台中市好礼滚动式标章授权(机制)Title2课件

BiomaterialsBy:VinitaMehrotraOutlineDefinitionCharacteristicsofBiomaterialsHistoryBiomaterialsScienceGenerationsofBiomaterialsExamplesofBiomaterialsDetailonVascularGraftsDetailonHipReplacementsBiocompatibilityChallengesBiomaterialsAsAnEmergingIndustryCompaniesDefinitionAbiomaterialisanonviablematerialusedinamedicaldevice,intendedtointeractwithbiologicalsystems.DefinedbytheirapplicationNOTchemicalmake-up.

HistoryMorethan2000yearsago,Romans,Chinese,andAztec’susedgoldindentistry.Turnofcentury,syntheticimplantsbecomeavailable.1937Poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA)introducedindentistry.1958,RobsuggestsDacronFabricscanbeusedtofabricateanarterialprosthetic.History(Continued)1960CharnleyusesPMMA,ultrahigh-molecular-weightpolyethylend,andstainlessstealfortotalhipreplacement.Late1960–early1970’sbiomaterialfieldsolidified.1975SocietyforBiomaterialsformed.BiomaterialsScienceGrowcellsinculture.Apparatusforhandlingproteinsinthelaboratory.Devicestoregulatefertilityincattle.Aquacultureofoysters.Cell-silicon“Biochip”.BiomaterialScienceFirstGenerationBiomaterialsSpecifiedbyphysiciansusingcommonandborrowedmaterials.Mostsuccesseswereaccidentalratherthanbydesign.SecondGenerationofBiomaterialsDevelopedthroughcollaborationsofphysiciansandengineers.Engineeredimplantsusingcommonandborrowedmaterials.Builtonfirstgenerationexperiences.Usedadvancesinmaterialsscience(fromotherfields).ExamplesofBiomaterialApplicationsHeartValveArtificialTissueDentalImplantsIntraocularLensesVascularGraftsHipReplacementsHeartValveFabricatedfromcarbons,metals,elastomers,fabrics,andnaturalvalves.MustNOTReactWithChemicalsinBody.AttachedByPolyesterMesh.TissueGrowthFacilitatedByPolarOxygen-ContainingGroups.HeartValveAlmostassoonasvalveimplantedcardiacfunctionisrestoredtonearnormal.Bileaflettiltingdiskheartvalveusedmostwidely.Morethan45,000replacementvalvesimplantedeveryyearintheUnitedStates.ProblemswithHeartValve’sDegenerationofTissue.MechanicalFailure.Postoperativeinfection.Inductionofbloodclots.ArtificialTissueBiodegradablePolymerResultofCondensationofLacticAcidandGlycolyicAcidSmalltitaniumfixturethatservesasthereplacementfortherootportionofamissingnaturaltooth.Implantisplacedintheboneoftheupperorlowerjawandallowedtobondwiththebone.Mostdentalimplantsare:puretitaniumscrew-shapedcylindersthatactasrootsforcrowns

andbridges,orassupportsfordentures.DentalImplantsDentalImplantsIntraocularLensesMadeofPMM,siliconeelastomer,andothermaterials.Byage75morethan50%ofpopulationsuffersfromcataracts.1.4millionimplantationsintheUnitedStatesyearly.Goodvisionisgenerallyrestoredalmostimmediatelyafterlensisinserted.IntraocularLensesImplantationoftenperformedonoutpatientbasis.Hip-ReplacementsMostCommonMedicalPracticeUsingBiomaterials.CorrosionResistanthigh-strengthMetalAlloys.VeryHighMolecularWeightPolymers.ThermosetPlastics.Somehipreplacementsambulatoryfunctionrestoredwithindaysaftersurgery.Othersrequireanextensivehealingperiodforattachmentbetweenboneandtheimplant.Mostcasesgoodfunctionrestored.After10-15years,implantloosensrequiringanotheroperation.Hip-ReplacementsVascularGraftsBraids,weaves,andknits.PorosityPermeabilityThicknessBurststrengthKinkresistanceSutureretentionWallthicknessTensilepropertiesRavelresistanceVascularGraftsPermeabilityBraids350to2500mlcm2/minKnitsLooselyWovenKnits1200to2000mlcm2/minTightlyWovenKnits2000to5000mlcm2/minWeavesBelow800mlcm2/minKnitGraftsFiltrationandFlowµviscosityoffluidtthicknessofmembraneVvelocityoffluidΔppressuredropacrossmembraneVoidContentKozeny-CarmenEquationKoistheKozenyconstant.Soistheshapefactor.Φistheporosity.ShapeFactorBiomaterials:AnExampleBiomechanicsofArtificialJointsNormalversusArthriticHipSirJohnCharnely:1960's,fundamentalprinciplesoftheartificialhipFrankGunston:1969,developedoneofthefirstartificialkneejoints.Hipreplacementsdoneintheworldperyear:between500,000and1million.Numberofkneereplacementsdoneintheworldperyear:between250,000and500,000.Ofallthefactorsleadingtototalhipreplacement,osteoarthritisisthemostcommon,accountingfor65%ofalltotalhips.NormalversusArthriticHipNormalHip:notethespacebetweenthefemurandacetabulum,duetocartilageArthriticHip:Nospacevisibleinjoint,ascartilageismissingTwodesignissuesinattachingmaterialstobonethegeometricandmaterialdesignofthearticulatingsurfacesdesignoftheinterfacebetweentheartificialjointandthesurroundingbone.

usingaPolymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)cementtoadherethemetaltotheboneusingaporousmetalsurfacetocreateaboneingrowthinterfaceTwoattachmentmethodstheacetabulumandtheproximalfemurhavebeenreplaced.Thefemoralsideiscompletelymetal.TheacetabularsideiscomposedofthepolyethylenebearingsurfaceOverviewoffemoralreplacementThetwomaterialsarebondedandequalforceisappliedtobothLoadtransferinCompositematerialsComparison:ModuluiofElasticityModulusofelasticityofdifferentimplantmaterialsandbone(inGPa)ImplantbondingAbondedinterfaceischaracteristicofacementedprosthesis(left)non-bondedinterfaceischaracteristicofanon-cementedpressfitprosthesis(right)DegradationProblemsExampleoffracturedartificialcartilagefromafailedhipreplacementBiocompatibilityTheabilityofamaterialtoelicitanappropriatebiologicalresponseinaspecificapplicationbyNOTproducingatoxic,injurious,orimmunologicalresponseinlivingtissue.Stronglydeterminedbyprimarychemicalstructure.HostReactionstoBiomaterialsThrombosisHemolysisInflammationInfectionandSterilizationCarcinogenesisHypersensitivitySystemicEffectsWhataresomeoftheChallenges?Tomorecloselyreplicatecomplextissuearchitectureandarrangementinvitro.Tobetterunderstandextracellularandintracellularmodulatorsofcellfunction.Todevelopnovelmaterialsandprocessingtechniquesthatarecompatiblewithbiologicalinterfaces.Tofindbetterstrategiesforimmuneacceptance.

Biomaterials-AnEmergingIndustryNextgenerationofmedicalimplantsandtherapeuticmodalities.Interfaceofbiotechnologyandtraditionalengineering.Significantindustrialgrowthinthenext15years--potentialofamulti-billiondollarindustry.BiomaterialsCompaniesBaxterInternationaldevelopstechnologiesrelatedtothebloodandcirculatorysystem.BiocompatiblesLtd.developscommercialapplicationsfortechnologyinthefieldofbiocompatibility.

Carmedamakesabiologicallyactivesurfacethatinteractswithandsupportsthebodysowncontrolmechanisms

CollagenAestheticsInc.bovineandhumanplacentalsourcedcollagens,recombinantcollagens,andPEG-polymers

Endura-TecSystemsCorp.bio-mechanicalendurancetestingofstents,grafts,andcardiovascularmaterials

Howmedicadevelopsandmanufacturesproductsinorthopaedics.

MATECHBiomedicalTechnologies,developmentofbiomaterialsbychemicalpolymerizationmethods.

Medtronic,Inc.isamedicaltechnologycompanyspecializinginimplantableandinvasivetherapies.

MolecularGeodesicsInc.,biomimeticmaterialsforbiomedical,industrial,andmilitaryapplicationsPolymerTechnologyGroupisinvolvedinthesynthesis,characterization,andmanufactureofnewpolymerproducts.SurModics,offersPhotoLink(R)surfacemodificationtechnologythatcanbeusedtoimmobilizebiomoleculesW.L.GoreMedicalProductsDivision,PTFEmicrostructuresconfiguredtoexcludeoraccepttissueingrowth.Zimmer,design,manufactureanddistributionoforthopaedicimplantsandrelatedequipmentandsuppliesq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%v(y+B3E6H9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjVmYp!t&w)z1C4G7JaMePhSkWnZr$u*x+A2D5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfRiUlXp#s%v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq$t*w-A1D4G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8KbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPgSkVnZq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmYp!s&w)z0C4F7JaMdPhSkVnZq$u*x-A2D5G8KbNfQiTlXo#r%v(y0B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!t&w)z1C4F7JaMePhSkWnZq$u*x+A2D5H8KbNfQiUlXo#s%v(y0B3F6I9LdOgRjVmYq!t&w-z1C4G7JbMePhTkWnZr$u(x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXp#s%v)y0B3F6IaLdOgSjVmYq!t*w-z1D4G7JbMeQhTkWoZr$u(x+B2E5H9KcNfRiUmXp#s&v)y0C3F7IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-A1D4G8JbMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQiTlWo#r%u(y+B3E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4FMeQhTlWoZr%u(x+B2E6H9KcOfRiUmXp!s&v)z0C3F7IaMdPgSkVnYq$t*x-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWo#r%u(y+B2E6H9LcOfRjUmXp!s&w)z0C4F7IaMdPhSkVnZq$t*x-A2D5G8KbNeQiTlXo#r%v(y+B3E6I9LcOgRjUmYp!s&w)z1C4F7JaMdPhSkWnZq$u*x-A2D5H8KbNfQiTlXo#s%v(y0B3E6I9LdOgRjVmYp!t&w-z1C4G7JaMePhTkWnZr$u*x+A2E5H8KcNfQiUlXo#s%v)y0B3F6I9LdOgSjVmYq!t&w-z1D4G7JbMePhTkWoZr$u(x+A2E5H9KcNfRiUlXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdPgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhXp#s&v)y0C3F6IaLdOgSjVnYq!t*w-z1D4G8JbMeQhTkWoZr%u(x+B2E5H9KcOfRiUmXp#s&v)z0C3F7IaLdPgSkVnYq$t*w-A1D5G8JbNeQhTlWoZr%u(y+B2E6H9KcOfRjUmXp!s&v)z0C4F7IaMdPg