon'tthinkBendidsuchastupidthing?A.doI B.didI C.didhe D.doeshe.NewtonwasplayingunderanappletreeanapplefellontohisheadA.whenB.whileC.after D.before. ThedutyofProjectHopeistohelppoorchildren,isn'tit? Yes,ithasbuiltmanyschoolsthosechildrencanstudyhappilyA.whereB.whenC.which D.why.DuringtheholidayIvisitedShaolinTempleliesinthewestofZhengzhou.A.whereB.whichC.whoD.what.Jim'smotherlethimwatchTVafterhefinishedhishomework.(同义句)Jim'smotherlethimwatchTVhefinishedhishomework..TheTVplayissointerestingthatweliketoseeitagain(改为同义句)ItisinteretingTVplayweliketoseeitagain..WhenpeopleintheUnitedStateshaveguests(1)whentheyareinvitedtoaget-together,theyusuallytrytomakeothersfeelcomfortable(2)relaxed.Generally,theytendtobeinformal.Menshakehands,(3)usuallyonly(4)theyareintroduced.Malefriendsandbusinessassociates(5)haven'tseeneachotherforatimemayshakehands.Whenawoman(6)amanareintroduced,shakinghandsisdecidedbythewoman.Americanwomenbecomemore(7)moreindependent.Theygotoplacesbythemselves,earntheirownmoney,(8)oftenlivealone,Sometimestheywillaskmenforhelp,(9)theyusuallydon'twanttobepeotected.Americanwomenmaystartconversationswithmen(10)evenaskthemtodance.10.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersonshecouldturnforhelpA.thatB.towhomC.fromwhomD.who.PleasepassmethedictionaryisblackA.itscoverB.whichcoverC.ofwhichthecoverD.coverofwhich.Thereareforty-fivestudentsinourclass,arefromtheneardyvillagesA.one-thirdofwhoB.one-thirdofwhichC.one-thirdofthemD.one-thirdofwhom.Thisisthestudentyoutookthemessageyesterday.A.whosefatherB.towhosefatherC.tohisfatherD.hisfather.Thereisn'tmuchIcandoA.whatB.which C.that D.how.TellusaboutthepeopleandtheplacesaredifferentfromoursA.thatB.who C.which D.whom.LastSundaytheyreachedQingdao,aconferencewastobeheldA.which B.that C.when D.where.Isthisthemuseumyouvisitedtheotherday?A.that B.where C.inwhichD.theone.ThisistheveryfilmI'velongwishedtoseeA.which B.that C.who D.whom.Thereisnodifficultycan'tbeovercomeintheworldA.that B.which C.who D.what.WhoisthepersonisstandingatthegateofBeijingTourismTower?A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whom.ThehousethecapitalistusedtoliveinisnowanurseryA.that B.where C.what D.when.ThehouseweliveisnotbigA.inthat B.which C.inwhichD.that.单句改错ThisisthefactorywherewevisitedlastweekThisisthewatchforwhichTomislookingThepersontowhoyouspokeisastudentofGradeTwoThehouseinthatweliveisverysmallThesungivesofflightandwarmth,thatmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsnameitdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankindA.aslongasB.whileC.ifD.eventhough.JohnshuteverybodyoutofthekitchenhecouldpreparehisgrandsurpriseforthepartyA.which B.when C.sothat D.asif.Hemadeamistake,butthenhecorrectedthesituationitgotworse,A.untilB.when C.before D.as.-Washisfatherverystrictwithhimwhenhewasatschool?-Yes.HehadneverpraisedhimhebecameoneofthetopstudentsinhisgradeA.afterB.unlessC.untilD.when.YoucaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurantyoulikeA.wheneverB.whereeverC.whateverD.however.ScientistssayirmaybefiveorsixyearsitispossibletotestthismedicineonhunmanpatientsA.siceB.after C.beforeD.when.Thishouseismyfatherpaintedbyhimself.A.that B.which C.theoneD./.wecan'tgetseemsbetterthanwehaveA.What,/B.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what.-WhatdidJackaskyoujustnow?-HewantedtoknowhowlongwhenIreachedthecinemaA.hadthefilmbeenon B.thefilmhadstartedC.thefilmhadlasted D.hadthefilmendedIdon'thavetointroducehimtoyouyouknowtheboyA.until B.unlessC.since D.but.hamburgersarejunkfood,manychildrenlikethemA.If B.Unless C.Because D.Although.WeshoulddowecanthoseendangeredanimalsA.that,tosaveB.which,saveC.that,saveD.what,tosvae.yougo,youdo,IwillberightherewaitingforyouA.If,ifB.Wherever,whateverC.where,what37.Ifyoudon'tgotothemallthisweekend,A.hewill,tooB.hewon't,eitherC.neitherhewillD.hedoesn't,either38.Iarrivedattheairporttheplanehadtakenoff.A.after B.while C.when D.before6/840.OurhometownisquitedifferentfrombeforeA.thatitwasB.whatitwasC.whichitwasD.whenitwas41.shesucceededinfinishinghertasksremainsasecretA.What B.IfC.HowD.Who42.Isthisthereasonatthemeetingforcarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplained B.whatheexplainedC.howheexplained D.whyheexplained.WearelivinginanagemanythingsaredoneoncomputerA.which B.that C.whose D.when.thedayswenton,theweathergotworseA.With B.SinceC.WhileD.As.-Whatwasthepartylike?-It'syearsIenjoyedmyselfsomuchA.after B.when C.beforeD.since.youhavetriediton,youcan'timaginehowprettythenewstyleskirtis.A.BecauseB.Although C.Unless D.WhenIwon'tgotoherpartyunlessmybestfriendTomA.willinviteB.willbeinvitedC.isinvitedD.invites.FranklintoldthemalltobeinBritainagainA.hewashowhappy B.howhappyhewasC.howwashehappy D.hewashappyhow.JaneisoneofthestudentsintheclasshaveeverbeentoChinaA.whoB.whoseC.which D.whomIstillrememberthetimewespenttogetheratXisaiMountainlastyearA.whenB.whatC.who D.which.Mr.SmithissmokingislookingforhelostyesterdayA.whom;whichB.who;whatC.that;whoD.which;where.NobodyknowsA.howwillourfuturelooklike B.whatwillourfuturebelikeC.howourfuturewilllooklike D.whatourfuturewillbelikeIwaschattingwithmyfriendsonthephonemymothercameinA.while B.when C.asD.sinceInordertochoosetherightone,shefirstaskedmeIwanttouseadictionaryforA.whatB.why C.howD.whether.Customersareaskedtomakesurethattheytherightchargebe-foreleavingtheshopA.willgiveB.havebeengivenC.havegivenD.willbegiven.Tomdidin'tgotoschool?A.Doyouknowhow B.WhydoyouknowC.Howyouknowwhy D.Doyouknowwhy.Mary'smotheraskedherA.thatwh