中西跨文化交际课程情景案例分析报告

实用文档Unit1LanguageandCultureinCommunicationTheoryCommunicationissomethingwedoeveryday.Ittakesplacesonaturallythatwesimplyfailtonoticeituntilithiccupsorbreaksdown.Thoughitiscommonplace,itisnoexaggerationtosaythatcommunicationislifeandlifeiscommunication.1.Whenyoujoinasocialgathering,youmustbeawareofrulesandproceduresthatgovernthewaythingsaregoingtoproceed.Thereisatechnicaltermforsuchrulesandprocedures—schema.2. Faceandpoliteness

are

two

other

areas

which

areextremely

value

—sensitive.

One

of

the

distinctivefeaturesofChinesepolitenessisself

—denigrationandother

—elevation.Case1:Litzisaprofessorofcross—culturalcommunicationinauniversityinFinland.SheinvitedherChinesestudentshomeforaneveningparty.Theschema

from

Litz

’s

point

of

view

includes

thefollowing:1.

Givinginvitation:byphone/bymail实用文档2.Prepareeverythingbeforethearrivalofguests3.Receivingguests:openthedoor/expresswelcome/taketheirovercoats/introduceguests/offerthemdrinks/makethemcomfortable4.Servingfood:setthetable/soupfirst/maincourse/desert5.Postdinneractivities:chat/playmusic/offermoredrinks6.Seeingguestsoff:thankthemforcoming/goodnightLitz’seveningpartywasnotverysuccessful,becauseshewasupsetbyoneofherguests.HerewastheinitialconversationbetweenLitzandLin:Litz:(opensthedoor)Oh,Lin,howniceyoucouldcome!Lin:It ’snotdifficulttofindyourhouse.Litz:Comeonin.Lin:( comesin)Litz:CanItakeyourcoat?Lin:No,thanks.Litz:Ok,thiswayplease.Lin:( takeoffhercoatandhangsit )实用文档Analysis:LitzwashurtbecauseLindidnotletherhanghercoat.Litz

’sofferingtohangLin

’scoatisoneofLitz’sways(it ’sonLitz ’sschema).OnLin

’sside,shethoughtthatLitzwashersupervisorandthatitwasinappropriatetolethersupervisorhanghercoat.Herewehaveaninstanceofoneactionattachedwithdifferentculturalvalues.Case2:FindinganInterestedBuyerGeorageHallwasinBeijingattendingatradefairandlookingforanopportunitytodobusinessinChina.HehadbeenverysuccessfulinhisbusinessdealingsintheUSandpridedhimselfonhisability“togetthingsmoving.”Hisfirstdaywasgoingwell.Helookedaroundatthedisplaysofsportingequipmenttogetsomeideaofwhomhemightapproach.Hewassurethathisproducts,tennisracketswithanunusualnewdesign,wouldarousesomeinterests.Ontheseconddayheapproachedthecompanywhichhefeltwouldbemostresponsivetohisproducts.Heintroducedhimselftothegeneral,aMr.Li.SincehehadreadthatChinesefindgettingdowntobusiness实用文档immediatelytooabruptandrude,hebeganacasualconversation,eventuallyleadinguptothetopicofhisproductsandsuggestinghowMr.Li’scompanymightbenefitfromusingthem.GeorgethensuggestedthathecouldarrangetogettogetherwithMr.Liandprovidemorespecificsanddocumentationonhisproducts.Mr.LirespondedinfairlygoodEnglish,”Thatwouldbeinteresting.”KnowingthathehadonlyafewdaysleftinBeijing,Georgewantedtonaildownatime,”Whencanwemeet?”askedGeorge.“Ah.Thisweekisverybusy,”repliedMr.Li.“Itsureis,”saidGeorge,”Howabout10o’clock?Meetyouhere.”“Tomorrowat10o’clock?”askedMr.Lithoughtfully.“Right,”saidGeorge,“I’llseeyouthen?”“Hmm,yes;whydon’tyoucomebytomorrow,”wasthereply.“OK,”responded George,”It wasnicemeetingyou.”Thenextdayat10o’clock heapproachedMr.Li’scompany’实用文档sexhibitonlytofindthatMr.LihadsomeimportantbusinessandwasnotabletomeetwithGeorge.HecalledbacklaterinthedayandwastoldthatMr.Liwasnotavailable.Analysis: 英美人士做事情讲究守时。而中国人不太重视这方面。本案列中，李先生不仅没有准时接见预约的客户， 甚至放了他“鸽子”。Case3:ProfessorLianghaswrittenabookonChinesecultureinChinese.HisbookisputondisplayinBeijingInternationalBookFair ’96.ProfessorLiangwouldliketohavehisbooktranslatedintoEnglishandsubmittedtoThompsonPublishers.ProfessorLianghasaskedLiYan,whomhemeetsregularly intheEnglish Corner, tohelphimtotalktoPeterAllright,aThompsonrepresentative.Prof.Liang: 奥莱特先生，这是鄙人的拙作。LiTan:Mr.Allright,thisaclumsybookwrittenbyyourhumbleservant.MrAllright:No,no,no,you'renotmyhumbleservant.WedonotpublishbooksinChinese.LiYan(toProfessorLiang):

