高中英语语法讲义-名词

高中英语语法讲义——名词名词的数单数名词变复数名词的常用法则(1)一般情况直接加-s,如：books,trees.(2)以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es,如：glasses,boxes,watches,brushes.(3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es.如：stories,countries.以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s,但中学英语中下列名词要加-es,它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土．豆．、西．红．柿．，即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes.下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es,也可加-s,它们是：zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为了自．己．活命．，小．偷．和他的妻．子．手里拿着刀．子．和一．片．树．叶．站在架．子．上，把狼．劈成了两・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・半．，即：selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,loaves,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves.但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs(scarves)围巾。合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。“man/woman+n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数。menteachers男老师womenengineers女工程师(8)不规则复数形式变内部元音foot-feetman-menwoman-womentooth-teethmouse-micegoose-geesegentleman-gentlemen单复数同形的名词sheepdeerspacecraft太空船aircraft飞行器ChineseJapaneseSwiss瑞士人means方法crossroads十字路口species种类headquarters总部series连续works工厂外来名词的复数形式criterion-criteria标准phenomenon-phenomena现象analysis-analyses分析basis-bases基6础crisis-crises危机thesis-theses论文bacterium-bacteria纟细菌medium-media媒体fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其复数形式与单数形式相同。Therearemanydifferentfishesinthisriver.Iboughtfivefishtoday.penny当做便士的“价值”解时复数为pence,常与数词搭配来表示钱数：fivepence;当做便士的“个数”解时复数为pennies.people指“人”时是person的一种复数形式，指“名族”时其复数为peoples.onepersontwopeopleapeopletwopeoples用所给词的适当形式填空(1)Hegainedhis(wealthy)byprinting(work)offamouswriters.(2)(leaf)turngreeninspring.名词的格'所s有格及加-'s词尾的规则主要用在有生命的名词后，但有时也可用在表示时间、自然现象、度量衡、价值、国家、城市等无生命的名词后面。构成举例单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加'stheboy'sbagthechildren'srooms以s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’theworkers'struggle工人们的斗争复合名词中在最后一个词的词尾加’sherbrother-in-law'scharacter她姐夫性格不定代词后加else,在else后加’sSomebodyelse'spossession别」s人的财产2.of所有格用法举例表示无牛命的东西thewindowoftheroom表示“有关，关于…”astoryofloveandhatred个关于爱和恨的故事表示同位关系thecityofPisa比萨市表示部分或全部关系thebottomoftheseathemajorityofpeople表示抽象概念thecostofliving生活成本thenewsofsuccess捷扌报后跟含后置定语的名词或表示一类人或thenameoftheboycryingunderthetree物的“the+形容词”形式thehousingproblemofthepoor穷人的住房问题3.双重所有格构成与用法构成：名词+of+名词+'s;名词+of+名词性物主代词例：thiswatchofmyfather'ssomestudentsofmine用法（1）：表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，突出局部。在of短语所修饰的名词前往往有一个表示数量的词。如：a、some、few、no…例：afriendofTom'sanyworkofZhangYu's用法（2）:表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩。一般of所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词。如：this、that、these、those等例：IhatedthosewordsofMary'sIlikethisbikeofmybrother's用所给名词的适当形式填空（3）The（girl）shoeswerecoveredwithmud,soIaskedthemtotakethemoffbeforetheygotinto（Tom）car.(4)YesterdayIwasinvitedtothedinneratthe(Turner).答案：(1)wealth;works(2)Leaves(3)girls';Tom's(4)Turners'高频考点要求学生掌握复习名词的构成，不可数名词、名词所有格及常见名词后缀。未来几年对于名词主要考查复数名词的构成、名词所有格及名词构词法。在语法填空的此类转换考查中，要根据语境和设空前的修饰词去判断空格处是不是需要所给单词的名词形式，然后判断名词的单复数，做出正确回答。名词练习(一)1.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce(stressful)istotalkaboutfeelingwithsomeoneyoutrust.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketob,utI'mafraidshewon'tbehappyw_it_h_m__y____(apologize).3.Someschoolwillhavetomake(adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome(think)andthenletmeknow.Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthisandhadabadfall.Hegavehimselfanewnametohidehis(identify)whenhewentcarryoutthesecrettask.Whynotbuyasecond-handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?That'sagood(suggest).Her(motivate)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.WheneverImademistakes,theteacherpointedthemoutwith(patient).WhileshewasinParis,shedevelopeda(tasty)forfineart.Your(perform)asastudentwillbeexcellentifyoudevelopahabitofreflectingonhowyoulearn.—Whydoyouchoosetoworkinaninternationaltravelagency?Well,youknow,Englishismy(strong).Soitismybestchoice.You'dbetterwritedownthephonenumberofthatrestaurantforfuture(refer).Myfirst(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.Givingupmyjobtogobacktofull-timeeducationwasabig(commit),butnowIknowitwasthebestdecisionIevermade.Teachershavetoconstantlyupdatetheirknowledgeinordertomaintaintheirprofessional(competent).名词练习（二）1.Nowadays,anincreasingnumbermuseumsareopentovisitorsfree,However,free(admit)mightleadtosomesocialproblemsaswell.2.Oldpeoplestillwanttoseeclassicperformances,buttheyareobviouslynottheyounggenerationc'upsofNowthatthebanksarebackontheirfeet,weexpectextraordinary(commit)fromthemtohelprebuildtheeconomy.Afterthreeyearsofhardwork,hisknowledgeand(competent)werefinallyrecognizedinhisschool.Forsustainabledevelopment,thegovernmenthasdecidedtogive(prefer)tothoseenergy-conservingandenvironment-friendlybusinessesinmanyaspects.—Mr.Wangisamanoffewwords,butquickinmind.Astilltonguemakesawise,youknow.Duetothe(apply)ofthismedicaltechnology,somediseasescanbetreatedatanearlystage.ZhangzhouCityhasgainedagood(repute)forhavingsuccessfulhostedtheFlowerExpo.Thevideo,UndertheDome,hasrapidlypushedthepublic(aware)aboutairpollutionandencouragedpeopletojoinineffortstomakeadifference.After-livinginQuanzhouforfiveyears,shehasdevelopedquitean(affect)forthecity.11.Ifayoungmanwantsthe(flexible)tomovetodifferentcitiesinfutureyears,heshouldkeeprentinginsteadofbuyingahouse.名词练习（三）Itwaslateatnight.Two__1__(German)weresleepingintheirroomwhensuddenly，oneofthem，Mrs.Green，waswokenupandfoundathiefslippingintotheirroomtotryhisluck.Shehadthree__2__(thousand)dollarsinherpocket.“Whatsh？ouMldanIyd_o_3__(thief)usuallybring__4__(knife)withthem，”shethoughtin__5__(silent)．Andatthesametimethethiefhappenedtotoucha__6__(sport)suit.Itseemedasifhefoundtherewassomeoneintheroom，sohewentouttothenextroomwheretwo__7__(Frenchman)weresleeping.Whenhewaslookingfor__8__(money)orsome(jewel)__9__inthenextroom，Mrs.Greenwokeupherhusbandquicklyandcalledthe__10__(policeman)．Andthenthethiefknewwhathadhappened.Hewassoscaredthathetookoutaknife.Justthenthepolicecameup.Beforethethiefranaway，thepolicecaughthim.ForMrs.Green，itwasreallyanunusualexperience.12345678910名词练习答案（一）1.stress2.apology/petence名词练习答案（二）1.petence5.preference6.head7.applica