医学英语写作与翻译

第三部分医学英语的写作任务一标题的写作*）•标题的结构.名词+介词Blindness（视觉缺失）afterTreatmentforMalignantHypertension.名词+分词UnilateralNeurogenicPruritusFollowingStroke中风后单侧神经性瘙痒.名词+不定式SuggestiontoAbolishIcterusIndexDetermination（黄疸指数测定）whereQuantitativeBilirubinAssay（胆红素定量）isAvailable建议能做胆红素定量的化验室不再做黄疸指数测定.名词+同位语Gentamicine,aSelelctiveAgentfortheisolationofBetahemolyticStreptoccoci^-溶血性链球菌庆大霉素是分离B-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物.名词+从句EvidencethattheV-sisGeneProductTransformsbyInteractionwiththeReceptorforPlatelet-derivedGrowthFactor血小板源性生长因子.V-sis基因产物由血小板生成因子受体相互作用而转化的依据.动名词短语PreventingStrokeinpatientswithAtrialFibrillation心房纤维性颤动心旁纤颤患者中风预防DetectingAcuteMyocardialInfarction（急性心肌梗死）byRadio-immunoassayforCreativeKinase（酐激酶）用放射免疫法测定酐激酶诊断急性心肌梗死.介词短语OnControllingRectalCancer.陈述句DietaryCholesterolisCo-carcinogenic协同致癌因素forHumanColonCancer.疑问句HomeorHospitalBirthsIsTreatmentofBorderlineHypertensionGoodorBad?• 注意副标题的作用.数目：EndoluminalStent-graft带支架腔内搭桥forAorticAneurysms动脉瘤：Areportof6cases带支架腔内搭桥治疗动脉瘤的六例报告.重点：Aorto-arteritis大动脉炎ChestX-rayAppearanceandItsClinicalSignificance大动脉炎胸部X线表现及临床意义.方法：GallstoneIleus（胆结石梗阻）：ARetrospectiveStudy.作用：CarcinoembryonicAntigeninBreast-cancerTissue:Ausefulprognosticindictor乳腺癌组织中癌胚抗原——一种有用的预后指示.疑问： Unresolved—Dodrinkershavelesscoronaryheartdisease?.连载顺序：PhysicalandChemicalStudiesofHumanBloodSerum:II.AstudyofmiscellaneousDiseaseconditions人类血清的理论研究：II.多种病例的研究.时间：ACollaborative综合StudyofBurnNursinginChina:1995-1999部分内容来源于网络，有侵权请联系删除!常见标题句式举例.讨论型：Discussionof/on;Anapproachto;Aprobeinto;Investigationof;Evaluationof/on汉语中的“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”之类的谦辞可以不译。直接表达本意。.观察、报告、结果型： Anobservation/Observationsof/on/in.调查类：Surveyof/on.体会经验类:Experiencein/with；Reflectionon.总结综述：Summaryof/Experienceof;Reviewof.问题型：Problemof;SomeAspectson.探究：Studyof/on/in;Probeinto;Explorationof.报告：Reportof/on.药物治疗和非药物治疗：...intheTreatmentof…；Managementof…;Treatment...with..;Uhetreatmentof...Therapyof/for...by....诊断：...inthediagnosisof...;Detectionof...in...Diagnosisof...by/with...Detectionof...by...Applicationof...tothediagnosisof...练习判断下列标题的书写格式是否正确TreatmentofPsoriasisbyhemodialysis（不对）AsthmainaVietnameserefugeepopulation（不对）ManagementofHypertensionindiabetes（不对）DoestheChronicFatigueSyndromeInvolvetheAutonomicNervoussystem?（不对）Treatmentofmacroprolactinomawithcabergoline:Astudyof85Patients（不对）ClinicalObservationon342CaseswithAllergicRhinitis鼻炎（对）在下列英文标题中识别关键词、分析结构并翻译。Suddencardiacdeath：Clinicpathologicinvestigationof51cases心脏性猝死51例临床病理探讨ParanthyroidectomyinChronicRenalFailure:Surveyof38Cases慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法38例调查RecentExperiencewithBacillemia菌血症duetoGram-negativeOrganisms.治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases35例恶性高血压治疗总结CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentofHyperparathyroidism.甲状旁腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease心脏病患者血小板功能的研究AReportofRosai-Dorfman腮腺肿块性病报告UseofSteroid（类固醇）intheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock皮质激素治疗败血症休克TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis血液透析治疗牛皮癣UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones.胆石症超声波诊断部分内容来源于网络，有侵权请联系删除!请把下列句子改写成名词性短语标题（nounphrasetitles）Thyroidcancerisalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiation改为：Thyroidcancerasalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiationCoronaryheartdisease:Overweightandobesityareriskfactors改为：Coronaryheartdisease:OverweightandobesityasriskfactorsHighbloodpressureisasideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfood改为：Highbloodpressure:Asideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfoodHighuricacidservesasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease改为：HighuricacidasanindicatorofcardiovasculardiseaseProstaglandinsserveasmediatorsofinflammation改为：Prostaglandinsasmediatorsofinflammation任务二引言的写作如Erod〃c的篦）引言的构成阅读下列引言，分析其构成部分并概括每一部分的大意。Helicobacterpylori（Hp幽门杆菌）isconsideredtobethemainaetiologicalagent发病原因ofthemostcommonformofchronicgastritis］胃炎intheadultpopulation—typeBgastritis.TypeBgastritisislocalizedintheantrum窦，腔，房andpylorus幽门，whereastypeAgastritis,theclassicautoimmunegastritis,mainlyoccursinthefundus底部.Hpyloripositivechronicgastritisoftheantrumhasbeenfoundtobecloselyrelatedtoduodenal十二指肠ulcerandcanleadtogastricatrophy萎缩,aprecursor前兆ofgastriccancer.（第一部分：课题的研究概况及背景介绍）Environmentalfactors,suchassocioeconomicandeducationalstate,seemtoaffecttheprevalenceofHpyloriinfection.InfectionisconsistentlyhigherinHispanicandblackpeoplethaninwhitepeopleandisinverselyrelatedtoeducationallevel.Theprevalence程度ofHpyloriinfectionishigherinclosecommunities密集人口andinmembersoffamilygroupsthaninthegeneralpopulation.Thismaybeduetoreplasesorreinfectionsbetweenmembersofthesamefamily.Furthermore,therouteoftransmissionofHpyloriremainsunknown,althoughmostoftheevidencesupportspersontopersontransmissionwithcolonizationoccurringprimarilyinchildhood.Undernaturalcircumstancestransmissioncouldbebytheoro-oralorfaecal-oral（粪-口）routes,butnostrongevidenceexiststosupporteitherrouteastheprimaryone,andbothmayberelevantdependingonotherfactors.（第二部分：内容、目的和方法等）MoststudiesoftransmissionofHpyloriinfectionwithinfamilieshavebeenconductedonparentsandsiblingsofchildrenreferredfor针对...研究symptomsandnotonthegeneralpopulation.Toavoidthispotentialselectionbias偏差,westudiedpartofthepopulationoftheDionysoscohortstudy群组研究toassesswhetherchildrenofHpyloriinfectedparentshadhigherinfectionratethanthosefamilieswithuninfectedparents.（第三部分：理由和意义）引言各组成部分的常用时态和语态1.观察下列有关“课题的研究概况及背景介绍”的表达中运用了哪些时态和语态。（常用一般现在时或者是现在完成时，多用被动语态）Sinceitsinitialdescription40yearsago,HCM（HypertrophicCardiomyopathy月肥厚型心肌病）hasbeenlargelyregardedtobeassociatedwithsubstantialdisabilityandprematuredeath,andannualmortalityratesashighas3%to6%hadbeenreported.自40年前首次报道以来，人们一直认为HCM与严重活动能力受限和过早死亡有关。据报道每年死亡。部分内容来源于网络，有侵权请联系删除!