不，不，不，你不是我的仆人，我们不出中文书。实用文档ProfessorLiang: 我要请李艳翻译成英文。LiYan(toMr.Allright):ProfessorLiangwillaskmetotranslateitintoEnglish.Mr.Allright:Mmthat ’sinteresting.Analysis:Chineseauthorsalmostalwaysbelittletheirworksbydescribingthemasclumsywritings,andtheyusethesamedescriptionwhentheypresentthemtoChinesepublishers.ButthiswillEnglish.Instead,authorsshould

becounter—productivepointoutthemeritsof

intheirworksratherthan

“clumsiness

”.Unit2CultureShockTheory:1.Cultureshockcanbedescribedasthefeelingofconfusion anddisorientation that oneexperiences whenfacedwith alarge numberofnewandunfamiliar peopleandsituations.2. There is a desire for independence andseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomy3. Hospitality meansthe cordial andgenerousreceptionofordispositiontowardguests.4. Politeness refers to the consideration for实用文档others,tact,andobservanceofacceptedsocialusage.5.Privacycouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividual toself-determination astothedegreetowhichtheindividual iswilling tosharewith others informationabouthimself.Case1:Jane,anAmericanteacherintheUS,hadjuststarted teaching English toagroupofJapanesestudents.Shewantedtogettoknowthestudentsmoreformally,sosheinvitedthemtoherhouseforparty.Thestudentsallarrivedtogetheratexactly8:00p.m.Theyseemedtoenjoytheparty:theydanced,sang,andatemostofthefood.Atabout10:00p.m,oneofthestudents saidtotheteacher,“Ithinkit ’stimeformetoleave.Thankyouverymuchfortheparty.”Thenalltheandallleftatthesametime.invitethemagain!

