2021年公共英语三级考试(PETS3)学习笔记3

2021年公共英语三级考试(PETS3)学习笔记32021最新版)作者：编写日期：2021年__月__日Dialogues/monologues:1、whatdoesthegravityhastodowiththeplanetsstayinginorbitaroundthesun?hastodowith：V.与……有关2、Itmaybeacaseofcommunicatingknowledge,drawingattentiontonewissuesorenterainingonthebasisofsciencesubjects—andthereisnoreasonwhythesameprogramcannotcombineallthree.drawsbattentiontosth：令某人注意某事。如：Shedrawmyattentiontotheboywhoiscryingontheroad.3、ThefilmopenswithaninterviewwithAndrewWiles,themanwhodiscoveredthesolutiontoFermat'slasttheorem,whichhadremainedunsolvedforcenturies.openwith：用作为开场，以开头。如：Heopenedtheconferencewithaspeechofwelcome.4、ButIstillhopeIcanopenscreensofanysizedependingonthedistanceIwanttobefromthewallinmyliving-room但是我还希望可以根据我离起居室墙的距离随意调整屏幕的大小。Passage:Passage:TheWorldWideLabThe20thcenturywasthegoldenageofthelaboratory.Answerstothegreatresearchquestionsweresoughtwithinshelteredchambers,wheresmallgroupsofspecializedexpertsscaleddown(orup)phenomenainjoyfulisolation.Callittheeraoftrickle-downscience:knowledgeemergedfromaconfinedcenterofrationalenlightenment,thenslowlybecameknowntotherestofsociety.Sciencewaswhatwasmadeinsidethewallswherewhitecoatswereatwork.Outsidethelaboratoriesboundariesbegantherealmofmereexperience—notexperiment.Today,allthisischanging.Indeed,itwouldbeanunderstatementtosaythatsoonnothing,absolutelynothing,willbeleftofthistop-downmodelofscientificinfluence.First,thelaboratoryhasextendeditswallstothewholeplanet.Instrumentsareeverywhere.Houses,factories,andhospitalshavebecomelaboutposts.Think,forinstance,ofglobalpositioningsystems:thankstosatellitenetworks,geologistsandbiologistscannowtakemeasurementsoutsidetheirlaboratorieswiththesamedegreeofprecisiontheyachieveinside.Meanwhile,aworldwidenetworkofenvironmentalsensorsmonitorstheplanetinrealtime.Andresearchsatellitesobserveitfromabove,asiftheearthwereunderamicroscope.Thedifferencebetweenoutdoorscienceandlabsciencehasslowlyeroded.Second,younolongerneedawhitecoatoraPh.D.toresearchspecificquestions.TaketheAFM,aFrenchpatientadvocacygroupthatfocusesonignoredgeneticdiseases.Ithashiredresearchers,pushedforcontroversialprocedureslikegenetictherapy,andbuiltanentireindustry,producingatonceanewsocialidentityandanewresearchagenda.IntheU.S.,theaudacitytochallengetheexperts,tostormthelabs,startedwithAIDSactivistsandbreastcancergroups;notithasspreadtointerestedpartiesofallsorts,frompatientswhoorganizetheirownclinicaltrialstoenvironmentalistswhodotheirwonfieldwork.Acrucialpartofdoingscienceisformulatingthequestionstobesolved;it'sclearthatscientistsarenolongeraloneinthisendeavor.Third,thereisthequestionofscale.Thesizeandcomplexityofscientificphenomenaunderexaminationhasgrowntothepointthatscalingthemdowntofitinalaboratoryisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.Thinkofglobalwarming:tobesure,labsarerunningcomplexmodelsonhugecomputers.Buthowdoyousimulateaphenomenonthatishappeningonus,withus,throughtheactionofeachofusasmuchasthoseofentireoceansandthehighatmosphere?Iftheworkinghypothesisforglobalwarmingisthatit'saproductofhumanactivity,isn'ttheonlywaytotestthishypothesistostopourharmfulemissionsandsee—laterandcollectively—whathashappened?Thesharpdividebetweenascientificinside,whereexpertsareformulatingtheories,andapoliticaloutside,wherenon-expertsaregettingbywithhumanvalues,isevaporating.Andthemoreitdoes,themorethefateofhumansislinkedtothatofthings,themoreascientificstatement(“theearthiswarming)resemblesapoliticalone(“theearthiswarming!).Themattersoffactofsciencebecomemattersofconcernofpolitics.参考译文:20世纪是实验室的黄金时期。一组一组的专家们抱着愉快的心情躲在实验室里分析各种现象，他们正是在这些隐蔽的实验室探索那些伟大研究课题的答案。我们把这个叫做滴入式科学时代，即研究成果先从实验室出来，然后再慢慢向社会传播。科学是实验室里那些穿大白褂的研究人员得出的。研究室之外是实践的领域——而不是实验。今天，所有的这一切都变了。当然，说在科学影响方面这种自上而下的模式将不复存在，只是轻描淡写。首先，实验室已将领域扩张到了全世界，到处都是仪器。房子，工厂，医院已经成了实验场所。比方说全球定位系统：由于卫星的覆盖网络，地质学家和生物学家可以在实验室外面进行测量而且精确度和在实验室里测量的一样。同时，全球的环境监测器随时对地球进行观察，就仿佛把地球置于一个显微镜下面。室外科学和实验室科学之间的差异正在慢慢消失。其次，不再非得是穿白大褂的研究人员或者是博士才可以对具体的问题进行研究。像AFM,—个法国病人组织，主要针对不被重视的基因疾病。这个组织专门请了研究人员，力图在诸如基因治疗这样备受争议的研究上取得进展，而且他们建立了一整套体系，这套体系在为该组织获得新的社会地位的同时还设置了一个新的研究日程。在美国，关心艾滋病的活动家们和乳癌组织首先大胆地对专家们提出挑战并且攻击实验室。这种影响现在已经扩大到了各种利益集团，从自己组织临床试验的病人到亲自进行实地调查的环境保护者。做科学最关键的就是阐述那些等待解决的问题，很显然，在这方面科学家们不再是单独的团体。再次，还有范围的问题。要想到等待检测的科学现象的范围缩小到适合实验室的研究是越来越难了。想想全球变暖的问题：可以肯定的是，复杂的模型在实验室里巨大的电脑上运行。但是怎么样模拟我们身上以及周围正在发生的现