Studieshaveshownthatpatientswithchronicrenalfailurehaveahighfrequencyofcardiovascularatheromatousdisease.Stethoscopediaphragmshavebeenshowntoharborpotentiallypathogenicbacteria.Itremainsunclearwhetherventriculartachyarrhythmiasareinfluencedbybeat-blockingagentsbluntthemorningpeakoflife-threateningventriculartachyarrhythmias.2.3.Theincidenceofcommonbileductcalculiinpatientsselectedforlaparoscopiccholecystectomyis4to6percent.Managementiscontroversial.2.3.请把下列有关“内容、目的和方法等”的句子主干结构划出来。（描述过去的研究活动可用过去时或者过去完成时）Ina22-year-oldmale,whohadbeenirradiated16yearspreviouslyforHodgkin,sdisease,aradiation-inducedthyroidcarcinomadeveloped.放疗诱发的甲状腺癌.16年前因患何杰金病接受放射治疗的22岁男子患有放疗诱发的甲状腺癌。Atotalof120patientswithisolatedstenosisoftheproximalleftanteriordescendingcoronaryarterywererandomlyassignedtostentimplantation.Patientswithmyocardialinfarction,cardiomyopathy,andcongenitalheartdiseaseswereexcluded.Theanalysisshowedthatthisdiseasewasassociatedwithage,systolicbloodpressure,bodymassindex.第二部分的常用时态和句型（常用一般过去时）todo…Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal（ofthepresentstudy）is/wasto…Thepresentstudyis/wasdesigned/devised/intendedto…Thestudywasperformed/conducted/carriedout/undertakento…Weaimed/soughtto/attemptedto…Inanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assessinaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudyAnattemptwasmadeto;Thispaperexamines/（isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe）;-Thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…练习：TranslatethefollowingsentencesofobjectiveintoEnglish1）目的：对临终前改变护理而采取的临床干预进行回顾性研究。译文：Objective:Toreviewclinicalinterventionsdesignedtochangecareattheendoflife.2）目的：研究CMV对一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。译文：Objective:TostudytheeffectofCMVon1-yearmortalityratesinorthotropiclivertransplantrecipients.3）本文提出了一种确定HIV低流行人群中HIV危险性（risk）的方法。译文：ThisarticleproposesamethodforestimatingHIVriskinlow-HlV-prevalentpopulations.4）本研究的目的是确定由拆换导尿管而引起的菌血症发病率和临床处理。译文：Thepurposeofourstudywastodeterminetheincidenceandclinicalrelevanceofbacteremiainducedbyurinarycatheterreplacements.5）本研究的目的是调查硝酸甘油剂量对心肌缺血性损害的影响。译文：Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofthedoseofnitroglycerinonmyocardialischemicinjury.6）目的：确定输注人体白蛋白能否改善病人的预后。译文：Objective:Todeterminewhetherreplacementofhumanalbuminwillimproveapatient'sprognosis.部分内容来源于网络，有侵权请联系删除!.翻译下列句子，注意句中划线部分的时态和语态。-Heartsfrommenwhodiedofsuddencoronarydeathwerestudiedinaprospectivefashion.Theseheartswereseeninconsultation（会诊）withmedicalexaminerinthestateofMarylandbetweenJanuary1997.Coronaryarteryfixation,cardiacdissection,andtissuesamplingwereperformedaspreviouslydescribed.本项目对冠心病猝死的男性心脏进行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月马里兰州的医学人员对这些心脏进行过研究。冠状动脉固定术、心脏解剖以及组织标本制作情况如前所述。B.P.（bloodpressure）wasmeasuredtwicebytrainedobserversusingastandardmercurysphygmomanometerafterthesubjecthadbeenseatedforatleast5minutes.受试者就座至少五分钟后，由训练有素的观察者用标准水银血压计测量两次血压。Sevenofthe12childrenwerelessthan6yearsofageatthetimeofcholecystectomy,andtheyoungestwasa9-month-oldboywhohadbeenreceivingtotalparenteralnutrition（TPN）（全胃肠夕卜营养）sinceshortlyafterbirthafterduodenaltrauma.12名患者中有7例在进行胆囊切除时年龄不足6岁。最小的是九个月。他出生后不久便因十二指肠创伤一直接受全胃肠外管养。