otherstudentsgotuptogo,JanedecidedshewouldneverAnalysis: 在日本以及其他很多的亚洲国家里， 年轻人通常成群结队的一起去参加一些社交聚会， 然后一道离去。在他们看来这是很正常不过的事。然后 Jane认为这是一种侮辱，因为他们在同一时间里一下子全部离开了。在美国以及其他一些英语国家，晚上10点离开一个聚会相对来说是比较早的。实用文档Case2:FourSecretariesandTheirJobsFourclassmatesfromatopChineseuniversityalltookjobsassecretaries after graduation. Fiveyearslater thefourformerclassmateshadareunionanddiscussedtheirjobs.ChenQiandDaiYunbothworkasbilingualsecretariesforaFinnishcompanyinBeijing.ChenQiissecretarytotheFinngeneralmanger,andDaiYunissecretarytotheChineselocal manger,aposition only slightly lowerthanthatoftheFinnmanger.ZhangYingisfromapoliticallyprominentfamilyandwashired as the secretary to the leader of a smallgovernmentbureauinthecapital city ofherhomeprovince.LuYanworksforastaterunenterpriseinthesamecitywhereshewashiredasthesecretarytothenewmanagerfor international marketing. The company has nevermarketeditsproductsabroadbeforesothisofficeandLuYan’spositionarenewtothecompany.FiveyearslaterChenQiissatisfiedwithherjobwiththeFinnishcompanybutDaiYunisnot.TheFinnmanager实用文档receivesordersfromthecompany’shomeofficeinFinland,andhegivesorderstothosebelowhiminChina,includinghissecretaryChenQi.Hetellsherhowhewantshistimescheduledandshethenmakesappointmentsforhimaccordingtohisinstructions.ShetranslatesmemosandotherdocumentsandinterpretsfromChinesetoEnglishtoChinese.IfthemanagerdoesnotthinkChenQihasdoneherworkwell,hetellsherrightaway.Heisverydemanding,butChenQifeelsthatsheknowswhatherdutiesareandknowswhathermanagerexpects.Sheisconfidentthatsheisdoingagoodjob.DaiYunoftendoesnothaveasmuchworktodoasChenQidoes,becauseherbossscheduleshisownappointmentsanddoesalotoftheofficepaperworkhimself.Whenheisoutoftownshehastimetostudyforthegraduateentranceexam.However,sheisnotsurewhetherornotsheisdoingagoodjob.Hermanagertellsherwhatsheisexpectedtodo,buthedoesthisdaybyday.Whenpeoplecallorcometotheofficetoseeherboss,shegreetstheminEnglishorChineseasnecessary.Shereceivestheirmemosandothermessagesaswellastheirquestionsandrequestsandpassesthemontohermanager.DaiYunthinks实用文档ofherjobasdoingwhathermanagerwantshertodo.Shepayscloseattentiontohismoodsandbehavior,andsometimessheisabletoanticipatewhathewouldlikewithouthimtellingher.Analysis：许多中国人在外企工作， 不同国家的外企领导有不同的工作作风和标准。本案列中，戴云给不同的外国上司做秘书，在工作中出现由于不同的文化冲突而引起的各种工作以及沟通中的问题就很常见了。Case3:OnecoldwinterdayinaChinesecity,WangLinonhiswaytothelibrarymetanAmericanprofessorwhoknewverylittleaboutChina.Aftergreetinghim,

Wangsaid:“It

’srathercold.You

’dbetterputonmoreclothes.

”Buttheprofessordidn

’tappearhappyonhearingthis.Analysis: 美国人以及大部分西方国家的人们不喜欢被告知要怎么做怎么做，他们比较喜欢独立，然而中国人则习惯关心别人，这个案例中王林的建议表达的就是一种对他人的关心， 可是美国教授却不习惯这样的表达。Case4:

In

agoodrestaurant,

fourteen

people

aregatheredto

saygoodbyeto

their

professor,

whoismovingtoanotheruniversity.实用文档Steven: MayIhaveyourattention please?I’dlikeuponBentosayafewwords.Ben:Thankyou,Steven.ProfessorShore,colleagues:

