2020年高一英语下学期期末试卷

ATheworldhaslostoneofitsbrighteststars.BritishphysicistStephenHawkingdiedonMarch14,attheageof76.Hawkingisprobablytheworld'smostfamousscientistafterAlbertEinstein.Heisanexpertonblackholes.Hehasdevotedhiswholelifetodiggingintothebeginning（andtheend）oftheuniverse."Mygoalissimple,”Hawkingoncesaid."Itistocompletelyunderstandtheuniverse,whyitisasitisandwhyitisthereatall."Hawkins'sachievementsareevengreaterifyouthinkabouthisdisability.Whenhewas21,Hawkingcaughtabadillnessthatslowlystoppedhimfrommovingortalking.Foraperiodoftime,hehadnowaytocommunicateexceptbyblinking（眨眼）.Laterhesatonawheelchairwithacomputerbyhisside.Tocommunicate,hemovedtwofingerstocontrolthecomputer'smouse.Heselectedhiswordsfromthescreen,whichwerethenspokenbyavoicesynthesizer（音响合成器）.“Ihavehadthediseaseformostofmylife,”Hawkingoncesaid."Yetithasnotstoppedmefrombeingsuccessfulatmywork."ThoughHawkingwasadisabledman,hemadegreatachievements.Hereceivedmanyawardsandprizesforhisworkduringhislifetime.ThisincludedwinningtheAlbertEinsteinAward,whichstandsforthehighestachievementintheoreticalphysics.Despitethefactthathe'snolongerwithus,hislegacywillsurelyliveonAsSajidJavid,aUK，governmentminister,putit,“AbriefhistoryonEarth;aneternityinthestars."Fromtextwecanlearn.HawkingismorefamousthanEinsteinHawkingislessfamousthanEinsteinBothHawkingandEinsteinareveryfamousNeitherHawkingnorEinsteinisfamousWhatdoestheunderlinedpronoun"it”inthesecondparagraphstandfor?Theuniverse.B.Theearth.C.Thegoal.D.Theblackhole.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingstatementsisthefact?HawkingreceivedmanyawardsandprizesexcepttheAlbertEinsteinAward.Theillnesskepthimfrommovingandtalking.Hecommunicatedwithothersbyspeaking.TheillnessstoppedhimfrombeingsuccessfulBBelowisaselectionfromapopularsciencebook.Ifbloodisred,whyareveins（静脉）blue?Actually,reinsarenotblueatall.Theyaremoreofaclear,yellowishcolor.Althoughbloodlooksredwhenit'soutsidethebody,whenit'ssittingina-veinnearthesurfaceoftheskin,it'smorefadarkreddishpurplecolor.Attherightdepth,theseblood-filledveinsreflectlessredlightthanthesurroundingskin,makingthemlookbluebycomparison.Whichworksharder,yourheartoryourbrain?Thatkindofdependsonwhetheryouarebusythinkingorbusyexercising.Yourheartworksuptothreetimesharderduringexercise,andshiftsenoughbloodoveralifetimetofillasupertanker.But,inthelongrunfourbrainprobablytipsit,becauseevenwhenyou'resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchenergyasyourheart,andittakesTourtofivetimesasmuchbloodtofeedit.Dooldpeopleshrinkastheyage?shrinkingallover.Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffects,ofgravity（重力）.Many（butnotall）menandwomendoloseheightastheygetolder.Menloseanaverageof3-4cminheightastheyage,whilewomenmaylose5cmormore.Ifyoulivetobe200yearsold,wouldyoukeepshrinkingtillyouwere,like60cmtall,likealittleboyagain?No,becauseoldpeopledon'treallyshrink!Itisnotthattheyaregrowingbackwards-theirlegs,armsandbackbonesgettingshorter.Whentheydogetshorter,it'sbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Or,moreoften,becomemorebaitandcurved.Whydoesspinningmakeyoudizzy（眩晕的）？Becauseyourbraingetsconfusedbetweenwhatyou'reseeingandwhatyou'refeeling.Thebrainsensesthatyou'respinningusingspecialgravity-and-motion-sensingorgansinyourinnerear,whichworktogetherwithyoureyestokeepyourvisionandbalancestable.Butwhenyousuddenlystopspinningthesystemgoesoutofcontrol,andyourbrainthinksyou'removingwhileyou'renot!Wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom？Mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem.Allmammalshavethisbrainarea-frommicetodogs,cats,andhumans.Soallmammalsfeelbasicemotionslikefear,painanpleasure.Butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother,newerbitsofthebrain,wefeelmorecomplex,emotionsthananyotheranimalontheplanet.Ifexercisewearsyouout,howcanitbegoodforyou？Becauseourbodiesadapttoeverythingwedotothem.Andasfarasyourbodyisconcerned，it's“useit,orloseit"!It'snotthatexercise'smamkoersetyhoautahleaaclkthy;itofexerciseleavesyourbodyweakandeasilyaffectedbydisease.Whatisthecolorofbloodinaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin?BlueB.LightyellowC.RedD.DarkreddishpurpleWhydosomeoldpeoplelookalittleshrunkenastheyage?Becausetheirspineisinactiveuse.Becausetheyaremoreeasilyaffectedbygravity.Becausetheykeepgrowingbackwards.Becausetheirspinebecomesmorebent.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutourbrainistrue?Inthelongrun,ourbrainprobablyworksharderthanourheart.Whenourbrainsensesthespinning,wewillfelldizzy.Thebrainsoftheothermammalsareascomplexasthoseofhumans.Ourfeelingsandemotionscomefromthemostdevelopedareainourbrain.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?Togiveadviceonhowtostayhealthy.Toprovideinformationaboutourbody.Tochallengenewfindingsinmedicalresearch.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesinmedicalscience.C

CompaniesBestShineUnited(Madison,Wisconsin)Inthepastfiveyears,thisWisconsin-basedadvertisingagencyhassharedmorethan$500inprofits,withitsemployeesthroughthecompany'sShineSharesprogram.TheagencypartneredwiththeuniversityofWisconsin'soncologydepartmenttodeveloptheRide,abikingeventthatbenefitscancerresearch.Employeesalsogetsnackseveryday,"BeerThirty"onThursdays,and,SummerFridays,aprogramthatletsemployeesleaveatnoon.GroundFloorMedia(Denver,Colorado)Thekeyforworkersatthismidsizepublicrelationsfirmin.Denveristhatemployeesworkanytime,anywhereHeadquartersareinaformerwarehousedowntown,nearCoorsField.TheofficesarespreadaroundthecentralspacethatdoublesasawetbareveryThursdaywhenthecompany's"bearclub"bringsinanewbrew.Ergodyne(St.Paul,Minnesota)TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyhasgrowntooperatingoutofaretiredstorehousewithplentyofnaturallight.Rulesaboutdressing?"Wearsomething."Itspurpose?"Tocreatecoot,comfortable,andtoughsafetyworkwearforthosewhoneedittogetthejobdone.Ergodynehasaround50employees,whoenjoyhot-dishcook-offs,ticketstosportingevents,andaleastonehappyhoureveryquarter.SouthwestMichiganFirst(Kalamazoo,Michigan)It'sfamilyfirstatthisMichiganeconomicdevelopmentadvisingagency.CEORonKitchenssaysthatinthepastyear,thecompanyhasmadeapushtogogreen,initiallystartedbythemillennialemployeeswhomakeuphalftheagency'sworkforce.Anewstaffpositionwascreatedforthepurposeofmakingsureeveryemployeeisabletobalanceworkingandcheeringattheirkids'sportingeventsorgoingfishing.What'sthepurposeoftheShineSharesprogram?Toraisemoneyforaresearch.Toletemployeesleaveearlier.Tosharethecompany'sbenefits.Topartnerwithalocaluniversity.WhatdoesSouthwestMichiganFirstencouragetheiremployeestodo?Toaccompanytheirfamilies.Tocreatenewstaffpositions.Tojoinincookingcompetitions.Toenjoythemselvesinsportingevents.WhichcompanyAllowsitsstaffaflexibleworkingtime?ShineUnited.B.GroundFloorMediaC.SouthwestMichiganFirs.D