Allsampleshavebeenfrozenat-20℃untiltestedbyconventionalELISA（酶联免疫吸附测定法）.所有标本在-20℃下冷冻，用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定。.“第三部分理由和意义”的表达1）图表的表述...isshowed/presentedinTable…;thefigureshows/indicates/demonstrate/illustratethat;wasstronglyassociatedwith…；wasinverselycorrelatedwith…wasindirectproportionto…；wasincreasedto/by;wasdecreasedto/reduced/dropped/lowered/declinedto;wasinverselyproportionalto;wascomparedwith;2）表达数值范围或具有…….意义Rangefrom…to…；rangebetween.and…；varyfrom…to…varybetween.and…；witharangeof...to…；from…to…theratioof...；vs；therateof—；results（data）demonstrate/confirm/suggest/indicate/reveal/that…；theexperiments/results/findings/investigation/facts/supplyabasisfor..；theobservationresultsareconsistent/inaccord/withthetheory/idea/proposal/hypothesis/previousstudiesthat…；issimilartothatreported/described/documented（证明光丫…；resultsarecontrastedwith/differentfrom…；mayhavebeencausedby…mayleadto...resultin…accountfor..；isrelated/due/attributedto…Although/evenif；onedifferentinterpretationofthisdifferencebetween...and…is.；onthebasisof/basedonthesepremises.；wethinkbelieve/propose/hypothesize/recommendthat.；canspeculateon.；whether...remains/isyettobedetermined；furtheranalysisexperimentswillbenecessary/neededtoconfirm.；Weconcludethat.；Haveimplicationsto（对…有意义）；thereareseverallimitationsto.；Given.考虑到...；whentakingthispointintoconsideration.Amajorfindingofthisstudyisthat.3）概述本研究的内容Amodelfor...wasdeveloped；providesadescriptionof.；wehaveprovidedanewapproachto.；wehavepresentedempirical实证studiesof...；wehaveexploredtherelationshipbetween.；theexperimentconfirmedthat.；Theresultsupportourclaimthat..证实我们的想法；theresultshowsreasonablygoodagreementwithother..Asignificantdifferencewasfound（observed）in…；4）理论价值Themaincontributionofthis...is;thiswillhavewiderapplicationtosuchareasof.；Twointerestingfutureresearchlinesareasfollows.；Itisbelievedthatfurtherresearchinto...willimprovetheperformanceof.Theresultsinthispaperwillgiveinsightto启发；willhaveconsiderablepotentialfor.；Thereareseveralissuesdeservingfurtherstudy；Amongpossibletopicsforthefuture,wemention.6.致谢常用句型部分内容来源于网络，有侵权请联系删除!Thisstudywassupportedby..;otherinvestigatorswhocontributedtothisstudywere…;TothanfOr….Tobethankfulto…for…/begratefulto...for/beindebted…for…toacknowledge…；toexpress…thanksto...for…toappreciate…toexpress…appreciationto…for…练习：翻译句子，注意划线部分的表达。Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheassociationbetweenacuteplaquerupture（急性斑块破裂）andexertion-relatedsuddencoronarydeathinaseriesofcarefullystudiedautopsyhearts（通过详细的心脏解剖检查）.译文：本研究的目的通过详细的心脏解剖检查，研究急性斑块破裂与用力导致冠状动脉猝死间的联系。Asgreaterclinicalcorrelationisobtained,theusefulnessofthyroglobulin（甲状腺球蛋白）determinationwillincrease.译文：随着人们对甲状腺球蛋白水平与临床的相关认识提高，测定甲状腺球蛋白的必要性也在提高。任务三：摘要的写作幺加加oc£）了解4段式半结构式摘要的构成及常用时态、语态.找出以下摘要分别为哪些部分构成并翻译。（1）Objective：ToevaluatespiralCT（SCT）inthepreoperativestagingofcolorectalcarcinomas.（2）Methods：FiftyonepatientssuspiciousofhavingcolorectalcarcinomaunderwentspiralCTscansperformedfromthedome膈顶ofthediaphragmtosymphysispubica耻骨联合aftercleansingenemaandrectalairinsufflation.41ofthe51patientswereprovedtohavecolorectalcarcinomabycolonoscopyand/orpathology.ThefindingsofSCTof31patientstreatedwithsurgerywerecomparedwiththesurgicalpathologicalexamination