to

callTonight

is

oneofthose

paradoxes

---

it

’sasadtimeandyetit ’sahappytime.Sad,because.Wearelosingoneofourbestprofessors;happybecausewearepleasedtoseeProfessorShoregaintherecognitionthatherichlydeserves.I’mnotsurewhowillbeabletocontrolusandkeepusinline.Ithinkthenewprofessorwillhaveadifficulttime.Andsurelynoonewillbeabletotelljokesinthesamewayasyou,Professor.Seriously,weallknowthatyouwillbedifficulttoreplace.Yourscholarlyapproachandyourdedicationwillalwaysberemembered.Iwouldthereforeliketoproposeatoast.Colleagues,pelasechargeyourglasses.ProfessorShore,mayyourfuturebefilledwillgreatsuccess,andmayyoualwaysrememberus.Weknowwewillneverforgetyou.ToProfessorShore!All:(Standingup)ToProfessorShore!(Everyonedrinks.实用文档ProfessorShoreremainsseatedandsmilesatthemall.)Analysis：就餐时总是要在各种缘由下向人敬酒：可以是非正式的，向朋友或同事敬酒；也可以是正式的，向全体聚会的人敬酒。与中国式的敬酒大不相同的是，在西方正式的敬酒时，受敬的人是不能喝酒的，而是正襟危坐，两眼睁睁看别人喝酒。另一个不同是：无论正式还是非正式，敬酒的人不必走过去敬酒，而是在自己的座位处站起来敬酒。敬酒时开始的语言永远是：“向⋯”，而其他随敬酒的人重复敬酒人的第一句话（即“向⋯”），然后喝一口酒。敬酒时如果举了杯，说了敬词，而实际上没有喝酒，就会被看做十分不恭的行为，在很久以前甚至于被认为是一种侮辱，是不想加入敬酒的仪式。Case5:AnAmericanwenttoChinesehome.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Thevisitordrankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,then⋯untilthevisitorwasquitefull.Why?Analysis: 在中国的传统文化习俗里，主人通常会不断给客人倒水倒茶，或者不断地给客人的盘子里加食物以表示他的热情好客。面对的这样的情况， 中国客人知道如何处理， 在他们觉得吃饱喝足之后，就会随它放在桌上。而美国客人就不懂了，在美国，实用文档在自己的盘子里剩下食物是不礼貌的， 于是他出于遵循美国文化理念可能会在这样的招待中吃的过多。Case6:DinnerwithFriendJaniceisayoungAmericanengineerworkingforamanufacturingjointventurenearNanjing.SheandherhusbandGeorge,whoisteachingEnglishatauniversity,arelearningChineseandenjoyingtheirnewlife.TheyhavebeeneagertogettoknowChinesepeoplebettersotheywerepleasedwhenLiuLingling,Janice’syoungco-workerinvitedthemtoherhomefordinner.WhenJaniceandGeorgearrived，LinglingintroducedthemtoherhusbandYangFeng,askedthemtositdownatatablecontaining8platesofvariouscolddishes,servedthemteaandthendisappearedwithherhusbandintothekitchen.AfterafewminutesLinglingcamebackandaddedwatertotheirtea.JaniceofferedtohelpinthekitchenbutLinglingsaidshedidn’tneedhelp.SheinvitedthecoupletolookattheirnewCDplayerandtheircolorfulTVandthendisappearedagain.Ahalf-hourlatershecamebackandsatdownandthethreebegantoeat.YangFengcameinfromtimetotimetoput实用文档dishafterhotdishonthetable.MostofthefoodwaswonderfulbutneitherGeorgenorJanicecouldeatthefattyporkinpeppersauceortheeacucumbers,andtherewasmuchmorethantheycouldeat.TheykeptwishingYangFengwouldsitdownsotheycouldtalktohim.Finallyhedidsitdowntoeatabit,butquicklyturnedontheTVtoshowthemallitshightechingfeatures.Soonitwastimetogohome.GeorgeandJanicefeltslightlydepressedbythisexperience,butreturnedtheinvitationtwoweekslater.TheydecidedtomakeaniceAmericanmealandfeltluckytofindolives,tomatojuice,crackersandasappetizers.Forthemaincoursetheypreparedspaghettiandasaladwithdressingmadefromoil,vinegar,andsomespicestheyfoundinthemarket.WhenLiuLinglingandYangFengarrivedtheywereimpressedbytheapartmentandaskedthepriceoftheTV,videoplayer,vacuumcleanerandotherthings.Janicepolitelyrefusedtoanswertheirquestions.TheytooksmalltastesoftheappetizersandseemedsurprisedwhenbothGeorgeandJanicesatdownwiththem.Theyateonlyalittlespaghettianddidnotfinishthesaladontheirplates.Georgeurged实用文档themtoeatmorebuttheyrefusedandlookedaroundexpectantly.JuniceandGeorgetalkedabouttheirfamiliesandjobsandaskedthetableandservedcoffeeandpastries.YangFengandLinglingeachputfourspoonsofsugarsintotheircoffeebutdidnotdrinkmuchofitandateonlyabiteortwoofpastry.Aftertheyleft,Georgesaidthatatleasttheyhadachancetotalk,butJanicewasupset.“Welefttheirplacesofullthatwecouldn’twalkandthey’regoingtohavetoeatagainwhentheygethome.Whatwentwrong?Analysis：中西方饮食习惯大大的不同。中国人邀请客人会准备一大桌子的菜，并在就餐过程中使劲劝说客人多吃点，吃完之后，还有剩菜，就表明主人的盛情款待。 而西方人一不劝吃， 二就餐完毕后，盘子最好是空的。本案列中的两对中外夫妇不明这个文化差异，发生误解就是自然而然的事了。Case7:After themealandafter thetable hasbeencleared.Liuisnotsurewhattodo,butwantstohelpinsomeway.Atleasthewantstooffer.Helen:Thanksforyourhelp,Huang.Liu:Pleasure.WhatcanIdonow?Helen:

Nothing.