.Ergodyne.Whatdothefourcompaniesmentionedinthetexthaveincommon?Theyofferemployeesfinancialsupport.Theycareaboutemployees'happiness.Theyhavestrictrulesaboutdressing.Theyhavetrainingprograms.DTrafficjamandcities,itseems,gohandinhandEveryonecomplainsaboutbeingstuckintraffic,but,liketheweather,no-oneseemstodoanythingaboutit.Inparticular,trafficengineers,transportationplanners,andpublicofficialsresponsiblefortransportationsystemsinlargecitiesare,frequentlycriticizedforfailingtosolvetrafficjam.Butistrafficjamasignoffailure?Longlinesatrestaurantsortheater'boxofficesareseenassignsofsuccess.Shouldtransportationsystemsbeviewedanydifferently?Ithinkweshouldrecognizethattrafficjamisanunpreventableby-productofsuccessful-cities,andviewthe"trafficproblem”inadifferentlight.TrafficjamoccursWheretherearelotsofpeoplebutlimitedspaces.Culturallyandeconomicallysuccessfulcitieshavetheworsttrafficproblemswhiledecayingcitiesdon'thavemuchtraffic.NewYorkandLosAngelesareAmerica'smostcrowdedcities.Butifyouwantaccessto,majorbrokeragehouses（经纪）,youwillfindthemeasiertoreachincrowdedNewYorkthanin,anyotherlargecities.Andifyourcompanyneedsaccesstopost-productionfilmeditorsorsatellite-guidanceengineers,youwillreachthemmorequicklythroughthecrowdedfreewaysofLAthanthroughlesscrowdedroadselsewhere.Despitetrafficjam,alargernumberandwidervarietyofsocialcommunicationsandeconomicdealingscanbemadeperfectinlarge,crowdedcitiesthanelsewhere.Seeninthislight,trafficjamisanunfortunateresultofsuccess,notacauseofeconomicdeclineandurbandecay.Sowhilewecanconsidertrafficjamasincreasingcostsontheareasofbigcities,thecostsofinaccessibilityinuncrownedplacesarealmostcertainlygreater.ThereisnodoubtthattrafficjambringstheterribleeconomicandenvironmentaldamageinplaceslikeBangkok,Jakarta,andLagos.Butmobility（移动性）isfarhigherandtrafficjamlevelsarefarlowerhereintheUS,eveninourmostcrowdedcities.That'swhy,fornow,wedon'tseepeopleandcapitalstreamingofoutofSanFranciscoandChicago,headingforothercitiesinCalifornia,andIllinois.Wecanconcludefromthefirstparagraphthat.trafficjamandweatherarethetwofactorspreventingthedevelopmentofhebigcitytrafficjamseemstobeverydifficulttodealwithiftrafficengineersaretheirbeat,trafficjamcanbesolvedpublicofficialsarealwayscriticizedformisusingtheirpowerAccordingthepassage,what'stheauthor'sopiniontowardstrafficjam?Intrafficjamisunavoidable.Trafficjamisbothasignoffailureandasignofsuccess.Trafficjamistheconsequenceofsuccessfulcities.Forasuccessfulcity,trafficjamisnotunpreventable.Bysaying"decaying"（inPara.3）,thewriterprobablymeans.A.strongandhealthyB.developingC.richandsuccessfulD.decliningWhatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?ThetrafficjamlevelinJakartaislowerthanthatintheUS.ThetrafficjaminSanFranciscohasresultedin-thecapitalbecomingempty.TrafficjamhascausedterriblebadeffectsincitiessuchasBangkokandLagosCaliforniaisascrowdedandsuccessfulasSanFrancisco.第二节（共5题：每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。ThevalueofTearsTearscanruinmake-up,bringconversationtoastop,andgiveyouarunnynose.Tearsleaveyouembarrassedandwithoutenergy.Still,cryingisafactoflifeandtearsareveryuseful.Evenwhenyou'renotcrying,theymakeafilmovertheeye'ssurface.36.Whentearsfall,theyreducestress.Butwetendtofightthemforallsortsofreasons.