It

’sfine.

I’ll

rinse

these

dishes

then实用文档stackthem.It ’llonlytakeaminute.Liu:Doesthefamilyusuallyhelp?Helen:Well,atspecialtimes.JacksometimesrinsesthedishesbutyoucanseeheLiu:Letmedoitforyou.

’sreallytiredtonight.Helen:Notruly,it ’sokay.Liu:MaybeIcanwipethetablethen.Helen:Thatwouldbehelpful.Thanks.You’rereallykind,Huang.Analysis：在西方人家中的就餐的时间里， 大家都设法插手帮一下忙，即便是男士也不例外， 不要一点不动着开饭。 所有家住者要能帮者摆摆餐具， 或餐后收拾洗碗，把餐具放进洗碗机，倒垃圾，站在一边帮着擦干洗好的餐具。 虽然都是小忙，却表明你对别人的操劳非常在意，是个用心的人。Case8:Twostrangershavebeenchatting.A:Soyou’rebeenhereforayear?B:Yes.Onemoreyeartogo,thenI ’llgobacktochina.A:Whatwillyoudobackhome?B:It’shardtoknow.There’salotchangeatthemoment.A:Yeah.Everythingischanging,everywhere.Sometimesit’sdifficulttokeepup.实用文档B:That’strue.MaybeI ’ll⋯(A’smobilephonerings.)A:Excuseme,I’dbetter answerthis. It’sprobably work.B:Sure.Takeyourtime.Analysis：有时在与人交谈中，难免要有什么原因要离开一会儿，或是去接一个电话， 或要去洗手间。礼貌再此被提出来。 出于礼貌起见，要记住做一些恰当解释再离开。 不管理由是什么，即便是要接一个手机电话，在打开电话回话前，向对方说声对不起。如果只离开几分钟， 没有必要找一个理由。 你说了对不起，就表明你确实是有事要离开一会儿。Case9:LiuHuangiscalling hisfriend Stevenathishome.Person:Hello.Johnisspeaking.Liu: Hello?I ’mlookingforSteven.Person:Sorry,there ’snooneherecalledSteven.Liu: Isthat65778868?Person:No.Ithinkyou’vegotthewrongnumber.Thisis65788868.Liu: Oh,I ’msorry.Person:Noproblem.Goodluck.Liu: Thanks.Analysis

：失手拨错号码是常有的事。

如果在国外，即便有语言实用文档障碍，害怕说英语，也还是要先与对方核对是不是拨错了， 然后再道歉。如果发现拨错了号码就马上挂电话，是不礼貌的行为。Case10:Lin:Thankyousomuchforawonderfulnight.Ivehadagreattime.

’Erica:It’sbeenapleasurehavingyou.Wehopeyoucancomeagain,soon.Lin:I’dlikethat.Youbothknowhowtomakemefeelathome.Thanksforeverything.Analysis

：在动身离去的时候，找到主人，当面说一声谢谢，是有礼貌的行为。Case11:OfftoaBadStartDavidHuhadjuststartedworkingfortheforeignownedcompany.Hewassitting athisworkstation buthadnotbeengivenanyassignmentthat heshouldbedoingatthis moment.Hewasrelaxing andwaiting andthenthought hewouldtaketheopportunitytohavealookaround.Hepokedhisheadinto several offices just toseewhatthere wastobeseen.SuddenlyMr.Parkercameuptohimandangrilyaskedhimwhathewasdoing.DavidHuwasembarrassed.Helaughed实用文档andquicklystartedtomovebacktowardhisworkstation.ThisdidnotseemtosatisfyMr.Parkerwhostartedtotalkrapidlyandangrily.Hopingtocalmhimdown,Mr.Husmiledandapologized,tryingtoexplainthathewastryingtolearnmoreaboutthedepartment.However,Mr.Parkergotevenangrier.Finally,anotherworkercamebyandcalmedhimdown,butMr.Parkerleft,hestilllookedangry.Mr.Husighed;heknewhehadmadeabadstartbutstilldidn’tunderstandwhy.Analysis：外国人很讲究隐私权，一般不允许自己的私人空间受到打扰。而中国人比较喜欢看热闹， 想知道别人在做什么。 所以在本案列中，吴先生未经允许就在公司四处走动， 引起其他员工的强烈不满。Case12:SharingtheWealthAnnaBilowhadbeenworkingforaChinese-ownedandoperatedcompanyinNanjingforaboutsixmonths.ThedivisionshewasworkinginhadasmallcollectionofChinese-Englishdictionaries,Englishlanguagereferencebooks,andsomevideosinEnglishincludingacoupleoftrainingfilmsandseveralfeaturefilmsthatAnnahad实用文档broughtathernewemployer’srequestwhenshecamefromEurope.Annaknewthatsomeoftheothersectionshadsimilarcollections.Shehadsometimesusedherfriendshipwithoneofthewomeninanotherdepartment,GuMing,toborrowEnglishnovelsandreferencebooksandinturnhadletGuMingborrowbooksfromhersection’scollection.Onotheroccasions,shehadseenfriendly,noisyexchanges,whereoneoftheotherworkersinherdivisionhadlentabookorvideotoacolleaguefromanothersection.Annathoughtitwasagreatideawhenamemowascirculatedsayingthatthecompany’sleadershaddecidedtocollectalltheEnglishlanguagematerialstogetherintoasinglecollection.Theplanwastoputtheminasmallroomthatwascurrentlybeingusedforstoragesothatallemployeescouldhaveequalaccesstothem.Nowshewouldnolongerhavetogofromdepartmenttodepartmenttryingtofindthematerialssheneeded.Annawassurprisedtohearherco-workerscomplainingaboutthenewpolicy.WhentheyoungmaninchargecametothedepartmenttocollecttheirEnglishlanguagematerials,shewasastoundedtoseethemhidingmostofthebooksandallbutoneofthevideosintheirdesks.实用文档Whenshecheckedoutthenewso-calledcollection,shefoundthatthefewitemswerealloutdatedorsomehowdamaged.ShealsonoticedthatnoneofthematerialsshehadborrowedfromGuMingwereinthecollection. SheaskedherfriendwhytheChinesewereunwillingtosharetheirEnglish languagematerials withall their co-workers, whenthey seemed willing to share them within theirdepartments.Analysis:西方人对隐私方面有许多禁忌，中国人对自我隐私的保护也十分注重，但是两者之间存在较大差别。西方人乐于将自己的书籍和整理的资料拿出来让朋友和同事共享，而在中国，即便是朋友间，人们也不愿意与人共享自己的书籍和资料。由于这种资料共享的观念不同，案例中Anna才会难以理解顾明等同事将自己的资料，书籍藏起来的做法。Unit3What ’sinaName?Theory:1.ChineseandBritishpeoplecalleachotherwithtitlesindifferentways.Kintermsareusedinfamilymembers,butitdiffersbetweenwesternsandChinesepeople.Case1:ABritishtourististravelingbytraininChina.实用文档Sitting

opposite

him

is

a Chinese

passenger.

Theyintroducethemselvestoeachother

⋯Britishtourist:Hello,Iyou.