“Peopleworryaboutshowingtheiremotions（情绪）,afraidthatoncetheylosecontrolthey'llnevergetitback.”37.Afterwecry,thefeelingsthatcausedthetearsoftendisappear.Sometimespeoplebecomemuchstressedandcan'tcry.Whateveremotionthathertreatmentoftenconsistsofgivingpeoplepermissiontocry.38.Patientspracticecryingjusttobecomeusedtoexpressingemotions.Shesuggestssafe,privateplacestocry,likeunderthebedcoversorinthecar.Cryingisawayofeasetension,butpeopledon'tlikeitwhenotherscrybecauseitmakesthemtense.39.Andthey'lldojustaboutanythingtomakeyoustop.Incertainsituations,suchasatwork,tearsarenotappropriate.It'sgoodnottocryduringatensebusinessdiscussion.40.Youshouldalsoactoutthewholesituationagainandbeasnoisyandangryasyoulike.Itwillhelpyoufeelbetter.“And,”sheadds,“Onceyourtearshavetakenawaythestress,youcanbegintothinkcalmlyofwaystodealwiththeproblem.”Tearsareasignofourabilitytofeel.Ifyoufindyourselfnearsomeonecrying,dealwithit.Andneverbeafraidtocryyourself.Theytoomaybeholdingbackaneedtocry.Theycryfordifferentreasons.Shegivescryingexercises.Itcontainsachemicalagainstinfection.Thefactisnoemotionlastsforever.Itformsinresponsetothestressonthesurfaceoftheeye.Butonceyou'resafelybehindcloseddoors,don'tjustcry.Itwasabusydayasusual.Iwasmakingsandwichesandbalancingthephonebetweenmyshoulderandchin.Thewashingmachinesoundedasmyhusbandwalkedinwithourdaughters.Wehadonlyabouttwentyminutestoeat_41_wehadtotakethegirlstotheirnextactivity.Myhusbandseemedabit_42_thatdinnerwasnotonthetable.Thatnight,Ihadaheavy_43_,thinkingwewerebecomingtaskmastersonanassemblyline(流水线).Wehadbecometoo_44_inourowntasksandnotveryconsideratetowardsthosearoundus.Weneededtodosomethingtobringbacksomemeaningintoourlives.Itneededtobesomethingthatwould_45_ourownmatersandenergizeustowardthecommongood.Iboughtanotebook,namedit"OurDeedDiary”andheldafamilymeeting.ItoldmyfamilyIwantedusalltothinkaboutdoinga_46_forotherseveryday.Itcouldbeforeachotherorforpeopleoutsideour_47_.Andweallneededtowriteitdowninthenotebook.Ithoughtonedeedadaywastooeasy.However,itwasactually_48_thanitseemedbecauseithadtobesomething_49_whatwehadalreadydone.Sendingbirthdaycardstopeoplewealreadysentcardstoeveryyearwouldnot_50_.Wehadarough_51_.Onsomedays,someonewouldforgetto_52_agooddeed,whileonotherdays,wewouldforgettowriteourgooddeedsinthediary.Afterafewweeksthough,Ifoundmyselfwakingupinthemorningtryingto_53_whatgooddeedIcoulddoforsomeonethatday.Mydaughtersbegantorushtomeafterschoolto_54_methegooddeedtheyhaddone.Now,afterayear,Iamhappytosaythatitismakinga(n)_55_inourlives.Insteadofalways_56_whatthedaywillbringforus,wethinkaboutwhatwecandoforsomeoneelse.Whowouldhavethoughtthattryingtodoasimplekindnessadaywouldbeso__57__?Ifeelmydaughtershavefeltinnerjoythatyoucanonly__58__bygivingtosomeoneelsefromyourheart.Thebestthingisthatyoufeelsogreataboutdoingsomethingforsomeoneelse;youdon'tevenlookfororexpectanythingin__59__.So,whensomeonedoesreturnthefavor,itisanenormousand__60__bonus.41.A.thoughB.unlessC.beforeD.while42.A.annoyedB.puzzledC.embarrassedD.frightened43.A.shoulderB.stomachC.footD.heart44.A.absorbedB.interestedC.confidentD.successful45.A.repeatB.relateC.refocusD.recall46.A.kindnessB.taskC.jobD.copy47.A.roomB.homeC.schoolD.town48.A.strangerB.sweeterC.harderD.bigger49.A.beyondB.fromC.aboutD.between50.A.matterB.countC.lastD.happen51.A.timeB.lifeC.startD.idea52.A.praiseB.checkC.recordD.do53.A.describeB.decideC.rememberD.explain54.A.bringB.teachC.offerD.tell55.A.effortB.choiceC.differenceD.fortune56.A.forgettingB.believingC.knowingD.wondering57.A.tiringB.movingC.surpri