’mEricJackson.GladtomeetChinesepassenger:Hello,mynameisLiuXin.I

’mgladtomeetyou,too.Wheredoyoucomefrom,Mr.Eric?Britishtourist:I’mfromBritain.PleasejustcallmeEric,Mr.Xin.Chinesepassenger:AndyoumayjustcallmeLiuXin.Analysis:Bothofthemhavetakeneachother’sgivennameforthesurname,sincetheorderofthesurnamesofChineseandEnglishnamesarejusttheopposite.Asinbothculturesatitleisusuallyusedwiththesurname,theyfeelunnaturalwhentheirgivennamesareusedwiththetitles.AccordingtoBritishcustomit’squitenormalforpersonswhofirstmeettoaddresseachotherbytheirgivennamesalone,whereashere,whenpeoplefirstmeet,theyusuallyaddresseachotherbytheirfullnamesandneverbytheirgivennamesalone.Case2:ABritishtouristisvisitingaChinesefamily.TheChinesehostess introduces herself andherhusbandto实用文档guest⋯Chinesehostess:Welcometomyhome.MynameisCaiHong,andthisismyhusband.Britishtourist:Thankyou,Mrs.Cai.It’sapleasuretomeetyou,Mrs.Cai.I’mLucyTaylor.Chinesehostess:Haveaseat,MadamLucy.Analysis:TheBritishtouristthinksthatCaiHong’ssurnameisherhusband’ssurname,sincesheisunawareofthefactthatinChinawomenstillusetheirownsurnameaftermarriage.CaiHongthinksthat‘madam’isarespectfultermofaddressforanyfemaleEnglish-speaker,unawareofthefactthatinBritainitisusuallyusedbysomeonewhoisprovidingaservicesuchasashopassistanttoacustomerorapolicemantoamemberofthepublicasin‘CanIhelpyou,madam?’Itisneverusedasatitlebeforesomeone’sname.Shealsomistakesthegivennameforthesurname.Case3:LinMeiisaChinesestudentwhoisnowstudyingatauniversityinAmerica.Herseven-year-olddaughterJiajiaiswithherandstudiesinaprimaryschool.TheyhavebeeninAmericaforthreeyears.WangXiaohongisa实用文档Chinesevisiting scholar atthesameuniversity asLinandthetwogetonwellwitheachother.WangXiaohongsometimesfeelslonelysinceshehasbeeninAmericafor

Meionlytwomonths,soshesometimesvisitsOnedayshecametovisitthem.

LinMei’sfamily.Belowistheirconversation.WangXiaohong: 佳佳，你妈妈在家吗？Jiajia: 在。妈妈，小红阿姨找你。LinMei: 王教师您来啦，请坐。我女儿真不懂礼貌。佳佳，以后要叫王阿姨。Analysis: Thecombination ofthetermofaddressXiaohongAyi(givenname+Auntie)reflectsthemixtureofthetwocultures.Ontheonehandwehavetheextendeduseofkintermsprecededbyaperson’sname,conventionallysurname,e.g.Wang+Auntie,inChineseculture.Ontheotherwehavetheconventionaluseofkintermsfollowedbygivennamese.g.Auntie+Xiaohong,inthecultureofEnglish—speakingcountries.Inotherwords,itshowsthecombinationofChinesesequence,+kintermandEnglishuseofgivenname.SinceJiajiahaslivedinAmericaforthreeyears,shemusthavebeenstronglyinfluencedbytheforeignculturedespitetheinfluence实用文档ofChineseculturefromhermotherandotherChinese.SofromJiajia ’spointofviewitisappropriateandpolitetocallWangXiaohongXiaohongAyi.However,LinMei,asanadult,stillstickstotheChineseculturewhendealingwithaChinesewhocametoAmericaonlyrecently;andaccordingtoChineseculture,itisimpoliteforchildtoaddressanadultbyusinghisorhergivenname.Unit4SocialInteractionTheory:Socialinteractionisoneofthemostcommoninteractionsbetweenpeople.CulturaldifferencescanleadtodifficultieswhenforeignersandChinesemeet.Suchdifferencescancausemisunderstanding,unsatisfactoryinteractionandevenunpleasantphysicalreactions.Differentexpectationsexist,governingwhatisconsideredappropriate,politeandrespectful.Expectationcanalsodifferregardingprivacy,andthedirectnessandindirectnesswithwhichpeopleshouldexpressthemselves.Case1:afriend

Ericagoestoasmallhavebeeninvited.

dinnerHerhost,

partyMrs.

towhichsheandPennymeetsthem实用文档atthedoorofherhome.Penny:Hello,Erica.Welcome.Pleasecomein.Erica:Thankyou.John,I’dliketointroduceMrs.PennyRoberts.Penny,thisismyfriendJohnPernot.Penny:Hello,John.Welcome.John:Hello,Mrs.Roberts.Penny:PleasecallmePenny.Nowdocomeinsideandsitdown.Analysis：在介绍时，先介绍谁是有些规矩的， 弄不好会产生误会。但学起来并不难。一般的规矩是：首先介绍女性，男女主人，来宾或不太熟的人。Case2:Erica:ProfessorHonda,mayIintroducemyclassmateStevenJacobs.Steven,thisismyprofessorofliterature.Prof:Nicetomeetyou,Steven.Steven:Thankyou.It’sapleasuretomeetyou,ProfessorHonda.Eticahastalkedalotaboutyou.Porf:Allgood,Ihope.Analysis：在西方，将较年轻的人介绍给年纪较大的人以表示对后者的尊重。这也适用于对社会地位的考虑。 如果有三个人：一位教授，两位学生。教授的名称要先被提起， 同时请他接受向另实用文档一位学生的介绍，然后再把第二位学生介绍给他。Case3:Whenmywifeintroduced metoatourist fromCanada,Ishookhandswithhimandusedmybusinesscard.Andheseemedembarrassed.Analysis：西方人通常不像中国人和日本人那样在介绍时彼此递送名片。他们通常只有在商务活动中才使用名片。Case4:AFrenchmantookpartinaparty;thehostdidn ’tintroducehimtoothers.ButtheFrenchmanchattedwithoneoftheguests.Theothersbecameangry.Analysis：当两个西方人在一起的时候， 如果遇到另一个人， 通常要把在场每一个人介绍一遍。 如果新加入的人没有被介绍就同其中一个人聊了起来，其他的人就会认为这两个人的行为没有礼貌。Case5:WhenLinmetaladyfromAmerica,hedidn’tknowwhetherheshouldshakehandswithherornot,buthavingtakenpolitenessintoconsideration,hereachedouthishand.Analysis：如果一位男士拿不准是否要与一位女士握手，最好先等这位女士把手伸出来。实用文档Case6:Erica:Hello!Thankforcoming.Here,letmetakeyourcoat.Lin:Hello.Thanks.Here

’ssomewineforyou.Erica:That

’slovely.Youreallyshouldn

’thave,Lin.Thankyou.Let

’sgoinandmeettheothers.Analysis：无论东方还是西方，去做客总要带点儿礼物。 无论赴晚会还是晚宴，带甁葡萄酒总是适宜的。 有些西方人给女主人买些花儿，或是巧克力。呈上礼物的时候，对你的礼物低调处理，就是说，不要太多地谈论你的礼物。 上面的范例是，受礼的主人倒要说上两句，以表谢意。Case7:Twocolleaguesareatwork.Karen:WhatareyoudoingforChristmas?Li:SomefriendshaveinvitedmetostaywiththemoverChristmas.Karen: That’s great! I

guess

you

’

ll

experience

awestern-styleChristmasthen?Li:

Yeah.It

’sgood,isn

’tit?Maybeyoucanhelp.I’dliketotakesomethingbutI ’mnotsurewhat.Karen:Doyourfriendshaveanychildren?实用文档Li:Mmmm.Two,Ithink.One’s6andtheother’salittleyounger,Ithink.Karen:Wellyoucan’tgowrongifyoutakeagiftforeachofthem.WrapthemupandputthemundertheChristmastree.Li:Suchas?Karen:MaybeaboxofChristmascandy.Li:That’sagreatidea!Karen:Well,Ihavetogonow,Li.MerryChristmas.Li:MerryChristmastoyou,Karen.Thanksforyourhelp.Analysis：礼物都要在节前包好放在圣诞树下，要在圣诞节那天打开。客人送的礼物也会同家人的一起方在树下。 礼物都要富有圣诞色彩的纸包装，放上一个小标签（名签），上写有送的人和接收礼物的人的名字。Case8:Erica:Lin,dohavesomemoredessert.Lin:Thankyou,butI ’mafraidI ’vehadenough.It ’swonderful.Analysis：同世界上其他国家的人一样， 西方人也很好客。他们也总是想让客人吃得多多的。 所有学会怎样在餐桌上婉言谢绝很有用处。实用文档Case9:LinhuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.Linhuaofferedtohostthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andLinhuaorderedherown.Whenfootingthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart,andnoonewantedtopayforLinhua.Linhuafoundthemsoinhospitable,thoughsheknewtheAmericanswouldusuallypayfortheirownfood.Analysis：在中国，为了表示热情好客，人们往往会请客人在自己家里吃饭，要是在外就餐时，主人也会抢着为客人买单。 而在美国，为了表示平等与独立，就餐时，人们一般都实行 AA制，各付各的帐。Case10:AfamousChineseactressmarriedaGerman.Onedaywhenshewasacting,herhusbandwastherewa